语言学认知语言学What-Is-Cognitive-Linguistics课件

1、Language and CognitionCognitive Linguistics主讲人：Language and CognitionCognitivWhat Is Cognitive Linguistics?Cognitive linguistics is a newly established approach to the study of language that emerged in the 1970s. It is based on human experiences of the world and the way they perceive and conceptuali

2、ze the world. What Is Cognitive Linguistics?Main Points in Cognitive Linguistics Construal and Construal OperationsCategorizationImage SchemasMetaphorMetonymyBlending Theory Main Points in Cognitive LinguConstrual and Construal Operations Construal is the ability to conceive and portray the same sit

3、uation in alternate ways through specificity, different mental scanning, directionality, vantage point, figure-ground segregation, etc. Attention/ Salience Judgment/Comparison Perspective/Situatedness Construal and Construal OperatConstrual and Construal Operations : Attention/ SalienceThe operation

4、 in salience have to do with our direction of attention towards sth. that is salient to us.In cognition, we direct our attention to the activation of conceptual structures.We use certain linguistic expressions to provoke certain patterns of activation.Construal and Construal OperatConstrual and Cons

5、trual Operations : Judgment/ComparisonThe construal operations of judgment/ comparison have to do with judging sth. by comparing it to sth. else.The figure-ground alignment apply to space, with the ground as the prepositional object and the preposition expressing the spatial relational configuration

6、.Static and dynamic figure/ groundTrajector for a moving figureLandmark for the ground of a moving figureConstrual and Construal OperatCategorizationCategorization is the process of classifying our experiences into different categories based on commonalities and differences. There are three levels i

7、n categories. Basic level Super-ordinate level Subordinate level CategorizationCategorization iMetaphorMetaphor involves the comparison of two concepts in that one is constructed in terms of another. It is often described in terms of a target domain and a source domain. Lakoff and John classify conc

8、eptual metaphors into three categories MetaphorThree Categories of MetaphorOntological metaphors Structural metaphors Orientational metaphors Three Categories of MetaphorThree Categories of MetaphorOntological metaphors Ontological metaphors means that human experiences with physical objects provide

9、 the basis for ways of viewing events, activities, emotions, ideas, etc. as entities and substances. Three Categories of MetaphorThree Categories of MetaphorStructural metaphors Structural metaphors allow us to go beyond orientation and referring and give us the possibility to structure one concept

10、according to another. Three Categories of MetaphorThree Categories of MetaphorOrientational metaphors Orientational metaphors give a concept a spatial orientation Three Categories of MetaphorOrMetonymyMetonymy is defined as a cognitive process in which the vehicle provides mental access to the targe

11、t within the same domain Two Conceptual ConfigurationsWhole ICM and its part(s) Parts of an ICMMetonymyMetonymy Whole ICM and its part(s) Thing-and-Part ICM Scale ICM Constitution ICM Event ICM Category-and-Member ICM Category-and-Property ICM Reduction ICM Metonymy Whole ICM and its Metonymy Parts

12、of an ICM Action ICM Perception ICM Causation ICM Production ICM Control ICM Possession ICM Containment ICM Location ICM Sign and Reference ICMs Modification ICM Metonymy Parts of an ICM ActiWhat Is Cognitive Linguistics? Blending Theory Fauconnier and Turner propose and discuss blending or integrat

13、ion theory, a cognitive operation whereby elements of two or more “mental spaces” are integrated via projection into new, blended space which has its unique structure. Conditions are needed when two input spaces I1 and I2 are blended: Cross-Space Mapping Generic Space Blend Emergent Structure What I

14、s Cognitive Linguistics?What Is Cognitive Linguistics? Image SchemasImage schema is a recurring, dynamic pattern of our perceptual interactions and motor programs that gives coherence and structure to our experience. What Is Cognitive Linguistics?What Is Cognitive Linguistics? Image SchemasA center-periphery schema A containment schema A cycle schema A force schema A link schema A part-whole schema A path schema A scale schema