国际贸易实务第一课导论课件

1、 Practice of International Trade Chapter 1You Are Who You ArePerformance 30%Attendance 15%Exercises & homework 15%Final exam 70%Starting from iPhoneObjectivesTo master the procedure of International Trade practiceTo learn how to make required documentsTo master standard business terms and expression

2、s1.1 What Is International Trade？Viewed from the international sphere, the exchanges of goods and services across international boundaries or territories are worldwide trade transactions, and also known as international trade or world trade. A. The definition of international trade 国际贸易（Internationa

3、l Trade）是指不同国家（和/或地区）之间的商品和劳务的交换活动。国际贸易是商品和劳务的国际转移。国际贸易也叫世界贸易。国际贸易由进口贸易（Import Trade）和出口贸易(Export Trade)两部分组成，故有时也称为进出口贸易。Some concepts:Foreign Trade（对外贸易）: From the perspective of one country, international trade is also called foreign trade.Visible Trade(有形贸易）: Trade in goods which can be actually

4、 seen passing through ports or airport, entering or leaving one country.Invisible Trade（无形贸易）: Trade in services and technologiesIntangible servicesCase StudySuppose that an America-based multinational company set up two subsidiaries in China. The parent company signed a sales contract with the subs

5、idiaries, which stipulated that the parent company would make the delivery to one of the subsidiaries in Shanghai, which should forward some of the goods to another subsidiary at Chengdu. Question: Is the transaction between the parent company and the two subsidiaries an international trade?国际性的判断标准

6、买卖双方当事人的营业地处于不同国家当事人具有不同的国籍订立合同的行为完成于不同国家货物须由一国运往另一国1.2 Why International Trade？Why do countries trade? Shouldnt a strong country such as the United States produce all of the computers, television sets, automobiles and cameras it wants rather than import such products from Japan? Why do the Japanese

7、 and other countries buy wheat, corn, chemical products, aircraft, manufactured goods, and informational services from the United States?1.2 Why International Trade？1）Resources reasons Climate conditions and terrain Agricultural produce Colombia and BrazilCoffee beans coffee A big wheat exporter The

8、 US Great Plains states 北美中部大平原1.2 Why International Trade？1）Resources reasons (2) Natural resourcesMiddle East : 70% worlds total oil reserve 40% world total outputOver 2/3 of the oil that Western Europe and Japan consume 1.2 Why International Trade？1）Resources reasons(5) Geographical location and

9、transport costsUS VS CanadaEU1.2 Why International Trade？1）Resources reasons(6) Insufficient productionOnly 1.2% labor - in food production Importing US$25 billion annually 1.2 Why International Trade？2）Economic reasons（1）Opportunity CostGiven a choice of producing one product or another, it is more

10、 efficient to produce the product with the lower opportunity cost, using the increased production of that product to trade for the product with the higher opportunity cost.So you should carefully calculate your cost and benefit and make a wiser choice! Think of your opportunity cost of studying here

11、?1.2 Why International Trade？2）Economic reasons（2）The principle of absolute advantage 绝对优势Adam Smith(1723-1790) The Wealth of Nations 1.2 Why International Trade？2）Economic reasons（2）The principle of absolute advantage 绝对优势 countrycommodity FranceEnglandWine (L/H)61Cloth (Y/H)45L: literH: hourY: yar

12、d countrycommodity FranceEnglandWine (L/H)61Cloth (Y/H)45In France: Cost of Wine: 1 unit = 1/6 hourCost of Cloth: 1 unit = 1/4 hourIn England:Cost of Wine: 1 unit = 1 hourCost of Cloth: 1 unit = 1/5 hour1.2 Why International Trade？2）Economic reasonsYou and your friends decided to help with fundraisi

13、ng for a local charity group by printing t-shirts and making birdhouses.Scenario 1: One of your friends, Gina, can print 5 t-shirts or build 3 birdhouses an hour. Your other friend, Mike, can print 3 t-shirts an hour or build 2 birdhouses an hour. Because your friend Gina is more productive at print

14、ing t-shirts and building birdhouses compared to Mike, she has an absolute advantage in both printing t-shirts and building birdhouses.当两个国家生产两种商品，使用一种生产要素劳动时，如果刚好A国家在一种商品上劳动生产率高，B国家在这种商品上劳动生产率低，则A国该商品生产上具有绝对优势。两国按各自的绝对优势进行专业生产分工并参与贸易，则两国都能从贸易中得到利益。这种贸易利益来自专业化分工促进劳动生产率的提高。1.2 Why International Trade

15、？2）Economic reasons（2）The principle of comparative advantage 比较优势Born to win 天生我材必有用理财 你我 1分营销 你我 3分我们的分工合作关系是建立在比较优势之上，而不是绝对优势之上。因为你的时间精力是有限的。尽管你什么都比我行，但你不能什么都自己做。当然你可以选择什么都自己做，但那样你得到的收益会少于和我合作你所得的份额。比较优势理论（Theory of Comparative Advantage)可以表述为：每个人都消费本国和世界各国许多其他人所生产的物品或者劳务，一个可以用较少投入生产该物品的人被称为在生产该物品

16、上具有绝对优势，生产该物品的机会成本比较小的人称为具有比较优势，而贸易的好处则是基于比较优势，而不是绝对优势，贸易可以使得每个人的状况变得更好，因为它使得人们可以专门从事自己具有比较优势的活动，但这个原理并不仅仅适用于个人。在两国间，劳动生产率的差距并不是在任何商品上都是相等。对于处于绝对优势的国家， 应集中力量生产优势较大的商品，处于绝对劣势的国家，应集中力量生产劣势较小的商品，然后通过国际贸易，互相交换，彼此都节省了劳动，都得到了益处。（2）The principle of comparative advantage 比较优势The suppliers come from U.S. ,Ja

17、pan, France, Canada, Italy, Australia, South Korea, United KingdomEven the Boeing 777 Isnt All AmericanSo it is increasingly difficult to say what is a “U.S.” product; what is “Japanese” product. 1.3 Benefits of International Trade(2) Goods or services of greater variety A chance to obtain a wider v

18、ariety of products Living standards of the people is improved Goods or services at a lower price Comparative advantages The same quality at lower prices Trade is beneficial to all the participants Competition makes prices even lower 一个牛肉与土豆的例子。如果世界上只有两个人：养牛的人和种土豆的人。如果两个人“老死不相往来”，那么，在吃了几个月烤牛肉、煮牛肉、炸牛肉

19、和烧牛肉之后，养牛人肯定觉得自己并不怎么惬意；同样，一直吃土豆泥、炸土豆、烤土豆和用贝壳烘土豆的农民肯定也有同感。如果牛肉和土豆之间展开贸易，这时每个人就都可以有汉堡包和炸薯条了。贸易可以让生活变得更美好1.3 Benefits of International Trade（3）Promotion of economic growth Market is expanded Development of economies of scale Economies of scale are the financial advantages that a company gains when it p

20、roduces large quantities of products. 规模经济规模经济，是指由于生产专业化水平的提高等原因，使企业的单位成本下降，从而形成企业的长期平均成本随着产量的增加而递减的经济。即扩大经营规模可以降低平均成本，从而提高利润水平。1.3 Benefits of International Trade Creating jobs Enhancing domestic competitiveness Diversifying/reducing dependence onexisting markets Extending the life cycle of existin

21、g products Stabilizing seasonal market fluctuations Selling excess capacity Gaining information about foreigncompetition1.4 Barriers to International TradeTo make up for a deficit on the balance of payment.To guarantee national security.To protect their national industries.1.4.1 Reasons for trade re

22、strictions1.4 Barriers to International Trade1.4 Barriers to International Trade魅族3， 美国亚马逊 价格593刀，注意。这是黑色星期五打折后逗我价格。3600对比国内的2300可谓天上地下由星巴克价格门引出的国内外多种商品间的价格比拼1.4 Barriers to International TradeA. Tariffs 关税壁垒1.4.2 Methods of restrictionsA tariff is a duty or fee levied on goods being imported into a

23、 country.1.4 Barriers to International Tradea. Types of tariffs According to the time of collection import duty export dutyAccording to the methods in which tariffs are collected specific duty 从量税 ad valorem duty 从价税 mixed or compound duty 混合关税All the duties are not independent of each other, i.e. a

24、 duty can be an import, a protective, and a compound duty at the same time.A. Tariffs 关税壁垒According to the purpose of collection revenue tariff protection tariff1.4 Barriers to International TradeB. Non-tariffs Barriers （NTBs）非关税壁垒 1.4.2 Methods of restrictionsNTBs as defined by the General Agreemen

25、t on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) allow an importing country to introduce measures which are necessary to protect human, animal or plant life or health.1.4 Barriers to International Tradea. Quota 配额制 (the most important)This is a quantitative restriction or upper limit in terms of physical quantity or v

26、alue. B. Non-tariffs Barriers （NTBs）非关税壁垒 b. Voluntary Export Restrains (VERs) 自动出口限制Voluntary export restrains enable one country to force onto another country through bilateral agreement a low rate of increase in export volume. “自动出口限制”在形式上表现为自愿性，但在实质上却具有强制的性质：进口国往往以商品大量进口使其有关工业受到严重损害，造成“市场混乱”为理由，

27、要求出口国实行有秩序的增长，自动限制商品出口。因此，“自动出口限制”往往是出口国在面临进口国采取报复性贸易措施的威胁时所作出的一种选择。1.4 Barriers to International Tradec. Anti-dumping 反倾销Anti-dumping is a kind of trade remedies; the premise of such practice is that the country must show that its domestic industry has suffered “material” injury by dumped or subsid

28、ized imports. 倾销，是指一国（地区）的生产商或出口商以低于其国内市场价格或低于成本价格将其商品抛售到另一国（地区）市场的行为。B. Non-tariffs Barriers （NTBs）非关税壁垒 d. Export Subsidies 出口补贴Export subsidies are direct payments or the granting of tax relief and subsidized loans to the nations exporters or potential exporter or low-interest loans to foreign bu

29、yers so as to stimulate the nations exports. 一国政府为了降低出口商品的价格，增加其在国际市场的竞争力，在出口某商品时给予出口商的现金补贴或财政上的优惠待遇 。1.4 Barriers to International Tradee. Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT)技术壁垒TBT refers to unjustified technical regulations and standards applied to imported products as well as complicated certifica

30、tion and conformity assessment procedure. B. Non-tariffs Barriers （NTBs）非关税壁垒 f. International Cartels 国际卡特尔列宁指出：“资本主义早已造成了世界市场。所以随着资本输出的增加，随着最大垄断同盟的国外联系和殖民地联系以及势力范围的扩张，自然就使得这些垄断同盟之间达成全世界的协定，形成国际卡特尔”（列宁选集第2卷，第788页）。Trade barriers tariffs non-tariffsSocio-cultural barriers Language Religion Customs a

31、nd mannersEconomic barriers exchange rate extra costTo think globally, but to act locally1.4 Barriers to International Trade中国人砍价1.6 Organizations/ Laws and Regulations in International TradeA. GATT VS WTO1.6.1 International Organizations 世界贸易组织是根据乌拉圭回合多边贸易谈判达成的建立世界贸易组织协议（Agreement Establishing the

32、World Trade Organization) 于1995年1月1日建立的，取代1947年的关说与贸易总协定。GATT: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade关税及贸易总协定1947年10月30日在日内瓦签订 WTOThe World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only international organization dealing with the global rules of trade between nations. Its main function is to ensure that trad

33、e flows as smoothly, predictably and freely as possible. The organization officially commenced on January 1, 1995 , replacing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which commenced in 1948. The WTO has 159 members WTO founder members (1 January 1995) WTO subsequent members On 11 december 2001, China become the 143rd member of the WTO中国台北 2002年1月1日加入中国香港、澳门1995年1月1日加入1.6 Organizations/ Laws and Regulations in I