智能停车场系统-毕业论文外文翻译

1、外文资料翻译Everyday a signi?cantpercentage ofdrivers in single -occupancyvehiclessearchforaparkingspace.Additionally,lessexperienceddriversorout-of-towners further contribute to the increase of traffic congestion. Searchfor a vacant parkingspace is a typicalexample ofa search process. Everyparkingsearchs

2、trategyis composedofa set ofvaguerules.It isusuallydifficulttodescribethese rulesexplicitly.The typeoftheplannedactivity,timeofaday,dayoftheweek,currentcongestiononparticularroutes,knowledgeofcitystreets,and potentiallyavailableparkingplaceshavesigni?cantin?uenceon a chosen parking search strategy.

3、On the otherhand,thedriversusually discoverdiffierentparking alternativesone byone inatemporal sequence. Clearly, this temporal sequence has a very strong in?uenceon the drivers ?nal decision about the parking place19 .During the past two decades, trafficauthoritiesin many cities(Helsinki,Cologne, M

4、ainz, Stuttgart, Wiesbaden, Aalborg, Hague) have started to informand guide drivers to parkingfacilitieswithreal-timevar-iablemessage signsdirectionalarrows,namesoftheparkingfacilities,status(full,notfull,numberofavailableparkingspaces, etc.).Informationabout the numberofavailable parking spaces cou

5、ldbe displayedon the majorroads, streets andintersections, or it could be distributed through the Internet.Itis logical to ask the question about the bene?ts ofthe parkingguidancesystems. Current practice shows that parking guidance systems usually do notchange the occupancy rate or average parking

6、duration. Drivers easily becomefamiliarwith the parkingguidancesystems, and majorityof them use, thrustandappreciatethehelpof20.Guidancesystemssigni?cantlythe systemsincrease the probability of finding vacant parking space, mitigate frustration ofthedrivers visitorsunfamiliarwiththecitycenter,decrea

7、se thequeues infrontof parkinggarages, decrease the totalamount ofvehicle-milestraveled(particularlyinthecitycenters),decreasetheaveragetriptime,energy1consumption, and air pollution. Parking guidance system is a part of comprehensive parking policy and traffic management system, whose other element

8、s are street parking control (including sanctions for the illegally parked vehicles), parking fare structure, and parking revenue management system.Parking guidance systems help drivers to ?nd vacant parking spaces when they are already on the network, and approaching their ?nal destination. Through

9、out this research the concepts of the parking reservation system and parking revenue management system are proposed. The proposed methodology could be applied for parking lots and parking garages in cities and at the big international airports.The paper is organized as follows: Parking-pricing probl

10、ems are presented in Section 2. Analogies between parking problems and some other industries are presented in Section 3. The parking revenue management system is introduced in Section 4, and the Intelligent parking space inventory control system is introduced in Section 5. The algorithm to create in

11、telligent parking spaces inventory control system is presented in Section 6. Results obtained with the intelligent parkingsystem are given in Section 7, and Sec-tion 8 presents the concluding remarks and further research orientations.1.parking pricingIn majority of cities throughout the world driver

12、s pay for using different parking facilities. In some instances, traffic congestion can be significantly reduced as a result of parking price. The parking revenue is usually used to cover parking facility costs (access gates, ticket printers, parking meters, parking signs, attendants), or to improve

13、 some other traffic and transportation activities. Different parking pricing strategies should be a part of the comprehensive solution approach to the complex traffic congestion problems. There is no doubt that parking pricing represents one of the important demand management strategies. Forexample,

14、 traffic authorities, local governments and private sector could introduce higher parking tariffs for solo drivers or for long-term parkers in congested city areas. They could provide special parking2discounts to vanpoolers. Obviously parking pricing should be carefully studied in the context of the

15、 considered city area (down-town, residential, commercial, retail use areas).In some cities (Madison, Wisconsin) there are already time dependent parking fees that force commuters to switch to diffierent alternatives of public transportation. Trying to promote public transit San Francisco traffic au

16、thorities increased parking tariffs at public and commercial garages. The Chicago authorities raised parking rates fewtimes. Authorities in Seattle signi?cantly reduced parking tariffs for carpool at two Seattle parking facilities in downtown. Active role in parking pricing strategies could also hav

17、e employers paying for employees parking. Employers who remove parking subsidies for the employees could significantly decrease the total number of solo drivers. The main role of any parking pricing strategy shouldbe reducing the total number At the same time, when trying to implement any parking st

18、rategy, it is very important to provide enough parking space for shoppers, to provide preferential parking for residents in considered city area,to provide preferential parking for different parking locations, to consider low income families, and to protect streets in the neighborhood from illegal p

19、arking.The basic economic concepts of supply and demand should be more utilized when solving complex traffic congestion and parking problems (Vickrey, 1969, 1994; Verhoef et al., 1995). So-called value pricing is also known as congestion pricing, or variable tolling. The basic idea behind the concep

20、t of congestion pricing is to force drivers to travel and use transportation facilities more during off-peak hours and less during peak hours. The idea of congestion pricing is primarily connected with the road (drivers pay for using private, faster roads, drivers with lower vehicle occupancy pay fo

21、r using HighOccupancyVehiclelanes,driverspay moreto enter citysdowntownonweekdays)or airportoperators (more expensive landingfees duringpeakhours). In the context of parking problems, this means:that different parking3tariffs should exist for different users; that the parking fees should increase an

22、d/or decrease few times during a day.2.Parking problems and revenue management systems: Analogies with some other industriesAirline industry, hotels, car rental, rail, cruise, healthcare, broadcast industry, energy industry, golf,equipment rental, restaurant, and other industries are utilizing reven

23、ue management concepts when selling their products (Cross, 1997). The roots of the revenue management are in the airl ine industry. The basic characteristics of the industries to which different revenue management concepts were successfully applied are: variable demand over time; variable asset util

24、ization; perishable assets; limited resources; market segmentation; adding new capacity is expensive, difficult or impossible; direct cost per client is negligible part of the total cost of making service available; selling products in advance. The main characteristics of the parking space inventory

25、 control problems are the following:Parking demand is variable over time.Likehotelrooms, or restaurantchairs,parkingspaces also have dailyopportunity to be sold (used by clients).Any parking lot or garage has limited number of parking spaces that can be used by driversMarket segmentation means that

26、different customers are willing to pay different prices for the same asset (hotel room, airline seat, seat in a rented car). Businessman wanting to park a car near a meeting point 15 minutes before the meeting would be ready to pay much higher parking fee than a pensioner planning to walk with his w

27、ife through the downtown, who made parking reservation four day in advance.Building new garages and parking lots could be very expensive and sometimes very difficult.Parking places can be easily reserved in advance.3.Introducing parking revenue management system4A certain number of drivers would may

28、be cancel their reservations before beginning of the parking.These cancellations would also be made at random moments of time. Like in some other industries, a certain number of drivers would not appear in parking garage for which they have a con- ?rmed reservation and purchased ticket. Would these

29、drivers be penalized for their behavior? Depending on ration between parking demand and parking supply,the answer could be Yes or No.In case of a nested reservation system , the high tariff request will not berejected as long as any parking spaces are available in lower tariff classes. Forexample, i

30、f we have four tariff classes, then there is no booking limit for class1, but there are booking limits (BLi, i = 2, 3, . . ., m) for each of the remainingthree classes). Allparkingspaces are alwaysavailableto class 1.There arealwaysacertainnumberof parkingspaces protectedforclass1,certainnumber of p

31、arking spaces protected for classes 1 and 2, and certain number ofparkingspacesprotectedforclasses 1,2and3.Ifwemakearequest-by-requestrevisionof bookinglimits,there is no longer a differencebetween distinct and nested reservation system.In thisresearch (like inthe paper of Teodorovic et al.,2002) an

32、 attemptwas made to make reservation decisions on the-by-request basis. Inthe scenario that we consider, we assume that there are more than two typesoftariffs.The basiccharacteristicof the parkingspace inventorycontrolmodelthat we propose is-timereal decision making about each driver request. Thedev

33、elopedmodeliscalledan intelligent parking space inventorycontrolsyste21 .5智能停车场系统每天都会有一个显著的比例single-occupancy车辆驾驶者在寻找一个停车位。 此外 , 缺乏经验的司机或外地人进一步有助于增加的交通拥堵。寻找一个空的停车位是一个典型的搜索过程。每一个停车的搜索策略是由一组模糊规则。 它通常是很难描述这些规章明确。有计划的活动的类型, 时间的一天 , 每周的工作日, 目前拥堵在不同航线上, 城市街道上的知识, 并可能可用的停车的地方有重大影响的搜索策略, 在选定的停车。另一方面, 司机通常发现

34、不同种类的选择一个一分之一的停车时间序列。显然 , 这个时间序列具有非常强大的影响力在司机的停车场的最终决定19 。在过去的二十年里 , 在许多城市交通管理部门 ( 赫尔辛基、科隆、美因茨 , 斯图加特 , 奥尔堡威斯巴登海牙 ) 已经开始通知和指导司机停车设施的实时 var-iable 消息标志 ( 箭头 , 停车设施的名称、 状态 ( 满 , 而不是完整的 , 数量的可用的停车位, 等等。 ) 。信息的数量上可用的停车空间可以显示在主要道路、街道和十字路口, 或者它可以通过互联网分发。这是逻辑来问个问题带来的好处的停车诱导系统。目前的实践表明,停车诱导系统通常不会改变的入住率和平均停车时间

35、。司机容易熟悉停车诱导系统 , 和他们中的绝大多数使用, 推力和欣赏的帮助系统。20 制导系统的概率大大增加空的停车位, 缓解沮丧的drivers-visitors不熟悉城市中心,减少队列的前面停车场、减少的总量vehicle-miles旅行 ( 尤其是在城市中心 ), 减少的平均出行时间、能源消耗和空气污染。停车诱导系统的一部分综合停车政策和交通管理系统的其他元素是街边停车控制( 包括制裁为非法泊车的车辆), 停车费用结构, 和停车的收益管理系统。停车诱导系统帮助司机发现空置车位当他们已经在网络上, 和接近他们的目的地。在这个研究的概念和停车场停车预订系统提出了收益管理系统。提出的方法可以应

36、用在停车场和停车库在城市和大型国际机场。摘要组织如下：Parking-pricing问题给出了第二节。类比停车问题和其他一些产业呈现在第三节。停车的收益管理系统介绍在第四节, 和智能停车空间的库存控制系统是第5部分中介绍。 该算法创建智能停车空间提出了库存控制系统在第6节。所得结果与“智能”停车第7节中给出了系6统 , Sec-tion 8 会致闭幕词及进一步的研究方向。停车定价在多数城市在世界司机支付使用不同的停车设施。在某些情况下 , 交通拥堵可以显著减少由于停车的价格。停车收入通常是用于覆盖停车设施费用 ( 访问盖茨 , 票打印机、 停车米、 停车标志 , 服务员 ), 或提高一些其他交

37、通运输活动。不同的停车定价策略应该是一个部分的综合解决方案方法复杂的交通拥堵问题。 毫无疑问 , 停车定价代表了一个重要的需求管理策略。例如 , 交通部门、 地方政府和私营部门可以引入更高的停车关税独奏司机或长期帕克在拥挤的城市地区。他们可以为我们提供特别折扣来vanpoolers 停车。显然停车定价应该认真研究的上下文中考虑城市区域( 中心区与全国、住宅、商业、零售业使用区域) 20 。在一些城市 ( 麦迪逊 , 威斯康辛州 ) 已经有时间依赖的停车费, 迫使乘客切换到不同的替代公共交通。试图促进公共交通旧金山交通当局提高停车关税在公共和商业的车库。芝加哥当局几次上调停车费率。当局在西雅图显著降低关税在两个停车拼车西雅图市中心停车设施。积极作用也可能停车定价策略雇主为员工支付“停车。雇主删除停车补贴的员工可以显著减少总数的独奏司机。主要角色的任何停车定价策略应该降低总人数在同一时间 , 当试图实现任何停车策略, 这是非常重要的, 提供足够的停车空间给顾客提供优惠停车居民在考虑城市区域, 提供优惠停车场停车位置不同, 考虑低收入家庭, 和保护在附近街道从非法停车。基本经济概念的供给和需求应该更多的利用方法求解复杂的交通拥堵和停车问题( 维克瑞 , 1969;Verhoef等人 , 1995) 。所谓的定价也称为拥挤定价或可变