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1、2022/9/19Asia-Pacific Business1Topic1Week 2 The overview of APBR 2022/9/19Asia-Pacific Business2Background背景 In recent year, more than 70% of worlds GDP was in the APBR. Therefore, it has been said that the Mediterranean is the sea of yesterday; the Atlantic is the ocean of today, and the Pacific is

2、 the ocean of tomorrow2022/9/19Asia-Pacific Business3The concept of APBRThe characteristics of APBR - The differences and diversity of the member countries - The commons features of countries The trends of APBR2022/9/19Asia-Pacific Business4Nature of the region 亚太经济区域的组成 The term Asia Pacific is now

3、 widely used, though it is often unclear which countries are referred to:- All of countries in Asia and countries along the Pacific Ocean,which should include Oceania and America- All the member countries in APEC, which exclude middle and west Asia but still include America- East Asia (10+3) and Oce

4、ania, but exclude America - Only East Asia (10+3)See picture 1-A2022/9/19Asia-Pacific Business52022/9/19Asia-Pacific Business6Nature of the region 亚太经济区域的组成 The term Asia Pacific is now widely used, though it is often unclear which countries are referred to:- All of countries in Asia and countries a

5、long the Pacific Ocean,which should include Oceania and America- All the member countries in APEC, which exclude middle and west Asia but still include America- East Asia (10+3) and Oceania, but exclude America - Only East Asia (10+3)2022/9/19Asia-Pacific Business7Nature of the region 亚太经济区域的组成 APBR

6、: according to Lasserre and Schutte(1999), the boundaries of APBR are loosely defined a geographical collection of very different nations and by no means represents a group of homogeneous economic or political system.In addition, APBR(APEC org.) takes open regionalism policy. By contrast, preferenti

7、al trading arrangements such as the NAFTA and EU are discriminatory against outside. passes integrative processes that contain no element of exclusive or discrimination against outside. From the Far East to Asia Pacific2022/9/19Asia-Pacific Business8To trace back the colonial period From the Far Eas

8、t to Asia Pacific2022/9/19Asia-Pacific Business9British colonies in Asia: India, Pakistan, Malaysia, Singapore, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Brunei.French colonies in Asia: Indochina (Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam)U.S. colony in Asia: PhilippinesDutch colony: Indonesia (Dutch East India)2022/9/19Asia-Pacific B

9、usiness10 Significant variations in national and business cultures The region is at the crossroad of several cultural and religious traditions, including Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism, Islam, Hinduism and Christianity, which influent peoples thinking pattern and business manners. 11 Macroeconomic d

10、ifferencesSource: Data catalog , world bank, 2012, ; World Population Prospects, United Nations, 20122022/9/19Asia-Pacific Business12Resources: National Bureau of Statistics of China The World Bank Group International Monetary Fund World Trade Organisation The World Factbook- CIA(The Central Intelli

11、gence Agency ) 2022/9/19Asia-Pacific Business13Differences in Political Systems The scope of political systems ranges from fully democratic to totalitarianWhich involve wide participation of citizens in decision makingWhich decision making is restricted to a few individuals e.g. Australia and New Ze

12、aland are democracies with will established political freedoms. Hong Kong is quasi-democracy By contrast, Singapore and Indonesia have political systems dominated by a single party At the end of spectrum, Vietnam, North Korea and Burma(Myanmar) still have serious restrictions on political freedom202

13、2/9/19Asia-Pacific Business14- The commons features of countries 组成国的共同点 Consensus policy making - The goal of economic growth above others - Business-orient government High degree of entrepreneurship - Innovation - risk taking2022/9/19Asia-Pacific Business15- The commons features of countries 组成国的共

14、同点 High rates of saving - peoples philosophy and behavior - the stable of society Substantial private investment in assets and education2022/9/19Asia-Pacific Business16 Networks(Guanxi) play major impact on businessFigure 2 Relationships HierarchySource: Lasserre, P. & Schutte, H. 1995, Strategies f

15、or Asia pacific, p.125 Friends and Friends Friends Relatives FamilyNetworks2022/9/19Asia-Pacific Business17Trends in the APBR亚太区域的经济趋势 Widespread market-oriented economic reform Centrally planned economy Transitional economy Market-oriented economy Private ownership, free market activityAllocative a

16、nd distributive function by Gov. Government ownershipGovernment influence 2022/9/19Asia-Pacific Business18Widespread acceptance of market-oriented approaches to economic management Market forces are gradually playing more important role in the economic expansion of APBR nations. Especially China and

17、 Vietnam are introducing market reform, which make dramatically increase international trade and competitive in APBRHowever, there is exception. In some cases, some economies still favor in using government intervention to solve problems. Such as Malaysia introduced currency control to tackle financ

18、ial crisis.2022/9/19Asia-Pacific Business19 Cooperation between business and government - cooperation with private sector - develop infrastructure to support trade expansion - policies are adjust to suit the circumstance - Double effects (corruption)2022/9/19Asia-Pacific Business20Globalization infl

19、uence economic activity (Chapter1) The globalization trend at least benefit to Asia in three aspect: 1. Earn a greater return from their distinctive skills or core competencies 2. Realize location economies 3.Realize greater experience curve economies and reduce the cost of production. 2022/9/19Asia

20、-Pacific Business21 Relationships among major powers is complex trade barriers, human rights, Intellectual property and Taiwan issue Competition is strong - First rate technology and management skills - Most major western MNCs are aiming to APBR2022/9/19Asia-Pacific Business22 APEC play essential ro

21、le in this region APEC established in 1989 in response to the growing interdependence among Asia-Pacific economies. APEC now represented 47% of the worlds trade. Not only is APEC important to the world economy, it is also important to each member nation. APEC member nations export 73% of their total

22、 exports to other APEC member nations. 2022/9/19Asia-Pacific Business23 EAEC ( East Asia Economic Caucus ) 东亚经济核心论坛 - In 1990 the Prime Minister of Malaysia, Mahathir first mooted the idea.- Linking the growth economies of ASEAN with Northeast Asian- The proposed EAEC has been dubbed “ Caucus withou

23、t Caucasians”2022/9/19Asia-Pacific Business24Sub-region and linkagesASEAN 10Singapore, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, Indonesia, Brunei, Vietnam, Laos, Burma and CambodiaChinese economiesPeoples Republic of China, Hong Kong and Taiwan.North East AsiaJapan, South Korea and North Korea. Australa

24、siaAustralia and New Zealand.NAFTAUSA, Canada and Mexico2022/9/19Asia-Pacific Business25Australias roleAustralia has a strong commitment to expanding trade and investment in the region. - First, this greatly moderates Australias geographic isolation from the economic powerhouses of Europe and North

25、America.- Second, Australia and Asia can complement each other2022/9/19Asia-Pacific Business26Australias roleThe countrys main export markets are now in the APBR - Top five most valuable exports in Australias exports to the region are coal, non-monetary gold, iron ore, aluminum and wool .- Principal

26、 imports from the region are car and special purpose vehicles, and computers2022/9/19Asia-Pacific Business27Main pointsThere is no consensus on what defines the Asia-Pacific region geographically, politically or economically. Dialectic discuss it. Why the APBR is important? What are the main trends

27、in the APBR?Reading1:The strategic Importance of Asia Pacific2022/9/19Asia-Pacific Business28I From the Far East to Asia Pacific2022/9/19Asia-Pacific Business29Japan, the NIEs, the five ASEAN member, and China now represent for the Pacific CenturyfigureII Intra-regional cooperationHistorical conflic

28、ts, gross disparities between countries and different ties with outsiders, which lead to less success in cooperation.APEC close to a mini WTO rather than a regional forum base on common interests.The artificially figures of regional growth in trade and investment 2022/9/19Asia-Pacific Business31III

29、Economic size comparedGNP &GDP ? e.g. Repatriate dividends returned to Japan by Nissans UK subsidiaryTotal GDP or GNP indicates the economys . In assessing a foreign country as a potential market, , should be looked at. , is a better measure to compare relative es. 2022/9/19Asia-Pacific Business32overall sizeper capita ePPPIV Growth as a driverHigh growth rates are generally seen as positive, as long as they are not so high to induce overheated economy.Q:Why investors like to look opportunity in the market with hig