阅读解析翻译tpo-29reading3

1、The History of Watower水力发电的历史Moving water was one of the earst energy sourto be harnessed to reducethe workload of people and animals. No one knows exactly when the waterwheel wasinvented, but irrigation systems existedeast 5,000 years ago, and it seems probablet the earst watower device was the nor

2、ia, a waterwheelt raised water forirrigation in attached jars. This device appears to have evolved no latern the fifthcentury B.C., perhaps independently in different regions of the Middle and Far East.流水是人类最早利用的能量来源，以减少人和牲畜的工作负担。无法知晓水轮是什么时候发明的，但灌溉系统至少在五千年前就已存在。最早的水力设施很可能是戽水车，一种通过附带的瓦罐将水举起以便灌溉的水轮。这种

3、设备在公元前十五世纪就可能独立的出现在中东和远东的一些地区了。The earst watower mills were probably vertical-axis mills frinding corn,known as Norse or Greek mills, which seem to have appeared during theorsecond century B.C.he Middle East and a few centuries later in Scandinavia. Inthe following centuries, increasingly sophistica

4、ted watower mills were built throughout the Roman Empire and beyond its boundaries in the Middle East andnorthern Europe. In England, the Saxons are thought to have used both horizontal andvertical-axis wheels. Thethree centuries later about 5,000 any size had its mill.ed English mill waswere record

5、ed, suggestinghe eighth century, butt every settlement of最早的水车可能是垂直轴转轮，用于磨谷物，被称作 Norse 或者 Greekmills，似乎是在公元第一或是第二世纪期间，在中东就已经出现了，几个世纪之后也出现在了。在接下来的几个世纪，更加复杂的水利转车被建造于整个罗马并且越过了它的边界，到了中东和北欧。在英国，人被认为是同时使用了平行轴和垂直轴的转轮。第一个有文献记载的英国水车是在八世纪，但是三个世纪后就有大约 5000 个被下来，说明了每个居住点，不论大小，都有它自己的水车。Raising water and grinding

6、 corn were by no means the only uses of thewatower mill, and during the following centuries, “the applications of watower”kept pace with the develotechnologies of mining, iron working, prmaking,and the wool and cotton industries. Water was the main source of mechanicaler,and byof the seventeenth cen

7、tury, England alone is though to have had some20,000 working mills.举升水和研磨谷物绝不是水力磨的唯一用途，在后来几个世纪中，对水力的利用与采矿、炼铁、造纸以及棉毛纺织工业的技术进步同步。水力是机械能的主要来源，在十七世纪末，光英国就有约两万座水磨。There was much debate on the relative efficiencies of different types ofwaterwheels. The period from about 1650 until 1800 saw some excellent

8、scientificand technical investigations of different designs. They revealed outputers rangingfrom about one horseer to perhaps 60 for the largest wheels and confirmedtforum efficiency, the water should pass across the blades as smoothly assible and fall away with minimum speed, having given up almost

9、 all of its kineticenergy. (They also provedt, in principle, the overshot wheel, a type of wheel inwhich an overhead stream of watercompetition.)ers the wheel, should win the efficiency不类型水轮的效率的高低向来争议很多。从 1650 到 1800，人们设计了一些在科学和技术上都很先进的水轮。它们的输出功率从 1 马力到最大的 60 马力，并且人们确信要想产生最高效率，水应该从叶轮上尽可能光滑的流过，并以最小的速

10、度落下，以便输出其几乎所有动能。（已经证明从原则上，上射水轮的效率最高，它是一种利用从顶部倾泻的水流驱动叶轮的水轮。）But thenin doubt. An energyer entered the scene, putting the whole future of watoweryst writing in the year 1800 would have paed a verypessimistic picture of the future for watower. The coal-firedengine wastaking over, and the waterwheel was

11、 fasting obsolete. However, like manylater experts, thiscentury later thould have suffered from an inability to seeo the future. Acture was compley different: by then, the world had an electricindustry, and a quarter of its generating capacity was watowered.但当蒸汽动力进入历史舞台，水力的前途就备受怀疑了。一位能源分析者在1800 年写的一

12、篇给水力的前途铺上了一层悲观的色调。燃煤蒸汽动力正在普及，而水轮则被迅速遗弃。然而，正如后来很多所言，这位分析者对未来过于短视。一个世纪之后，情况完全不同：那时世界已经有了电力工业，而四分之一的发电能力都来自水力。The growth of the electric-er industry was the result of a remarkable seriesof scientific discoveries and development in electrotechnology during the nineteenthcentury, but significant changes

13、in what we might now call hydro (water) technologyalso played their part. In 1832, the year of Michael Faradays discoveryt achanging magnetic field produan electric field, a young French engineatenteda new and more device was theturbo: somethingefficient waterwheel. His name was Benoit Fourneyron, a

14、nd hissucsful water turbine. (The word turbine comes form the Latint spins). The waterwheel, unaltered for nearly 2,000 years, hadfinally been superseded.十九世纪电力工业的崛自一系列的科学发现和电工业的发展，但现在目睹的水力技术的进步也发挥了重要作用。在 1832 年，当 MichaelFaraday 发现了变化的磁场能够产生电场理论时，一位年轻的法国工程师申请了一种新型的更有效率的水轮专利。他的名字叫 Nenoit Fourneyron，而

15、他的设备是最早的成功的水力涡轮。水轮在保持了近 2000 年的原始模样后终于被了。Half a century of development wasneeded before Faradays discoveries in er sions. In 1881 the Godalmings of the Wey River, created the worldselectricity were translatedo full-scaleer sion in Surrey, England, on the bpublic electricity supply. Theer source of t

16、his most modern technology wasa traditional waterwheel. Unfortunay this early plant experienced the problem common to many forms of renewable energy: the flow in the Wey River wasunreliable, and the waterwheel was soon replaced by aengine.在半个世纪里的时间里，法拉第的电学理论终于发展成了设施齐备的发电厂。1881 年在英国的，在卫河河畔建成了世界上第一座公用水力发电站Godalming 发电站。这种现代化的发电站所用的仍是传统的水轮。不幸的是，这座早起的水力发电站也了所有可再生能源的共同弊端：卫河的水流极不稳定，而水轮很快被蒸汽机代替了。From this primitive start, the electric industry grew during the final 20 years ofthe nineteenth century at a rat