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1、ProjectManagementforConstructionFundamentalConceptsforOwners,Engineers,ArchitectsandBuildersThe_Owners_PerspectiveOrganizing_For_Project_ManagementThe_Design_And_Construction_ProcessLabor,_Material,_And_Equipment_UtilizationCost_EstimationEconomic_Evaluation_of_Facility_InvestmentsFinancing_of_Const

2、ructed_FacilitiesConstruction_Pricing_and_ConctractingConstruction_PlanningFundamental_Scheduling_ProceduresAdvanced_Scheduling_TechniquesCost_Control,_Monitoring,_and_AccountingQuality_Control_and_Safety_During_ConstructionOrganization_and_Use_of_Project_InformationbyChrisHendrickson,DepartmentofCi

3、vilandEnvironmentalEngineering,CarnegieMellonUniversity,Pittsburgh,PAl52l3June28,1999CopyrightC.Hendrickson1998FirstEditionoriginallyprintedbyPrenticeHall,ISBN0-,1989withco-authorTungAu.SecondEditionpreparedforworldwidewebpublicationin2000.PrefaceThisbookisprovidedontheworldwidewebasaservicetothecom

4、munityofpractitionersandstudents.Reproductionforeducationalpurposesispermittedwithappropriatecitation.Ifyoufindthisworkhelpfulorhavesuggestionsforadditionsorcorrections,pleaseemailChrisHendrickson.AhardcopyInstructorsManualwithproblemsolutionsisavailableforafeeof$10tocoverreproduction,mailingandhand

5、ling.SendacheckmadeouttoCarnegieMellonUniversitytoMs.PattyLanger,DepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,CarnegieMellonUniversity,Pittsburgh,PA15213.Thisbookdevelopsaspecificviewpointindiscussingtheparticipants,theprocessesandthetechniquesofprojectmanagementforconstruction.Thisviewpointisthatof

6、ownerswhodesirecompletionofprojectsinatimely,costeffectivefashion.Someprofoundimplicationsfortheobjectivesandmethodsofprojectmanagementresultfromthisperspective:Thelifecycleofcostsandbenefitsfrominitialplanningthroughoperationanddisposalofafacilityarerelevanttodecisionmaking.Anownerisconcernedwithap

7、rojectfromthecradletothegrave.Constructioncostsrepresentonlyoneportionoftheoveralllifecyclecosts.Optimizingperformanceatonestageoftheprocessmaynotbebeneficialoverallifadditionalcostsordelaysoccurelsewhere.Forexample,savingmoneyonthedesignprocesswillbeafalseeconomyiftheresultisexcessconstructioncosts

8、.Fragmentationofprojectmanagementamongdifferentspecialistsmaybenecessary,butgoodcommunicationandcoordinationamongtheparticipantsisessentialtoaccomplishtheoverallgoalsoftheproject.Newinformationtechnologiescanbeinstrumentalinthisprocess,especiallytheInternetandspecializedExtranets.Productivityimprove

9、mentsarealwaysofimportanceandvalue.Asaresult,introducingnewmaterialsandautomatedconstructionprocessesisalwaysdesirableaslongastheyarelessexpensiveandareconsistentwithdesiredperformance.Qualityofworkandperformancearecriticallyimportanttothesuccessofaprojectsinceitistheownerwhowillhavetolivewiththeres

10、ults.Inessence,adoptingtheviewpointoftheownerfocusesattentiononthecosteffectivenessoffacilityconstructionratherthancompetitiveprovisionofservicesbythevariousparticipants.Whilethisbookisdevotedtoaparticularviewpointwithrespecttoprojectmanagementforconstruction,itisnotsolelyintendedforownersandtheirdi

11、rectrepresentatives.Byunderstandingtheentireprocess,allparticipantscanrespondmoreeffectivelytotheownersneedsintheirownwork,inmarketingtheirservices,andincommunicatingwithotherparticipants.Inaddition,thespecifictechniquesandtoolsdiscussedinthisbook(suchaseconomicevaluation,scheduling,managementinform

12、ationsystems,etc.)canbereadilyappliedtoanyportionoftheprocess.Asaresultofthefocusontheeffectivemanagementofentireprojects,anumberofnovelorganizationalapproachesandtechniquesbecomeofinterest.Firstandforemostistheincentivetoreplaceconfrontationandadversarialrelationshipswithaspiritofjointendeavor,part

13、nershipandaccomplishment.Forexample,wediscusstheappropriatemeanstoevaluaterisksandtheappropriateparticipantstoassumetheunavoidablerisksassociatedwithconstructedfacilities.Scheduling,communicationofdata,andqualityassurancehaveparticularsignificancefromtheviewpointofanowner,butnotnecessarilyforindivid

14、ualparticipants.Theuseofcomputer-basedtechnologyandautomationalsoprovidesopportunitiesforincreasedproductivityintheprocess.Presentingsuchmodernmanagementoptionsinaunifiedfashionisamajorobjectiveofthisbook.Theunifiedviewpointoftheentireprocessofprojectmanagementinthisbookdiffersfromnearlyallotherlite

15、ratureonthesubject.Mosttextbooksintheareatreatspecialproblems,suchascostestimating,fromtheviewpointofparticularparticipantssuchasconstructionmanagersorcontractors.Thisliteraturereflectsthefragmentationoftheconstructionprocessamongdifferentorganizationsandprofessionals.Evenwithinasingleprofessionsuch

16、ascivilengineering,therearequitedistinctgroupsofspecialistsinplanning,design,management,constructionandothersub-specialties.Fragmentationofinterestandattentionalsoexistsinnearlyalleducationalprograms.Whilespecialtyknowledgemaybeessentialtoaccomplishparticulartasks,participantsintheprocessshouldalsou

17、nderstandthecontextandroleoftheirspecialtasks.Thisbookisintendedprimarilyasatextforadvancedundergraduates,beginninggraduatestudentsorprofessionalscontinuingtheireducationinengineering,construction,architectureorfacilitiesmanagement.Examplesanddiscussionarechosentoremindreadersthatprojectmanagementis

18、achallenging,dynamicandexcitingenterpriseandnotjustarecordofpastpractices.Itshouldalsobeusefultoprofessionalswhowishanup-to-datereferenceonprojectmanagement.Chapters1to3presentanoverviewoftheconstructionmanagementanddesignprocesswhichshouldbeofinteresttoanyoneengagedinprojectmanagementforconstructio

19、n.Oneneednothavedetailedknowledgeaboutindividualtasksortechniquesforthispart.Individualscanreadthesechaptersandunderstandthebasicphilosophyandprincipleswithoutfurtherelaboration.Chapters4through14describespecificfunctionsandtechniquesusefulintheprocessofprojectmanagement.Thispartpresentstechniquesan

20、drequirementsduringprojectplanning,includingriskassessment,costestimation,forecastingandeconomicevaluation.Itisduringthisplanninganddesignphaseinwhichmajorcostsavingsmaybeobtainedduringtheeventualconstructionandoperationphases.Italsoaddressesprogrammingandfinancingissues,suchascontractingandbiddingf

21、orservices,financing,organizingcommunicationandinsuringeffectiveuseofinformation.Itfurtherdiscussestechniquesforcontroloftime,costandqualityduringtheconstructionphase.Beginningcoursesinengineeringeconomics(includingcashflowanalysisanddiscounting),useofcomputers,probabilityandstatisticswouldbeuseful.

22、Furthermore,accesstoapersonalcomputerwithspreadsheetorequationsolvingsoftwarewouldbehelpfulforreadersattemptingsomeoftheproblemsinChapters4to14.Numeroussoftwareprogramscouldbeusedforthispurpose,includingbothspreadsheetandequationsolvingprograms.Problemsinsomechapterscouldalsobedoneonanynumberofexist

23、ingsoftwarepackagesforinformationmanagementandprojectscheduling.However,theuseofpersonalcomputersinthisfashionisnotrequiredinfollowingthetextmaterial.Eachinstructormayexercisediscretioninomittingsomeofthematerialinthesechaptersiftheyareredundantwithotherclassesortooadvancedforstudentsinhisorherowncl

24、ass.Itisourhopethatstudentsbeginningtheircareerinprojectmanagementforconstructionwillbepreparedtoadopttheintegratedapproachemphasizedinthisbook.Furthermore,experiencedprofessionalsinvariousfieldsmaydiscoverinthisbooksomesurprisesthateventheyhavenotanticipated.Highleveldecisionmakersinownerorganizati

25、onswhoarenotdirectlyinvolvedintheprojectmanagementprocessmayfindthebasicphilosophyandprinciplesofinterest,especiallyinChapters1through3,asownersmustinvariablypayforconstructedfacilities,forbetterorworse.Ifthebookcanfulfillevenasmallpartofitspromisestoinfluencethefutureofprojectmanagementforconstruct

26、ion,oureffortswillhavebeenamplyrewarded.Numerousindividualshelpedwiththepreparationofthefirstandsecondeditionsofthisbook.Inparticular,wewithistoacknowledgeWilliamJ.Hall,PaulChristiano,StevenFenves,DanielRehak,DebbieScappatura,andShirleyKnapp.IavorKostov,TommyHendricksonandCurtYeskewereinstrumentalin

27、developingthewebversionofthisbook.Thisbookalsoreflectsthecontributionsofnumerousstudentsandcolleaguesinindustrywhohavechallengeduswithproblemsandsharedtheirownideasandexperienceovermanyyears.Wearegratefultoalloftheseindividuals.Somematerialinthisbookhasbeentakenfromseveralpapersauthoredbyusandpublis

28、hedbytheAmericanSocietyofCivilEngineers.Materialstakenfromothersourcesareacknowledgedinfootnotes,tablesorfigures.Wegratefullyacknowledgethepermissionsgiventousbytheseindividuals,publishersandorganizations.AseriesofphotographsdepictingvariousstagesofconstructionofthePPGbuildinginPittsburgh,PAisinsert

29、edinsequencebetweenchapters.WewishtothankPPGIndustriesforitscooperationinprovidingthesephotographs.ChrisHendricksonandTungAu1.TheOwnersPerspectiveIntroductiontheinterestsofownersbecause,intheend,itistheownerswhoprovidetheresourcesandcalltheshots.Byadoptingtheviewpointoftheowners,wecanfocusourattenti

30、ononthecompleteprocessofprojectmanagementforconstructedfacilitiesratherthanthehistoricalrolesofvariousspecialistssuchasplanners,architects,engineeringdesigners,constructors,fabricators,materialsuppliers,financialanalystsandothers.Tobesure,eachspecialtyhasmadeimportantadvancesindevelopingnewtechnique

31、sandtoolsforefficientimplementationofconstructionprojects.However,itisthroughtheunderstandingoftheentireprocessofprojectmanagementthatthesespecialistscanrespondmoreeffectivelytotheownersdesiresfortheirservices,inmarketingtheirspecialties,andinimprovingtheproductivityandqualityoftheirwork.Theintroduc

32、tionofinnovativeandmoreeffectiveprojectmanagementforconstructionisnotanacademicexercise.AsreportedbytheConstructionIndustryCostEffectivenessProjectoftheBusinessRoundtable:1Bycommonconsensusandeveryavailablemeasure,theUnitedStatesnolongergetsitsmoneysworthinconstruction,thenationslargestindustry.Thec

33、reepingerosionofconstructionefficiencyandproductivityisbadnewsfortheentire.economy.Constructionisaparticularlyseminalindustry.Thepriceofeveryfactory,officebuilding,hotelorpowerplantthatisbuiltaffectsthepricethatmustbechargedforthegoodsorservicesproducedinitorbyit.Andthateffectgenerallypersistsfordec

34、ades.Toomuchoftheindustryremainstetheredtothepast,partlybyinertiaandpartlybyhistoricdivisions.Improvementofprojectmanagementnotonlycanaidtheconstructionindustry,butmayalsobetheengineforthenationalandworldeconomy.However,ifwearetomakemeaningfulimprovements,wemustfirstunderstandtheconstructionindustry

35、,itsoperatingenvironmentandtheinstitutionalconstraintsaffectingitsactivitiesaswellasthenatureofprojectmanagement.BacktotopTheProjectLifeCycleTheacquisitionofaconstructedfacilityusuallyrepresentsamajorcapitalinvestment,whetheritsownerhappenstobeanindividual,aprivatecorporationorapublicagency.Sincethe

36、commitmentofresourcesforsuchaninvestmentismotivatedbymarketdemandsorperceivedneeds,thefacilityisexpectedtosatisfycertainobjectiveswithintheconstraintsspecifiedbytheownerandrelevantregulations.Withtheexceptionofthespeculativehousingmarket,wheretheresidentialunitsmaybesoldasbuiltbytherealestatedevelop

37、er,mostconstructedfacilitiesarecustommadeinconsultationwiththeowners.Arealestatedevelopermayberegardedasthesponsorofbuildingprojects,asmuchasagovernmentagencymaybethesponsorofapublicprojectandturnsitovertoanothergovernmentunituponitscompletion.Fromtheviewpointofprojectmanagement,thetermsownerandspon

38、soraresynonymousbecausebothhavetheultimateauthoritytomakeallimportantdecisions.Sinceanownerisessentiallyacquiringafacilityonapromiseinsomeformofagreement,itwillbewiseforanyownertohaveaclearunderstandingoftheacquisitionprocessinordertomaintainfirmcontrolofthequality,timelinessandcostofthecompletedfac

39、ility.Fromtheperspectiveofanowner,theprojectlifecycleforaconstructedfacilitymaybeillustratedschematicallyinFigure1-1.Essentially,aprojectisconceivedtomeetmarketdemandsorneedsinatimelyfashion.Variouspossibilitiesmaybeconsideredintheconceptualplanningstage,andthetechnologicalandeconomicfeasibilityofea

40、chalternativewillbeassessedandcomparedinordertoselectthebestpossibleproject.Thefinancingschemesfortheproposedalternativesmustalsobeexamined,andtheprojectwillbeprogrammedwithrespecttothetimingforitscompletionandforavailablecashflows.Afterthescopeoftheprojectisclearlydefined,detailedengineeringdesignw

41、illprovidetheblueprintforconstruction,andthedefinitivecostestimatewillserveasthebaselineforcostcontrol.Intheprocurementandconstructionstage,thedeliveryofmaterialsandtheerectionoftheprojectonsitemustbecarefullyplannedandcontrolled.Aftertheconstructioniscompleted,thereisusuallyabriefperiodofstart-upor

42、shake-downoftheconstructedfacilitywhenitisfirstoccupied.Finally,themanagementofthefacilityisturnedovertotheownerforfulloccupancyuntilthefacilitylivesoutitsusefullifeandisdesignatedfordemolitionorconversion.Figure1-1:TheProjectLifeCycleofaConstructedFacilityOfcourse,thestagesofdevelopmentinFigure1-1m

43、aynotbestrictlysequential.Someofthestagesrequireiteration,andothersmaybecarriedoutinparallelorwithoverlappingtimeframes,dependingonthenature,sizeandurgencyoftheproject.Furthermore,anownermayhavein-housecapacitiestohandletheworkineverystageoftheentireprocess,oritmayseekprofessionaladviceandservicesfo

44、rtheworkinallstages.Understandably,mostownerschoosetohandlesomeoftheworkin-houseandtocontractoutsideprofessionalservicesforothercomponentsoftheworkasneeded.Byexaminingtheprojectlifecyclefromanownersperspectivewecanfocusontheproperrolesofvariousactivitiesandparticipantsinallstagesregardlessofthecontr

45、actualarrangementsfordifferenttypesofwork.IntheUnitedStates,forexample,the.ArmyCorpsofEngineershasin-housecapabilitiestodealwithplanning,budgeting,design,constructionandoperationofwaterwayandfloodcontrolstructures.Otherpublicagencies,suchasstatetransportationdepartments,arealsodeeplyinvolvedinallpha

46、sesofaconstructionproject.Intheprivatesector,manylargefirmssuchasDuPont,Exxon,andIBMareadequatelystaffedtocarryoutmostactivitiesforplantexpansion.Alltheseowners,bothpublicandprivate,useoutsideagentstoagreaterorlesserdegreewhenitbecomesmoreadvantageoustodoso.Theprojectlifecyclemaybeviewedasaprocessth

47、roughwhichaprojectisimplementedfromcradletograve.Thisprocessisoftenverycomplex;however,itcanbedecomposedintoseveralstagesasindicatedbythegeneraloutlineinFigure1-1.Thesolutionsatvariousstagesarethenintegratedtoobtainthefinaloutcome.Althougheachstagerequiresdifferentexpertise,itusuallyincludesbothtech

48、nicalandmanagerialactivitiesintheknowledgedomainofthespecialist.Theownermaychoosetodecomposetheentireprocessintomoreorlessstagesbasedonthesizeandnatureoftheproject,andthusobtainthemostefficientresultinimplementation.Veryoften,theownerretainsdirectcontrolofworkintheplanningandprogrammingstages,butinc

49、reasinglyoutsideplannersandfinancialexpertsareusedasconsultantsbecauseofthecomplexitiesofprojects.Sinceoperationandmaintenanceofafacilitywillgoonlongafterthecompletionandacceptanceofaproject,itisusuallytreatedasaseparateproblemexceptintheconsiderationofthelifecyclecostofafacility.Allstagesfromconcep

50、tualplanningandfeasibilitystudiestotheacceptanceofafacilityforoccupancymaybebroadlylumpedtogetherandreferredtoastheDesign/Constructprocess,whiletheprocurementandconstructionalonearetraditionallyregardedastheprovinceoftheconstructionindustry.Ownersmustrecognizethatthereisnosinglebestapproachinorganiz

51、ingprojectmanagementthroughoutaprojectslifecycle.Allorganizationalapproacheshaveadvantagesanddisadvantages,dependingontheknowledgeoftheownerinconstructionmanagementaswellasthetype,sizeandlocationoftheproject.Itisimportantfortheownertobeawareoftheapproachwhichismostappropriateandbeneficialforaparticu

52、larproject.Inmakingchoices,ownersshouldbeconcernedwiththelifecyclecostsofconstructedfacilitiesratherthansimplytheinitialconstructioncosts.Savingsmallamountsofmoneyduringconstructionmaynotbeworthwhileiftheresultismuchlargeroperatingcostsornotmeetingthefunctionalrequirementsforthenewfacilitysatisfacto

53、rily.Thus,ownersmustbeveryconcernedwiththequalityofthefinishedproductaswellasthecostofconstructionitself.Sincefacilityoperationandmaintenanceisapartoftheprojectlifecycle,theownersexpectationtosatisfyinvestmentobjectivesduringtheprojectlifecyclewillrequireconsiderationofthecostofoperationandmaintenan

54、ce.Therefore,thefacilitysoperatingmanagementshouldalsobeconsideredasearlyaspossible,justastheconstructionprocessshouldbekeptinmindattheearlystagesofplanningandprogramming.BacktotopMajorTypesofConstructionSincemostownersaregenerallyinterestedinacquiringonlyaspecifictypeofconstructedfacility,theyshoul

55、dbeawareofthecommonindustrialpracticesforthetypeofconstructionpertinenttothem.Likewise,theconstructionindustryisaconglomerationofquitediversesegmentsandproducts.Someownersmayprocureaconstructedfacilityonlyonceinalongwhileandtendtolookforshorttermadvantages.However,manyownersrequireperiodicacquisitio

56、nofnewfacilitiesand/orrehabilitationofexistingfacilities.Itistotheiradvantagetokeeptheconstructionindustryhealthyandproductive.Collectively,theownershavemorepowertoinfluencetheconstructionindustrythantheyrealizebecause,bytheirindividualactions,theycanprovideincentivesordisincentivesforinnovation,eff

57、iciencyandqualityinconstruction.Itistotheinterestofallpartiesthattheownerstakeanactiveinterestintheconstructionandexercisebeneficialinfluenceontheperformanceoftheindustry.Inplanningforvarioustypesofconstruction,themethodsofprocuringprofessionalservices,awardingconstructioncontracts,andfinancingtheco

58、nstructedfacilitycanbequitedifferent.Forthepurposeofdiscussion,thebroadspectrumofconstructedfacilitiesmaybeclassifiedintofourmajorcategories,eachwithitsowncharacteristics.ResidentialHousingConstructionResidentialhousingconstructionincludessingle-familyhouses,multi-familydwellings,andhigh-riseapartme

59、nts.Duringthedevelopmentandconstructionofsuchprojects,thedevelopersorsponsorswhoarefamiliarwiththeconstructionindustryusuallyserveassurrogateownersandtakecharge,makingnecessarycontractualagreementsfordesignandconstruction,andarrangingthefinancingandsaleofthecompletedstructures.Residentialhousingdesi

60、gnsareusuallyperformedbyarchitectsandengineers,andtheconstructionexecutedbybuilderswhohiresubcontractorsforthestructural,mechanical,electricalandotherspecialtywork.Anexceptiontothispatternisforsingle-familyhouseswhichmaybedesignedbythebuildersaswell.Theresidentialhousingmarketisheavilyaffectedbygene