讲义地质学英语iron ore deposits

1、Iron Ore DepositsNoel C. WhiteAsia Now Resources Corporation, Toronto, CanadaChina University of Geosciences, Beijing, ChinaCODES, University of Tasmania, Hobart, AustraliaWhy does everyone want iron ore?为什么每个人都想要铁矿石？In the past people said “Steel is finished, we want aluminium and magnesium.”在过去有人説

2、“钢铁的时代结束了，我们需要铝和镁合金。What changed?发生了什么改变？Rapid growth in demand for heavy construction steel is strong 大型建筑导致需求量的迅速增长钢铁足够坚固Major increase in energy costs steel needs less energy在能源方面的花费大幅增加-冶炼钢铁需要较少的能源More demand for steel = More demand for iron ore需要更多的钢铁 = 需要更多的铁矿石Big demand can only be satisfied

3、by big supply 大量的需求只能通过大量的供应来满足Big consumers need消费大户需要：Reliable supply 可靠的供给Consistent high quality 持续的高质量Predictable price 可预言的价格They cannot get those from 1000s of little mines 这种要求不能靠数以千计的小矿山来满足Only BIG mines working BIG deposits can deliver 只有开采巨型矿床的大型矿山才能满足Iron Ore Production and Demand铁矿石的生产量

4、和需求量CountryProductionMillion tonnesChina520Brazil300Australia270India150Russia105Ukraine73USA54South Africa40Canada33Sweden24Venezuela20Iran20Kazakhstan15Mauritania11Others43World Total1690Year 2006: Source USGS2005: China imported 275 million tonnes of iron ore(52.5% of its needs)2005：中国进口275百万吨的铁矿

5、石（占需要量的52.5%）2010: China will import 540 million tonnes(62.9% of its needs)2010：中国将进口540百万吨（占需求量的62.9%)Dalstra and Flis, 2008 The Worlds Big Iron Ore Deposits世界上的大型铁矿床Major iron ore deposits occur as several distinct deposit types:主要的铁矿床以下列几种矿床类型出现：1. Banded iron formation (BIF) 条带状铁建造（BIF）2. Channe

6、l iron ore河道型铁矿3. Magnetite skarn 矽卡岩磁铁矿4. Lateritic iron ore红土型铁矿plus many other smaller ones加上许多其他的小矿床I will talk about the first two我会首先讨论前两类What is Banded Iron Formation?什么是条带状铁建造？BIF is a sedimentary rock consisting of alternating layers of iron minerals (oxides, silicates, sulfides and carbona

7、te), quartz and carbonate BIF是沉积岩，由互层的含铁矿物（氧化物，硅酸盐，硫化物和碳酸盐），石英和碳酸盐组成Common names for BIF include taconite (in North America), jaspilite (in Australia) and itabirite (in Brazil) BIF的通常名称包括铁燧岩（北美），碧玉铁质岩（澳大利亚）和铁英岩（巴西）BIF ages range from early Archean to Devonian, but it is most abundant in late Archean

8、 and early Proterozoic sequences BIF的年龄范围从早太古代到泥盆纪，但是在从晚太古代到早元古代的层序中最多Age and Frequency of BIF BIF年龄和成矿频率Beukes and Gutzmer, 2008Wilgena Hill Jaspilite Middleback Ranges South Australia 南澳Middleback 山脉Wilgena Hill 碧玉铁质岩Brockman Iron Formation, Pilbara, Western Australia西澳Pilbara的Brockman铁建造BIF Outcr

9、opNear NewmanWestern Australia西澳Newman附近的BIF露头Archean BIF, Yalgoo Greenstone Belt, Western Australia 3.2 By old太古代BIF， Yalgoo绿岩带，西澳，亿年What is Banded Iron Formation?什么是条带状铁建造？Its thickness ranges from of 1 m. to several hundred metres它的厚度变化范围从米到数百米Its lateral extent varies from 25% (as magnetite) wit

10、h low P and S当铁含量25（磁铁矿）、低P和S时，才是铁矿石Oxide facies BIF is dominated by magnetite so it can be mapped using magnetic surveys 氧化物相的BIF以磁铁矿为主，所以可以用磁法测量来填图The very big iron ore deposits occur in the BIF stratigraphy, but are not magnetic非常大的铁矿床出现在BIF地层中，但不是磁性的The MAJOR BIF-hosted iron ore deposits BIF赋存的大

11、型铁矿床Are local major accumulations of hematite and goethite是赤铁矿和针铁矿在小范围内的大量聚积物They occur in the BIF stratigraphy 它们出现在BIF地层中They are structurally controlled受构造控制They result from hypogene and supergene processes overprinted onto the BIF由深成和浅生作用叠加在BIF上形成The causes for enrichment can be different in dif

12、ferent deposits, but the products are similar in all deposits富集的原因根据不同的矿床而不同，但是产物在所有矿床中都是类似的Fresh banded iron formationNorth West Deposit新鲜的条带状铁建造North West 矿床Mt Tom Price Iron Ore Mine, Hamersley Province, Western Australia西澳Hamersley省Mt Tom Price铁矿Photos by Kerry OSullivan,September 1985, From Dat

13、a MetallogenicaBanded iron formationNorth West Deposit条带状铁建造North West 矿床Mt Tom Price Iron Ore, Hamersley Province, Western Australia西澳Hamersley省Mt Tom Price铁矿SE Prong: H1C hard conchoidal orePhoto by Kerry OSullivan, September 1985, From Data MetallogenicaMt Tom Price Iron Ore MineHamersley Provinc

14、e, Western Australia西澳Hamersley省Mt Tom Price铁矿Panoramic view south over Tom Price operationsTom Price采场面向南方的全景照Photo by Peter Laznicka, July 2001From Data MetallogenicaMt Tom Price Iron Ore Mine, Hamersley Province, Western Australia 西澳Hamersley省Mt Tom Price铁矿 Aerial view east along axis of South Ea

15、st Prong航片；沿South East Prong轴向东看Photo by Kerry OSullivanSeptember 1985From Data Metallogenica Kerry OSullivan拍摄于年月，来自Data MetallogenicaMt Tom Price Iron Ore Mine, Hamersley Province, Western Australia西澳Hamersley省Mt Tom Price铁矿 View north-east to Mt Nameless, Photo by Kerry OSullivan, September 1985,

16、 From Data Metallogenica向北东方向观察，远处是Mt Nameless，Kerry OSullivan拍摄于年十月，来自Data MetallogenicaMt Tom Price Iron Ore Mine, Hamersley Province, Western Australia西澳Hamersley省Mt Tom Price铁矿 View west from Synclines. North West Deposit, low rise middle distance centre with drilling rig. West Pit to right of s

17、cene. The end of Southern Ridge to left of scene.从Synclines向西看。North West矿是照片中间有钻机台的低缓高地。照片右侧是West Pit, 左侧是Southern Ridge的一端。Photo by Kerry OSullivan, September 1985, From Data MetallogenicaMount Newman Iron Ore Mine, Hamersley Province, Western Australia, 1998西澳Hamersley省Mount Newman铁矿,1998 Mount N

18、ewman Iron Ore Mine, Hamersley Province, Western Australia西澳Hamersley省Mount Newman铁矿 Geological map. Note the size and complexity of the orebody.地质图，注意矿体的大小和复杂程度Mount Newman Iron Ore Mine, Hamersley Province, Western Australia西澳Hamersley省Mount Newman铁矿 Geological cross-section. Note complexity of th

19、e orebody and relation to structures.地质剖面，注意矿体的复杂程度及其与构造的关系Genetic model for major BIF-hosted iron ores of the world世界上主要BIF赋存型铁矿的成因模式 BIF horizons the thicker the betterBIF层越厚越好Synforms and structures in BIF BIF中的向形和构造Post-BIF unconformities and weathered surfaces BIF形成后的不整合面和风化表面Burial metamorphis

20、m produces premium ore埋藏变质生产出高质量的矿石Exploration What to look for勘探寻找什么样的标志Generalised section at Mt Tom Price showing metamorphosed ore deposits (mplH) in the Brockman Iron Formation and non-metamorphosed deposits in the Brockman and Marra Mamba Iron FormationsMt Tom Price矿的简化剖面。显示在Brockman 含铁建造中的变质矿

21、床，以及Brockman和Marra Mamba含铁建造中的未变质矿床Channel Iron Ore Deposits河道型铁矿床Occur in iron-rich districts with BIF and/or laterite 与BIF及红土型铁矿一起出现在富铁区Can occur in same districts as enriched BIF-hosted deposits可以与富集后的BIF矿床出现在同一区域Originally filled mature valleys in low-relief paleotopography最初淤积在低高差古地形的成熟山谷中Now m

22、ay be in the bottoms of valleys, or may form mesas resulting from topographic inversion due to erosion 现在有可能在山谷的底部，或者出现在由于剥蚀导致的地形倒置形成的台地上Can be major deposits with reserves of billions of tonnes 50% Fe, low P and S 此型矿床可能是大型，有数十亿吨的铁矿石，品位50% ，低P 和 SConsist dominantly of secondary hematite and limonit

23、e coating and replacing detrital fragments (including fossil wood) 主要由被覆和替代岩屑碎片（包括木化石）的次生赤铁矿和褐铁矿组成Channel Iron Ore Deposits河道型铁矿床Yandi Iron Ore Mine, 1993 Yandi铁矿，1993Yandi Iron Ore Mine, 1993 Yandi铁矿，1993Yandi Iron Ore Mine, 1993 Yandi铁矿，1993Yandi Iron Ore Mine, 1993 Yandi铁矿，1993Yandi Iron Ore Mine

24、, 1993 Yandi铁矿，1993Yandi Iron Ore Mine, 1993 Yandi铁矿，1993Yandi Iron Ore Mine, 1993 Yandi铁矿，1993Yandi Iron Ore Mine, 1993 Yandi铁矿，1993Yandi Iron Ore Mine, 1993 Yandi铁矿，1993The following papers come from this important new publication: Hagemann, S., Rosire, C.A., Gutzmer, J., and Beukes, N.J. (Editors

25、), 2008: Reviews in Economic Geology, Vol. 16, Society of Economic Geologists, LittletonBeukes, N.J., and Gutzmer, J., 2008, Origin and paleoenvironmental significance of major iron formations at the Archean-Paleoproterozoic boundary, p. 5-48. De Kock, M.O., Evans, D.A.D., Gutzmer, J., Beukes, N.J.

26、and Dorland, H.C., 2008, Origin and timing of banded iron formation-hosted high-grade hard hematite deposits a paleomagnetic approach, p. 49-72.Dalstra, H.J., Rosire, C.A., 2008, Structural controls on high-grade iron ores hosted by banded iron formation: a global perspective, p. 73-106.Lobato, L.M.

27、, Figueiredo e Silva, R.C., Hagemann, S, Thorne, W., and Zucchetti, M, 2008, Hypogene alteration associated with high-grade banded iron formation-related ore, p. 107-128.Ramanaidou, E., Wells, M., Belton, D., Verral, M., and Ryan, C., 2008, Mineralogical and microchemical methods for the characteris

28、ation of high-grade bended iron formation-derived iron ore, p. 129-156. Gutzmer, J., Chisonga, B.C., Beukes, N.J., Mukhopadhyay, J., 2008, The geochemistry of banded iron formation-hosted high-grade hematite-martite ores, p. 157-184.McLellan, J.G., and Oliver, N.H.S., 2008, Application of numerical

29、modeling to extension, heat and fluid flow in the genesis of giant banded iron formation-hosted hematite ore deposits, p. 185-196.Thorne, W., Hagemann, S., Webb, A., and Clout, J., 2008, Banded iron formation-related iron ore deposits of the Hamersley province, Western Australia, p. 197-222.Rosire,

30、C.A., Spier, C.A., Rios, F.J., and Suckau, V.E., 2008, The itabirites of the Quadrilatero Ferrifero and related high-grade iron ore deposits: an overview, p. 223-254.Figueiredo e Silva, R.C., Lobato, L.M., Rosire, C.A., Hagemann, S., Zucchetti, M., Baars, F.J., Morais, R., and Andrade, I., 2008, A hydrothermal origin for the jaspilite-hosted, giant Serra Norte iron ore deposits in the Carajs Mineral Province, Par State, Brazil, p. 255-290. Mukhopadhyay, J., Gutzmer, J., Beukes, N.J., and Bhattacharya, H.N., 2008, Geology and gen