可再生能源情况说明书：微型涡轮机Renewable Energy Fact Sheet Microturbines

1、Renewable Energy Fact Sheet: Microturbines可再生能源情况说明书：微型涡轮机Environmental Protection Agency Office of Wastewater Management. EPA 832-F-13-018. August 2013DESCRIPTION 描述This fact sheet describes the use of microturbines as auxiliary and supplemental power sources (ASPSs) for wastewater treatment plants

2、 (WWTPs). Microturbines are a new, innovative technology based on jet engines (more specifically the turbo charger equipment found in jet engines) that use rotational energy to generate power.本情况说明书描述使用微型涡轮机作为污水处理厂(WWTP)辅助和补充电源 (ASPS)o微型涡轮机是一种基于喷气发动机(更具体地说是喷气发动机中的涡轮增压设备) 创新技术，使用旋转能量发电。Most microturb

3、ines have four main components: compressor, combustion chamber, turbine blades, and drive shaft. The compressors operate by taking in the surrounding air at one end of the microturbine and then condensing the air by increasing the airs pressure and density. This air is fed into the combustion chambe

4、r where it is mixed with fuel, and then burned. This combustion releases enormous amounts of heat energy and high-pressure exhaust gases. The exhaust gases are discharged through exhaust vents into a series of turbine fan blades that are attached to a central shaft. As the gases are discharged, they

5、 spin the turbine fans, which in turn spin the drive shaft at high speeds (100,000 revolutions per minute). The rotational energy produced by the shaft, spins copper coils, which excite the electrons in the wire, producing electricity. The quantity of electricity depends on how fast the shaft can sp

6、in in the magnetic field, the strength of the magnetic field, and the quantity and arrangement of the copper coils. To produce electricity at a relatively low cost, the shaft must rotate at high speeds.大多数微型涡轮机有四个主要组件：压缩机、燃烧室、涡轮叶片和驱动轴。压缩机通 过在微型涡轮机的一端吸入周围空气运行，之后通过增加空气的压力和密度冷凝空气。这 种空气送入燃烧室，在那里与燃料混合，之后

7、燃烧。这种燃烧释放大量的热能和高压废气。 废气通过排气口排放到连接中心轴一系列涡轮风扇叶片中。随着气体的排放，使涡轮风扇 旋转，而涡轮风扇又以高速(每分钟100,000转)旋转驱动轴。轴产生的旋转能量使铜线圈在磁场中旋转，激发导线中的电子发电。电量取决于轴在磁场中的旋转速度、磁场的强 度，以及铜线圈数量和排列方式。为了以相对较低的本钱发电，轴必须高速旋转。Microturbines can run on bio-gas, natural gas,Intake AirIntake AirIntake Airpropane, diesel, kerosene, methane, and other

8、 fuel sources, making them suitable for backup power in a variety of applications. Since each individual microturbine produces anywhere from 15 to 300 kilowatts (kW) of energy, they are often grouped to produce the required energy for a given application. Most microturbines are about the size of a r

9、efrigerator and have very low nitrogen oxide emissions.Intake Air微型涡轮机可以使用沼气、天然气、丙烷、柴油、煤油、甲烷和其他燃料源运行，使 其适用于各种应用中的备用电源。由于每个单独微型涡轮机产生15到300千瓦(kW) 能量，因此，通常分组，产生给定应用所需能量。大多数微型涡轮机大小与冰箱差不多， 且氮氧化物排放非常低。Figure1:MicroturbineFlowDiagram(Source: wastegaspower /images/microturbine.jpg)微型涡轮机流程图 ADVANTAGES & DISA

10、DVANTAGES 优点和缺点There are numerous advantages that make microturbines appealing. From an economic standpoint, the microturbine generators are cheaper to build and run in comparison to larger conventional gas or diesel powered generators. The technology is well understood and has been implemented in m

11、any applications throughout the U.S. They are also relatively inexpensive, easy to manufacture, and have few moving parts. These power plants can also use various types of fuels. Another advantage of microturbines is durability and reliability; they function for about 40,000 hours and require little

12、 maintenance. These systems can also be ready to operate only ten minutes after being turned on. Microturbines create a large amount of energy relative to their size. Because of their size, microturbines can be placed on site, easing security and maintenance. Microturbines have the ability to work a

13、lone or in groups. If one microturbine fails while in use, this does not necessarily mean that the entire system of microturbines will fail.有很多优点使微型涡轮机具有吸引力的优点。从经济角度来看，与大型传统燃气或柴油发电机相比，微型涡轮发电机建造和运行本钱更低。这一技术广为人知，且美国的很多 应用中实施。也较为廉价，易于制造，且几乎没有动部件。这些发电装置也可使用各种类 型燃料。微型涡轮机的另一个优点是耐用性和可靠性。可运行约40000小时，几乎不需 要维

14、护。这些系统也可在开启仅十分钟即可运行。相对其大小，微型涡轮机产生能量大。 由于其尺寸，微型涡轮机可放置在现场，便于安全和维护。微型涡轮机能够单独或成组工 作。如果一台微型涡轮机在使用中发生故障，并不一定意味着整个微型涡轮机系统都故障。From an environmental standpoint, these new machines pollute less and take up less space. The increased efficiency means that they use less fuel, which means fewer emissions into the

15、 air. Increased efficiency and less fuel also result in a lower reliance on finding the natural resources necessary to power the turbines.从环境的角度来看，这些新机器污染更少，占用空间更少。提高效率意味着使用更少 燃料，意味着更少的空气排放。提高效率和更少燃料也减少依靠寻找为涡轮机提供动力所 需的自然资源。One disadvantage of microturbines is a limit on the number of times they can

16、be turned on. Microturbines also run at very high speeds and high temperatures, causing noise pollution for nearby residents and potential risks for operators and maintenance staff. It may also take several microturbines set in a series to provide enough energy to power a small WWTP.微型涡轮机的一个缺点是可开启的次

17、数有限。微型泯轮机可以非常高的速度和高温运 行，造成附近居民的噪音污染、操作人员员和维护人员的潜在风险。也可能需要串联几台 微型涡轮机，提供足够能量，为小型WWTP供电。COST本钱Capstone Microturbine and Ingersoll Rand are two of the larger microturbine manufacturers. Each offers different models of microturbines that vary based on the power output that is needed. Based on estimates b

18、y the Gas Research Institute and National Renewable Energy Laboratory, the total plant cost varies from about $2,600 per kW for a 30 kW system to around $1,800 per kW for a 100 kW system. Interviews with several municipalities suggested annual savings of $25,000 to $216,000 through use of microturbi

19、nes over conventional gas or diesel powered engines.Capstone Microturbine和Ingersoll Rand是两家较大的微型涡轮机制造商。每个都提 供不同型号的微型涡轮机，基于所需的功率输出而有所不同。根据天然气研究所和国家可再生能源实验室估算，工厂总本钱从30 kW系统的每千瓦约2600美元到100千瓦系统 的每千瓦约1,800美元。几个城市的面谈说明，与传统燃气或柴油发动机相比，使用微 型涡轮机每年可节省25000至216000美元。CASE STUDY案例研究The Sheboygan Regional Wastewat

20、er Treatment Plant situated in Sheboygan, Wisconsin has a permitted flow of 18.4 million gallons per day (MGD) and an average flow of 11 MGD. In 2006, as a part of Sheboygans goal of becoming energy self-sufficient, a combined heat and power project consisting of ten 30 kW Capstone microturbines and

21、 heat recovery systems was commissioned. Using the biogas produced from the WWTPs anaerobic digesters, the microturbines produced 2,300 megawatts (MW) of electricity annually which translates to energy cost savings of $78,000. The microtuines also produced 84,000 therms of heat, which is equivalent

22、to $60,000 in prevailing natural gas rates. These turbines were installed at a capital cost of $300,000, In 2011, the City of Sheboygan, won the Wege Small Cities Sustainability Best Practices Award from the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Cities Initiative, for being nearly energy self sufficient.WWTP许可流量为每天1840万加仑(MGD),平均流量为11 MGDo 2006年，作为 Sheboygan实现能源自给自足目标的组成局部，一个由10台30 kWCapstone微型涡轮机 和热回收系统组成的热电联产工程投入使用。采用WWTP厌氧消化器产生的沼气，微型 涡轮机每年发现2,300兆瓦(MW),换算为能源本钱节省78,000美元。微型涡轮机也 产热84,000千卡，相当现行天然气价格的6000美元。这些