2022年采矿工程专业英语部分重要文章翻译

1、 P1 二、复合难句： 1、Mining may well have been the second of humankinds earliest endeavors-granted that agriculture was the first. The two industries ranked together as the primary or basic industries of early civilization 如果说农业是人类最早的产业（文明）的话，那么采矿就理所固然地排在第二。这两种产业作为人类初期文明最原始或最基本的产业联系在了一起。2、 If we consider f

2、ishing and lumbering as part of agriculture and oil and gas production as part of mining , then agriculture and mining continue to supply all the basic resources used by modern civilization 如果我们把捕鱼业和伐木业作为农业的一部分，而石油和天然气产业作为采矿的一部分，那么农业和采矿业至今仍是现代文明所使用的基本资源的支柱3、Here the term mining is used in its broade

3、st context as encompassing the extraction of any naturally occurring mineral substances-solid , liquid , and gas-from the earth or other heavenly bodies for utilitarian purposes.这里所说的采矿是指广义上的，由于它涉及为实利目的而从地球或其她天体岩石中获取任何天然形成的固态、液态和气态矿物的开采 4、Mine：An excavation made in the earth to extract minerals 采矿：为

4、了开采矿物而在地球上进行的一种挖掘 5、Mining: the activity , occupation , and industry concerned with the extraction of minerals 采矿业：一种与开采矿物有关的活动、职业和产业 6、Mining engineering: the practice of applying engineering principles to the development , planning , operation , closure and reclamation of mines. 采矿工程：运用工程原理生产、规划、运

5、作和关闭（充填）以及对矿山再运用（复垦）的一种实践7、Mineral：A naturally occurring inorganic element or compound having an orderly internal structure and a characteristic chemical composition , crystal form , and physical properties.矿物：一种天然形成的无机元素或化合物（无机物） ，它有着有序的内部构造、特有的化学成分、结晶形式和物理性质。8、Rock：Any naturally formed aggregate o

6、f one or more types of mineral particles岩石：任何天然形成的、由一种或多种矿物颗粒构成的集合体9、Metallic ores：Those ores of the ferrous metals (iron , manganese ,molybdenum and tungsten) , the base metals (copper , lead and tin) , the precious metals (gold , silver, the platinum group metals) and the radioactive minerals( ura

7、nium , thorium and radium) .金属矿：涉及黑色金属（铁、锰、钼、钨），基本金属（铜、铅、锡),贵重金属（金、银、铂金类金属）和放射性金属（铀、钍、镭）10、Nonmetallic minerals：(also known as industrial minerals) The nonfuel mineral ores that are not associated with the production of metals. These include phosphate ,potash , halite , trona ,sand , gravel , limest

8、one , sulfur , and many others.非金属矿物：（也被称为工业矿物）与金属产品无关的非燃料矿物 。它涉及磷酸盐、碳酸钾、岩盐、天然碱、砂、砾、石灰岩、硫磺和某些其她的矿石11、Fossil fuels：(also known as mineral fuels) The organic mineral substances that can be utilized as fuels , such as coal , petroleum , natural gas , coal-bed methane mi:ein （甲烷、沼气） ,gilsonite and tar s

9、ands.化石燃料：（也称作矿物燃料）可以被用作燃料 的有机矿物质，例如煤、石油、天然气、煤层气 硬沥青和沥青砂12、These fields of boreholes are also called mines ,as they are the means to mine a mineral deposit ,even if no one enters into the geologic realm of the deposit 这些有钻孔的领域同样被划归采矿，由于钻孔意味着开采矿床，虽然没有人进入这个矿床的地质区域13、Notethatwhentheeconomicprofitabilit

10、yofamineraldiposithasbeenestablishedwithsomeconfidence,oreororedepositispreferredasthedescriptivetermforthemineraloccurrence. 注意：当因有些把握而确立了矿床的经济收益时，矿石或矿床就成为矿物浮现的首选描述性术语。 14、If the excavation used for mining is entirely open or operated from the surface , it is termed a surface mine. If the excavatio

11、n consists of openings for human entry below the earths surface , it is called an underground mine.如果矿山挖掘是完全露天的或是从地表开始剥离岩石的，那么这种开采方式称为露天开采；如果挖掘只有以便人们进出地下的开口，则称这种方式为地下开采露天采矿简介 P211、In open pit mining, a mechanical extraction method, a thick deposit is generally mined in benches or steps, although thi

12、n deposits may require only a single bench or face.在露天采矿（一种机械开采法）中，一种厚的矿床一般都是按平台或台阶进行开采的，尽管薄的矿床也许只需要一种简朴的平台或工作面。 2、Hydraulicking utilizes a high-pressure stream of water that is directed against the mineral deposit (normally but not always a placer) , undercutting it , and causing its removal by the

13、 erosive actions of the water. 水力开采运用一根高压水柱直接冲击矿床（一般不总是砂矿），由于水的侵蚀作用慢慢切割，进而引起移动剥落3、Dredging performed from floating vessels, accomplishes the extraction of the minerals mechanically or hydraulically.从漂浮的船上“挖泥”，实现机械或水力的矿物开采。 4、Solution mining includes both borehole mining, such as the methods used to

14、extract sodium chloride or sulfur, and leaching, either through drill-holes or in dumps or heaps on the surface.溶浸采矿涉及井眼采矿（例如开采盐和硫磺的措施）和浸滤采矿，或者通过钻孔或者通过倾倒或地面堆浸的措施实现浸滤开采。5、An open pit mine is an excavation or cut made at the surface of the ground for the purpose of（为了目的） extracting ore and which is op

15、en to the surface for the duration of the mines life. 露天开采 是为了开采矿石而在地表进行的一种挖掘或切割，它在采矿的整个过程中都是露天开放的 6、The selection of physical design parameters and the scheduling of the ore and waste extraction program are complex engineering decisions of enormous economic significance. 物理设计参数的选择和矿石及废矿开采工作的进度筹划是具有

16、巨大经济意义的复杂工程抉择7、Among these are increasing production, a shift in emphasis from underground to surface mining , a decline in ore grade and quality of some crude materials , and , with few exceptions , an increase in productivity of labor在这些因素中，属于产量增长的因素是：开采重心由地下开采向露天开采的转变，某些原矿矿石在级别和质量方面的下降，以及，少有例外的员工

17、生产力的提高 8、Paradoxically , productivity has increased even with declining grade and quality ,which is indicative of the rapid technological improvement taking place in open pit mining techniques相矛盾的是，甚至在矿石级别和质量下降的状况下生产力始终在提高。这预示着露天采矿技术的改善是明显的。 9、This pattern of change has permitted production from man

18、y formerly uneconomic mineral resources occurring near the surface at a time when higher-grade ores are inadequate to meet increasing demand这样的技术革新容许人们在高品位矿石产量不能满足人们日益增长的矿产品需求时开采本来觉得不经济的近地表的矿藏。 10、The conclusions , although valid ，are sometimes outweighed by a new set of factors that arise from diff

19、erences in the physical character of mineral deposits available for future exploitation and from changes in technology , markets , and public policy总之，露天采矿虽然是很有效的，但有时也会由于某些新产生的因素而被否认掉。这些因素是：用于后来开采的矿床在物理特性方面的差别和开采技术、市场以及国家政策的变化。11、The most economic final pit design often depends on factors that are l

20、argely outside the mining engineers control , such as the geometric outline of the ore body , the distribution of ore within the ore body , topography ,slope angles , etc. 最经济实惠的最后开采方案一般取决于采矿工程师所远远不能掌控的因素 ，例如矿体的几何形状、矿石在矿体内的分布状况 ，地形（或地志资料）、边坡角等等 12、A bench may be defined as a ledge that forms a singl

21、e level of operation above which mineral or waste materials are mined back to a bench face工作平台可以这样定义：可觉得矿石或废石回采到平台工作面而形成一种单独的作业水平的“壁架”（是指为矿石和废石回采到它上面的一种单独的作业水平的狭长突出部分- “壁架” ）。 13、The bench slope is the angle , measured in degrees , between the horizontal (hrizntl ) and an imaginary line joining the

22、bench toe and crest 台阶坡面角 （平台坡度）是用度数计量的角度，是平台坡顶与坡底间假想的一条连线和水平线之间的夹角。 14、Pit limits are the vertical and lateral e16、A spiral system is an arrangement（布置） whereby（凭，靠） the haul road is arranged spirally（成螺旋形地） along the perimeter walls（围墙，坑壁） of the pit so that the gradient（坡度） of the road is more or

23、 less uniform（相似） from the top to the bottom of the pit螺旋系统是一种使运送道路凭借它沿着坑壁呈螺旋状（上升或下降）的设计系统，这样使得运送道路的坡度从底部到顶部几乎不变。17、A zigzag system is an arrangement in which the road surmountss:maunt （克服） the steep grade（陡坡） of a pit wall by zigzagging , generally on the footwall（底帮） side of the pit. 之字形系统 （或回返式系统

24、）是一种使运送道路呈之字形从而克服台阶坡度的设计系统，它一般是布置在矿坑的底帮上18、The grade may be defined as the inclination（斜坡） of the road in terms of（根据） degrees from the horizontal or percentage of rise to the horizontal运送道路的坡度可以定义为：道路从水平面上上升的度数或上升到水平面的比例19、The angle of repose or angle of rest is the maximum slope（最大坡度） at which a h

25、eap of （许多）loose material will stand without sliding 静止角（或休止角、安息角）是指大量松散物质可以保持稳定而不滑落的最大坡度角（松散物锥面长边的坡面线与水平线间的夹角）。20、The sub-outcrop（隐伏露头） depth represents（代表） the depth of waste that has to be removed before any ore is exposed（暴露）. This waste is often referred to as preproduction stripping （前期剥离） 隐伏露

26、头的深度代表着开采到矿石之前需要剥离的废料的深度。这种废石的剥离一般被称为前期剥离xtent to which the open pit mining may be economically conducted 矿坑境界是指露天采矿中可以经济地开采的纵向和横向的限度。 15、The overall pit slope angle is the angle at which the wall of an open pit stands ，as measured between the horizontal and an imaginary line joining the top bench c

27、rest with the bottom bench toe. 露天矿的最后边坡角是露天矿边帮的角度，它是在水平线与连接最上一种平台的顶部和最下一种平台的底部的虚拟连线之间测量的。 3.1 Open Pit Mining Design P34露天采矿设计二、复合难句1、Exploration一-Drill and sample the mineralised and potentially mineralised（成矿的、矿化的） areas utilizing RC or Diamond Core methods勘探是一种运用反循环钻或金刚石岩心钻，对矿化带和潜在矿化带钻孔并取样的措施 2、

28、There is a minimum mining width for most gear , such as the bucket of a 100t excavator is liable to be around 2m or more wide.对于大部分设备来说均有一种最小开采宽度，例如100t的挖掘机铲斗的最小开采宽度就也许是2m左右或更宽一点。 3、Painting or using tape to define the various material types that need to be dumped in discrete locations. （她们）绘制（示意图）或

29、使用卷尺来拟定需要单独处置的多种矿物材料形态。 4、The role of the spotter is to ensure that the ore is dug in the correct manner and truck drivers realise that they are carrying ore or waste. 监矿人员的作用就是保证以对的的方式开采矿石，并保证让卡车司机懂得她们拉的是矿石还是废料。 5、Optimal pits may vary according to the owners requirements , ie a certain production

30、rate is required , a certain life span（服务年限） is required , specific grades are required or more commonly certain costs are required最佳矿坑也会根据矿主的规定而有所调节，这些规定就是：对一定的生产率、一定的开采服务年限、特殊的矿石品位或是更常用的某些费用（成本）等等的规定。 6、Often mines are formed as a series in intermeshed cutbacks 一般矿山是因一系列密切配合的削减而完毕的。 7、le a small p

31、it is started that targets high grade ore close to the surface , this gets ore to the mill quickly and starts bringing in revenue 就是从一种小的露天矿坑开始，目的是近地表的富矿，这样不久就获得矿石运到选矿厂进行破碎、加工、分选等，因而矿山不久开始获得收益。 8、While the first pit is being mined , cutbacks are started usually on the walls of the first pit. 当人们还在第一

32、种矿坑开采的时候，就又从第一种矿坑的坑壁上开始削减（挖出入沟和开段沟降到第二个工作平台上进行开采）。 9、These increase the size of the pit until the final optimal pit is formed and the mine is complete. 这些做法不断扩大矿坑的尺寸直到最后形成最佳矿坑因而矿山开采完毕。 10、Reblock（重组块） to coarser（粗糙的） resolution（分辩率）. Allows faster processing with minimal impact on accuracy. 粗辨别率的重组块

33、，容许随着最小的精度影响而迅速解决（随着在精度上的最小影响而迅速解决）11、Assess raw data to decide what mining method the ore body suits , and what mineable size it is. 评估原始数据以决定适合矿体的开采措施，以及可开采的范畴大小。 12、Optimise using Whittle software（削减软件） or other optimisers（优化器） over a varieties of cost factors. 在多种成本因素上使用削减软件或其他的优化器进行优化。 13、Inter

34、nal cutbacks can be sought by evaluating the smaller shells within the final shell. 通过评估最后矿坑之内的较小坑形来拟定内部削减量。 14、Items to be looked at include volume of ore , volume of waste and clearance between the smaller shell and the final pit要考虑的因素涉及矿石量、废石量以及较小坑形和最后矿坑的间距。 15、There is an art to designing pits t

35、hat are both practical and productive.有一项辅助性的技术用于设计既实用又颇具生产力的矿坑。（设计既实用又颇具生产力的矿坑是一门艺术） 16、Computer applications have already resulted in （导致）surface mines being designed more rapidly , or resulted in better designs in the same time. 计算机技术的应用早已使露天开采设计更快捷，或在相似的时间内获得更好的设计17、As mine design rates increase

36、 and the design itself is more automated , it becomes easier and faster to redesign operations.随着采矿设计效率（级别、比率）的提高以及设计自身的自动化，重新设计运作也就变得更加便捷18、Berms and batters. Safe slopes must be assessed in terms of geomechanics to be stable at the prescribed slope angles. 小平台及其边坡（斜坡）。为了在规定的坡度角内边坡是稳定的，必须根据地质力学（上的规

37、定）对安全边坡进行评估。 19、The overall slope , this is the slope given（考虑） from the bottom of the pit to the crest which includes the ramp in the pit walls.最后边坡，这是要从矿坑底部考虑到顶部的边坡，涉及坑壁上的斜坡。（从最下一种台阶的坡底线到最上一种台阶的坡顶线之间的假想斜坡面与水平面的夹角？） 20、The inter-berm slope which is the slope between the berms. This is steeper as it

38、 is a small height内部小平台边坡是小平台之间的边坡。这样的边坡坡度很陡，由于它只有一种小的高度。 21、Ramps should be built at a 1 in 10 or 1 in 12 slope to allow reasonable truck speed both up and down（上上下下） the ramp.为了容许卡车在上下坡道时可以有合适的速度，坡道的高度与水平距之比应当设为1:10或1:12 22、Ramps should be smooth to avoid gear changes in the truck which slow the t

39、ruck , wear running gear and risk material spilling off the back of the truck坡道应当是平整流畅的，以避免卡车内的变速齿轮阻碍卡车，损坏驱动装置而致矿石从卡车尾部滑落的危险。 23、To meet this end（目的） the designs are usually based on optimized pit shells provided by mining software. 为了达到这个目的，一般需要根据采矿设计软件提供的最佳矿坑的形状来做设计。 地下采矿措施简介 P86地下开采措施根据对围岩和顶板的管理可

40、分为支护、不支护、崩落。采矿措施重要波及采场的布局尺寸；管理矿山运营。不支护采矿措施一般用于开采水平层状矿床（微倾斜或急倾斜）和矿岩强度大的矿床，该措施不采用人工矿柱支撑空区，因此命名为不支护开采措施。然而矿上一般采用锚喷支护。房柱法是最常用的一种不支护开采措施。使用的基本条件是水平矿床或层状矿床。例如煤矿、天然碱、石灰矿和食盐矿。支撑式开采；留具有一定设计规格的自然矿柱支撑顶板。全面采矿法与房柱法相似，应用于开采不规则薄的非煤矿体，矿柱可以因地制宜，一般低品位矿段多布置矿柱，以便采出更多高品位矿石。在美国水平矿床几乎都采用这两种措施。在整体矿产资源储量中，采用全面采矿法和房柱法开采的比例也是

41、非常高。此外两种应用急倾斜矿床的不支护采矿措施；留矿法和分段矿房法。留矿法；一方面爆破开挖贯穿矿房全长的水平切割巷道，沿水平切割巷道向上依次开采。对矿石破碎的一部分可以在采场累积为矿工提供作业平台，采场中积压的矿石然后通过漏斗放出。分段矿房法不同于留矿采矿法；它提供底部切割巷道并垂着巷道爆破。在这种方式中，采场的开采水平从一端到另一端。留矿法比分段矿房法更适合回采坚硬矿石和软弱围岩的矿床。支护采矿措施一般用于软岩构造矿山。充填采矿法是最常用的措施，重要用于急倾斜矿床。充填在实践中重要是上向充填和下向充填。每个水平切割巷道都被充填，多种各样的填充材料布满空区来支持围岩。填充材料可以是废石，尾矿，

42、尾矿胶结物，或其他合适的材料。充填是一种更合用于脉状矿床的采矿法。它是近来发展并使用的一种新措施。方框支架充填采矿法也需要回填矿井空区；然而，它重要依托木材来支撑采空区。由于劳动力成本高，这种采矿措施正迅速消失在美国北部。然而，在开采高品位矿石或在劳动力成本低的国家，它仍然被使用。撑木回采法是一种支持采矿措施，它使用木材或锚网支护，开采倾斜矿体。这是一种可应用于矿体倾角在1045之间的回采措施。它一般采用废人工矿柱来支撑顶板。崩落采矿法形式多样灵活，也比较通用。它重要波及崩落矿石和覆岩。一般地面会发生正常沉降。长壁开采法也属于崩落法，它特别适合于开采具有一定埋深的水平矿床，一般在煤矿中使用。在

43、这种措施中，随着开采的进行，保持一种合理的工作面长度，随着上覆岩层的塌陷，进而增进煤层自身的破坏。分段崩落法是另一种不同的开采措施。它用于开采倾斜板状或块状矿床。随着开采水平的向下进行，每个新阶段的矿石都会在采场中被崩落，矿石被回收而废石被遗弃在背面。自然崩落法是一种大型或大规模开采措施，具有很高的生产效率，成本低，重要用于储量巨大的地下矿床开采。它是最合用于矿岩强度在弱或中档的矿山，开挖后自然落顶。由于它们具有很高生产率，因此这两种崩落开采法得到了广泛的应用。除了这些老式的措施，采矿创新的措施也不断发展。这是合用于特殊的矿体赋存或采矿设备。例如自动化，气化或液化，深海采矿。房柱法 P89Bullock在1982年提出房柱法,它指在矿房与矿柱里回采矿物，在美国大多数地下开采应用柱式开采。她预测60%的非煤矿物（储量约为7亿吨到8亿吨）和90%的煤矿（储量约为26亿吨到29亿吨）采用房柱法开采。这种状况到目前也有一定的适应性，该采