科技2014年山科大各科真题

1、山东科技山东科技大学2014年招收硕士学位研究生入学考基础英语试PartIReadingComprehension(45points) SectionAIn this section there are three passages followed by a total of fifteen multiple-questions.Readthepassagescarefullyandthenanswerthequestions.(30For much of the world, the death of Richard Nixon was the end of a complex publi

2、c life. But researchers who study bereavement wondered if it didnt also signify the end of a private grief. Had the former president merely run his allotted fourscore and one, or had he fallen victimto apatternthat seems toafflictlongtime married couples:onespousequicklyfollowing the other to the gr

3、ave?Pat, Nixons wife of 53 years, died last June after a long illness. No one knows for sure whether her death contributed to his. After all, he was elderly and had a history of serious heart disease. Researchers have long observed that the death of a spouse particularly a wife is sometimes followed

4、 by the untimely death of the grieving survivor. Historian Will Durant died 13 days after his wife and collaborator, Ariel; Buckminster Fuller and his wife died just 36 hours apart. Is this more than coincidence?“Part of the story, I suspect, is that we men are so used to ladies feeding us and takin

5、g care of us,” says Knud Helsing, an epidemiologist at the Johns Hopkins School of Public health, “that when we lose a wife we go to pieces, We dont know how to take care of ourselves.” In one of several studies Helsing has conducted on bereavement, he found that widowed men had higher mortality rat

6、es than married men in every age group. But, he found that widowers who remarried enjoyed the same lower mortality rate as men whod never been widowed.Womens health and resilience mayalso suffer after theloss of a spouse. In a 1987 studyof widows,researchersfromtheUniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles,a

7、ndUC,SanDiego,found that they had a dramatic decline in levels of important immune-system cells that fight off disease. Earlier studies showed reduced immunity in widowers.For both men and women, the stress of losing a spouse can have a profound effect. “All sorts of potentially harmful medical prob

8、lems can be worsened,” says Gerald Davison, professor of psychology at the University of Southern California. People with high blood pressure, for example, may see it rise. In Nixons case, Davison speculates, “the although not caused directly by the stress, was probably hastened by it.” Depression c

9、an the surviving spouses will to live; suicide are elevated in the bereaved, along with accidents not involving cars.Involvement in life helps prolong it. Mortality, says Duke University psychiatrist Daniel Blazer, is higher in older people without a good social-support-system, who dont feel theyre

10、part of a group or a family, that they “fit in” somewhere. And thats a more common problem for men, who tend not to have as many close friendships as women. The sudden absence of routines can also be a health hazard, says Blazer. “A person who loses a spouse shows deterioration in normal habits like

11、 sleeping and eating.” he says. “They dont have that other person to orient them, like when do you go to bed, when do you wake up, when do you eat, when do you take your medication, when do you go out to take a walk? Your pattern is no longer locked into someone elses pattern, so it deteriorates.”Wh

12、ile earlier studiesthe surviving spouses will to live; suicide are elevated in the bereaved, along with accidents not involving cars.Involvement in life helps prolong it. Mortality, says Duke University psychiatrist Daniel Blazer, is higher in older people without a good social-support-system, who d

13、ont feel theyre part of a group or a family, that they “fit in” somewhere. And thats a more common problem for men, who tend not to have as many close friendships as women. The sudden absence of routines can also be a health hazard, says Blazer. “A person who loses a spouse shows deterioration in no

14、rmal habits like sleeping and eating.” he says. “They dont have that other person to orient them, like when do you go to bed, when do you wake up, when do you eat, when do you take your medication, when do you go out to take a walk? Your pattern is no longer locked into someone elses pattern, so it

15、deteriorates.”While earlier studies suggested that the first six months to a year - or even the first - were times of higher mortality for the bereaved, some newer studies find no special vulnerability in this initial period. Most men and women, of course do not die as a result of the loss of a spou

16、se. And there are ways to improve the odds. A strong sense of separate identity and lack of over-dependency during the marriage are helpful. Adult sons and daughters, siblings and friends need to pay special attention to a newly widowed parent. They can make sure that he or she is socializing, getti

17、ng proper nutrition and medical care, expressing emotion and, above all, feeling needed and appreciated.According to researchers, Richard Nixons death was causedbyhisheartindirectlylinkedtohiswifestheinevitableresultofoldanunexplainableThe research reviewed in the passage suggest that remarriedmenli

18、vehealthierunmarriedmenhavethelongestlifewidowershavetheshortestlifewidowsareunaffectedbytheirmatesOne of the results of grief mentioned in the passage is lossofdiminishedvulnerabilitytolossofThepassagestatesthatwhilemarriedcouplescanprepareforgrievingbeing self-evadingC.developingC.developingD.avoi

19、dingHelsingspeculatesthathusbandssufferfromthedeathofaspousebecausethey are unpreparedforincapableofunwillingtodissatisfiedwithTEXTAvra Leodas of Santa Fe, N. M., makes objects in clay - weighty, solid, mysterious, elegantsculptures.Hersimpleforms mayatfirstglanceappearto springfromnature,butmany ha

20、ve been inspired by man-made objects. The surface textures sometimes resemble stone and sometimes steel, echoing the balance she achieves between nature-made and human-made inspiration. But the surfaces of these archetypal shapes also suggest ancient civilizations - an evocation of the history of hu

21、man life on earth.Infact,theartistherselfsaysthattheyremindherofartifactsfoundinanarchaeologicaldig. The analogy becomes clear when looking at her current installation at the Robischon Gallery in Denver. As single items, the shapes are marvelous small sculptures. But placed in relationship to each o

22、ther, the metaphors they evoke are endless - depending only on the imagination of the viewer. The fact that the objects remind us of tools as much as they do of organic and aesthetic objects reinforces the archaeological metaphor.“This work is a tremendous departure from what Ive been doing for the

23、last 17 years,” Leodas says. “There are a lot of connections, but the transitions are really important to me. I was doing these large vessels up to three feet in diameter. There are some similarities between the old and the new work in what the forms are about - classic, simple, elegant, unadorned w

24、ork. The vessels, though, are intensely glazed in jewel-like tones.“People like to make reference to my Aegean heritage - the deep underwater blue and green. For me, it was a process of refinement, trying to make the perfect one. I worked with onlysixorsevenforms,andIdealtwithbalanceandproportion.Fo

25、rexample,ifIwasworking with an oval shape, I would do it tall and narrow or wide and short - playing with proportion that way.”There came a point, however, when she reached the end of her experiments with vessels, when she had done everything she needed to do with that application of her medium.“I k

26、new I had to change what I was doing, but I had no idea how. After the buildup of my reputation, it was just like being a baby.”“These new forms are all closed - as opposed to a vessel, where I am thinking inside-outside, containing space. This body of work was a tremendous outpouring I did not plan

27、 at inside-outside, containing space. This body of work was a tremendous outpouring I did not plan at all. I did not plan or think about how one was leading to the next one. I just made them .”Leodassaystheseobjectshavebeeninfluencedbyherloveoftools.“WhenIwasthinking about the new work, I went to a

28、blacksmith friends shop, pulled out his tools, and photographed them. There isjust something about the well-made tool that really does its job.” There is a piece that ended up looking like a tire rib, another that resembles a blacksmiths hammerhead, and another whose form derives from the disc betwe

29、en the vertebrae of a whale.In the end, she believes that the forms are both very personal and at the same time universal. The artists passion for clay is as plain as her exquisite formal achievements, her sense of fun as apparent as her expertise in the medium.The term “archaeological metaphor” in

30、the second paragraph suggest that the sculptures appearbothantiquatedandarerefinedandresembleprehistoricareincomparableandThe artists new work resembles the of her previous work.sizeandausterityandpolished,vibrantly-coloredsymmetryandLeodas states in the sixth paragraph that “it was just like being

31、a baby ,” indicating that she onceagainfeltlikeawasbrashlyconfidentaboutherthoughtherfamewaswashelplessandinFrom the details in the passage we can infer that the artist wasbornsomewhereinthelacksinspirationandapproachesherworkisdisciplinedandApparently the author of the passage isunfamiliarwithsculp

32、turalreliestooheavilyonotherartresearcheshersubject matterbefore D.D.findsLeodasworkmundaneandTEXTThe single greatest shift in the history of mass-communication technology occurred in the 15thcentury and was well described by Victor Hugo in a famous chapter of “Notre-Dame de Paris”.ItwasaCathedralOn

33、allpartsofthegiantbuilding，statuaryandstonerepresentations ofeverykind,combinedwithhugewidowsofstainedglass,toldthestoriesoftheBibleandthe saints, displayed the intricacies of Christian theology, adverted to the existence of highly unpleasant demonic winged creatures, referred diplomatically to the

34、majesties of political power, and, in addition, bymeans of bellsin belltowers, told time for thebenefitofallof Pairs and much of France. It was an awesome engine of communication.Then came the transition to something still more awesome. The new technology of mass communication was portable, could si

35、t on your table, and was easily replicable, and yet, paradoxically, contained more information, more systematically presented, than even the largest of cathedrals. It was the printed book. Though it provided no bells and could not tell time, the over-all superiority of the new invention was unmistak

36、able.In the last ten or twenty years，we have been undergoing a more or lessequivalent shift - this time to a new life as a computer-using population. The gain in portability, capability, ease, orderliness, accuracy, reliability, and information-storage over anything achievable by pen scribbling，type

37、writingandcabinetfilingisrecognizedbyall.Theprogressforcivilizationis undeniable and, plainly, irreversible. Yet, just as the books triumph over the cathedral divided people into two groups，one of which prospered, while the other lapsed into gloom, the computers triumph has also divided the human ra

38、ce.You have only to bring a computer into a room to see that some people begin at once to buzz with curiosity and excitement, sit down to conduct experiments, ooh and ah at the boxes and beeps, and master the use of the computer or a new program as quickly as athletes playing a delightful new game.

39、But how difficult it is - how grim and frightful! For the other people, the defeated class, whose temperament does not naturally respond to computers! The machine whirs and glows before them and their faces twitch. They may be splendidly educated, as measured by book reading, yet their instincts are

40、 all wrong, and no amount of manual studying andmouseclickingwill makethemright.Computersrequireasharplydifferentsetofaptitudes, and, if the aptitudes are missing, little can be done，and misery is guaranteed.Is the computer industry aware that computers have divided mankind into two previously unkno

41、wn classes, the computer personalities and the non-computer personalities? Yes, the industry knows this. Vast sums have been expended in order to adapt the computer to the limitations of non-computer personalities. Apples Macintosh, with its zooming animations and pull-down menus and little pictures

42、 of life folders and watch faces and trashcans, the way. Such seductions have the way. Such seductions have soothed the apprehensions of a certain number of the computer-averse. This spring, the computer industrys efforts are reaching a culmination of sorts. Microsoft，Bill Gates giant corporation, i

43、s to bring out a program package called Microsoft Bob, designed by Mr. Gateswife, Melinda French, and intended to render computer technology available even to people who are openly terrified of computers. Bobs principle is to take the several tasks of operating a computer, rename them in a folksy st

44、yle, and assign to them the images of an ideal room in an ideal home, with furniture and bookshelves, and with chummy cartoon helpers (“Friends of Bod”) to guide the computer user over the rough spots, and, in that way, simulate an atmosphere that feels nothing like computers.Accordingtothispassage,

45、whichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTIt is because the Cathedral of Notre-Dame in Paris had many bell-towers and could tell time to people that the writer regards it as an engine of mass communication.From Cathedrals to books to computers the technology of communication has become more convenient, reli

46、able and fast.Every time when a new communication means triumphed over the old, it divided mankind into two groups.ComputerindustryhasbeentryinghardtomakepeopleacceptThe printed book is more progressive than the Cathedral as a communication because itcouldsitonyourtableanddidnolongertellitwasmorerel

47、iableanddidnttellthestoriesofsaintsanditwassmall,yetcontainedmoreitdidnotflatterreligiousandpoliticalThe word “awesome” in the passage means A.C.amazinglyB.causingfearandD.People who feel miserable with computers are those wholovereadingbooksandwritingwithapenorawhopossessthewrongaptitudesofdislikin

48、gandfearingnewwhohavenotbeentrainedtousewhoarebornwithatemperamentthatdoesnotrespondtoMelinda French designed Microsoft Bob that was to ease the misery of computer users by makingusersfeelthattheyarenotdealingwithmakingtheprogrammoreconvenientandcartoon-addinghomepicturestotheprogramrenamingthecompu

49、tertasksinafolksySectionRead the following passage carefully and then paraphrase the numbered and underlined parts. (15 points)Charmis theultimate weapon,the supreme seduction,against which there are fewdefenses. If youve got it, you need almost nothing else, neither money and looks, nor pedigree. (

50、16) It is a gift, only given to give away, and the more used the more there is. It is also a climate of behavior set for perpetual summer and controlled by taste and tact.Realcharmis dynamic, anenvelopingspell which mysteriouslyenslavesthesenses.Itisan inner light, fed on reservoirs of benevolence w

51、hich well up like a thermal spring. It is unconscious, often nothing but the wish to please, and cannot be turned on and off at will.You recognize charm by the feeling you get in its presence. You know who has it. But can you get it, too? Probably, you cant, because its a quickness of spirit, an ori

52、ginality of touch you have to be born with. Or its something that grows naturally out of another quality, like the simple desire to make people happy. Certainly, charm is not a question of learning tricks, like wrinkling your nose, or having a laugh in your voice, or gaily tossing your hair out of y

53、our dancing eyes.Suchsigns, to the nervous,are ominous warnings which maywell sendhimstreaking for cove. On the other hand, there is an antenna, a built-in awareness of others, which most people have, and which care can nourish.But in a study of charm, what else does one look for? Apart from the abi

54、lity to listen - rarest of all human virtues and most difficult to sustain without vagueness - apart form warmth, sensitivity, and the power to please, what else is there visible? (19) A generosity, I suppose, which makes no demands, a transaction which strikes no bargains, which doesnt hold itself

55、back till youve filled up a test-card making it clear that youve worth the trouble. Charm cantwithhold,butspendsitselfwillinglyonyoungandoldalike,onthepoor,theugly,thedim, the boring, on the last fat man in the corner. (20) It reveals also in a sense of ease, in casual but perfect manners, and often

56、 in a physical grace which springs less from an accident of youth than froma confident serenity of mind.Any person with this is more than just a popular fellow;heisalsoSectionRead the following passage carefully and then paraphrase the numbered and underlined parts. (15 points)Charmis theultimate we

57、apon,the supreme seduction,against which there are fewdefenses. If youve got it, you need almost nothing else, neither money and looks, nor pedigree. (16) It is a gift, only given to give away, and the more used the more there is. It is also a climate of behavior set for perpetual summer and control

58、led by taste and tact.Realcharmis dynamic, anenvelopingspell which mysteriouslyenslavesthesenses.Itisan inner light, fed on reservoirs of benevolence which well up like a thermal spring. It is unconscious, often nothing but the wish to please, and cannot be turned on and off at will.You recognize ch

59、arm by the feeling you get in its presence. You know who has it. But can you get it, too? Probably, you cant, because its a quickness of spirit, an originality of touch you have to be born with. Or its something that grows naturally out of another quality, like the simple desire to make people happy

60、. Certainly, charm is not a question of learning tricks, like wrinkling your nose, or having a laugh in your voice, or gaily tossing your hair out of your dancing eyes.Suchsigns, to the nervous,are ominous warnings which maywell sendhimstreaking for cove. On the other hand, there is an antenna, a bu