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1、译文1光纤陀螺仪历史译文1光纤陀螺仪历史简光纤陀螺仪（FOG）FOGValiShortill1976 FOG光纤陀螺仪的功能实现是基于光通过长达5千米的光纤线圈后的 。两束激光从涉仪测得。这样，就可以把角速度的分量转换成可以通过光电探测器测得的 模式的和逆时针进行 。塞格尼克效应的强度取决于封闭光路的有效截面。外文原1. thehistoryaboutoptic外文原1. thehistoryaboutopticA fibre optic gyroscope (FOG) senses changes in orienion, thus performing the function of a

2、mechanical gyroscope. However its principle of operation is instead based erference of light which has passed through a coil of optical fibre which can be as as 5 km. The development of diode (semiconductor) lasers and low-loss single-mode he early 1970s for municationsindustry enabled Sagnac effect

3、 fibre .gyrosto bedeveloped aspractical 译文2组织工程学中的3D 打），意味着“3D3D（AEC技术的设想，但直到20世纪80代，3D 打印的概念才算真正开始实现。1982译文2组织工程学中的3D 打），意味着“3D3D（AEC技术的设想，但直到20世纪80代，3D 打印的概念才算真正开始实现。1982的人是查尔斯WHull，1984新各类焊接组件基于模型的定义。通常加工（确的形面ing，技术（即“积层造形法”VRMLWRLVRMLWRLObjetConnexSystemsProJet16为50到100寸以及复杂程度而定。而用3D目前的分辨率对大多数应用

4、来说已经足够（糙，像图像上的锯齿一样西）奥迪公司（Audi）KUKARSQ目前的分辨率对大多数应用来说已经足够（糙，像图像上的锯齿一样西）奥迪公司（Audi）KUKARSQ例如：选择性激光烧结（selective laser ering，SLS）和熔融沉积式ition ing，FDM如：平板印刷（stereolithography，SA、分层实体制造（laminated 累积技基本材选累积技基本材选择性激光烧结（selective 热塑、金属粉末直接金属激光烧结（Direct metal 熔融沉积式（fused ition 热塑，共晶系统平版印刷数字光处理液态树熔丝制造（Fused Filam

5、ent （PLA）（Melted and 金属线分 层 实 体 制 造 （ laminated 纸、金属膜薄熔化成型（Electron beam 选择性热烧结（Selectiveheatmanufacturing，LOM可以直接打印金属价格昂贵有时候人们会先使用普通的来制模具，然后用这些模具制作金粉末层喷头3D 打印（粉末层喷头3D 打印（der bed inkjet head 3d 外文原文2.3D 3D ingfore ing or Additive manufacturing is a s of making a three-al object of virtually any from

6、 a digital . 3D ing is achieved using an s, where sive layers of material are laid down in different s.2 3D is also considered distinct from traditionalmachining techniques, which mostly rely on外文原文2.3D 3D ingfore ing or Additive manufacturing is a s of making a three-al object of virtually any from

7、 a digital . 3D ing is achieved using an s, where sive layers of material are laid down in different s.2 3D is also considered distinct from traditionalmachining techniques, which mostly rely on removal ofmaterial bych ascutting ordrilling(subtractive A 3D is a limited type of industrial robot puter

8、 control.t is capable of carrying out additive sWhile 3D ing technology has been around since the 1980s, it was not until the t the ers became widely available lly.3 working er was created in 1984 by Chuck Hull of 3DSystems Corp.4 Since the start of the century there has been a large growth in the s

9、ales of these machines, and their price dropped substantially.5 According to Wohlers tes, a consultancy, the market for ersandservi The 3D prwasworth$2.2billionworldwidein2012,up29%froming technology is used for both and distributed manufacturing industrial design, automotive, and medical industries

10、, biotech eyewear, education, with applications in architecture, construction (AEC), aerospace, military, engineering, civil engineering, (human e replacement), fashion, footwear, information systems, food, and many other fields. One study has t open 3D ing e a mass market item because domestic 3D e

11、rs can offset capital costs by enabling consumers to avoid costs asso household objects.8ted with purchasing The term additive manufacturing refers to t create can be objects through used ) to full-scale t-sequential layering. t are manufactured throughout the product life cycle, from pre-production

12、 (i.e. production(i.e.ra manufacturing), in addition to tooling applications In manufacturing, and machining in particular, subtractive refers to traditional methods. The term subtractive manufacturing is aretronym developed in recent years to distinguish it from newer additive manufacturing techniq

13、ues. Although has included t are essentially additive for centuries (such as joining sheets, ings, and rolled work via riveting, screwing, e welding, or newer kinds welding), it did not include the information technology component of -basedMachining (generating exact s with high ) has typically been

14、 subtractive, filing andturningto milling,drilling and The term stereolithography was defined by Charles W. Hull as a system al objects by creating a cross-sectional pattern of the object to formedin a 1984General3D 3D able ss may be created with a computer aided design package or via 3D able scanne

15、r. Themanualing s of preparing geometric data for 3D computer is similar to plastic arts such as sculpting. 3D scanning is a s yzing collecting data of real object; its sh and appearance and builds digital, three Both manual and automatic 3D able ss may be created with a computer aided design packag

16、e or via 3D able scanner. Themanualing s of preparing geometric data for 3D computer is similar to plastic arts such as sculpting. 3D scanning is a s yzing collecting data of real object; its sh and appearance and builds digital, three Both manual and automatic creation of 3D able s is difficult for

17、 consumers. This is why several 3D ing Marketplace have emerged over the last AmongthemostpopularareSh ways,ThingiverseandThreeding 1213To perform a , the machine reads the design from 3D able file (STL file) lays down sive layers of der, r or sheet material to build the from a series of cross secti

18、ons. These layers, which correspond to the virtual cross from the CAD , are joined or automaticallyfused to createthe final . The advantageof thistechniqueisitsabilitytocreatealmost any eometricer resolution describes layer thickness and X-Y resolution in dpi (dots per inch), micrometers. Typical la

19、yer thickness is around 100 m(250 DPI), although some such as the Objet Connex series and 3D Systems ProJet series can layers as thin as 16 ers. The particles m (1,600 DPI).15X-Y resolution is comparable to dots) are around 50 to 100 m (510 to 250 DPI)toflas rConstruction of a with contemporary meth

20、ods can take anywhere from hours to several days, depending on the method used and the size and complexity of m. Additive systems can typically reduce this time to a few hours, although it widely depending on the type of machine used and the size and number of m produced simultaneously.s Traditional

21、 techniques like injection molding can be less expensive for roducts in ties, but additive manufacturing can be faster, more and less expensive when producing relatively small designers and concept development teams the ability toties of parts. 3D ers produce parts and concept usingadesktopsizepr Th

22、ough the pr slightly oversized verroduced resolution is sufficient for many applications, ing of the desired object in standard resolution and then material with a higher-resolution subtractive pro s can achieve Some additive manufacturing techniques are capable of using multiple course of construct

23、ing parts. Someare ableto ultiple colors and color simultaneously. Some also utilize supports when building. Supports are removable dissolvableuponcompletionofthepr , and areused to support overhanging features AdditiveworldwideTheAudi RSQ wasmadewithindustrialKUKASeveral different 3D ing ses have b

24、een invented since the late 1970s. erswereoriginally large, expensive, andhighly limitedinwhat theyworldwideTheAudi RSQ wasmadewithindustrialKUKASeveral different 3D ing ses have been invented since the late 1970s. erswereoriginally large, expensive, andhighly limitedinwhat theycould Alarge number o

25、f additive ses are now available. They heway layersited to create parts he t can be used. Some methods melt or material to produce the layers, e.g.selective laser melting (SLM) or direct metal sering (DMLS), selective laser ering (SLS), fused ition ing (FDM), others cure liquid materials using diffe

26、rent sophisticated technologies, e.g.stereolithography (SLA). With laminated object manufacturing (LOM), thin layers are cut to and together (e.g. r, polymer, metal). ethod has its own advantages and and some companies consequently offer a choice nder and polymer for material from which the object is built.18 Some companies use standard, off-the-shelf business r as