2023年职称英语理工类A阅读理解新增文章篇目

1、+第四十五篇Some People Do Not Taste Salt Like Others Lowsalt foods may be harder for some people to like than others，according to a study by aPenn State College of Agricultural Sciencesl food scientistThe research indicates that geneticfactors influence some of the difference in the levels of salt we lik

2、e to eat Those conclusions are important because recent，wellpublicized effortsto reduce the saltcontent in food2 have left many people struggling to accept fare that simply does not taste as good tothem as it does to others3，pointed out John Hayes，assistant professor of food science，who was leadinve

3、stigator4 0n the study Diets high in salt Can increase the risk of high blood pressure and strokeThat is why publichealth experts and food companies are working together on ways to help consumers lower salt intakethrough foods that are enjoyable to eatThis study increases understanding of salt prefe

4、rence andconsumption The research involved 87 carefully screened participants who sampled salty foods such as soupand chips，on multiple occasions，spread out over weeks5Test subjects were 45：men and 42 women, reportedly healthy，ranging in age from 20 t0 40 yearsThe sample was composed of individualsw

5、ho were not actively modifying their dietary intake and did not smoke cigarettesThey rated theintensity of taste on a commonly used scientific scale，ranging from barely detectable to strongestsensation of any kind “Most of us like the taste of saltHowever，some individuals eat more salt，both because

6、theylike the taste of saltiness more，and also because it is needed to block other unpleasant tastes in food, said Hayes. “Supertasters, people who experience tastes more intensely, consume more salt than nontasters do. Snack foods have saltiness as their primary flavor, and at least for these foods,

7、 more is better, so the supertasters seem to like them more. However, supertasters also need higher levels of salt to block unpleasant bitter tastes in foodssuch as cheese，Hayes noted“For example，cheese is a wonderful blend of dairy flavors fromfermented milk，but also bitter tastes from ripening tha

8、t are blocked by salt，he said“A supertasterfinds low-salt cheese unpleasant because the bitterness is too pronounced6Hayes cited research done more than 75 years ago by a chemist named Fox and a geneticistnamed Blakeslee，showing that individuals differ in their ability to taste certain chemicalsAs a

9、result，Hayes explained，we know that a wide range in taste acuity exists，and this variation is asnormal as variations in eye and hair color“Some people，called supertasters，describe bitter compounds as being extremely bitter，whileothers，called nontasters，find these same bitter compounds to be tasteles

10、s or only weakly bitterhesaid“Response to bitter compounds is one of many ways to identify biological differences in foodpreference because supertastin7is not limited to bitterness (476)词汇：Publicizev引起公众对的注意；(用广告)宣传Dietaryadj饮食的；规定食物的Ferment v(使)发酵Geneticistn遗传学家Acuityn敏锐；锋利注释：1Penn State College of

11、 Agricultural Sciences：即Penn State University-College of AgriculturalSciences宾州州立大学农学院。Penn是Pennsylvania的缩写，是美国宾夕法尼亚州名。宾州州立大学建于1855年：在全国共有24个分校。在句中，Penn State College of AgriculturalSciences用作定语，修饰food scientist。2Well-publicized efforts to reduce the salt content in food：大力宣传减少食物含盐量的做法31eft many peo

12、ple struggling to accept fare that simply does not taste as good to them as it does toothers：使得许多人努力去接受适合其他人而不适合他们口味的食物。fare相当于food。41ead investigator：研发工程负责人5carefully screened participants who sampled salty foods as soup and chipson multiple occasion，spread out over weeks：经过仔细筛选的实验参与者，他们在几周内的不同时间里

13、品尝了汤和薯条等含盐食物。6too pronounced：此处pronounced为形容词，意为very noticeable，conspicuous(明显的，显著的)。7supertasting：超重味感练习：1In paragraph 2，John Hayes points out that Ait is good to health to eat food without salt Bmany people reject lowsalt food completely Cmany people accept lowsalt tasteless food reluctantly Dfood

14、 with reduced salt tastes better2The fourth paragraph describes briefly Ahow to select subjects and what to do in the research Bhow to identify supertasters and nontasters Cwhy to limit the number of subjects to 87 persons Dwhy to select more male subjects than female ones3. The article argues that

15、supertasters A1ike the；taste of saltiness to block sweet tastes in food B1ike snack foods as saltiness is their primary flavor Cconsume less salt because they don t like intensive tastes D1ike to share salty cheese with nontasters4. Which of the following applies to supertasters in terms of bitter t

16、aste? AThey like bitterness in foods as well as saltiness BThey like highsalt cheese as it has intense bitter taste CThey prefer highsalt cheesewhich tastes less bitter D. They prefer high-saltcheese as it is good to health5. What message do the last two paragraphs carry? ATaste acuity is geneticall

17、y determined BTaste acuity is developed over time after birth CTaste acuity is related to ones eye and hair color DTaste acuity is still a mysterious subject in science答案与题解：1C 根据短文的第二段内容，很多人因为食物中的含盐量降低，所以必须做出很大努力 (struggling)去适应，而低盐食物对于他们来说，口味很不好(fare that simply does nottastegood to them)。选项C有acce

18、pt reluctantly(勉强接受)表达了这层意思，所以是正确的选择。A、B、D三个选项均是错误的。2A第四段介绍了科学家是如何设计这项研究的，它包含了研究对象的人数、性别、人选条件、咸度味感分级表等。选项A概括了这方面的内容，所以是答案。而选项B、C、D所述内容均不符合该段的意思。3B 短文的第五段提供了答案o supertaster在这里的意思是：口味重的人，在本文中，nontaster是其反义词，即，口味清谈的人。该段告诉我们，口味重的人消耗更多的盐；因为快餐食品的主要味道就是咸味，而且咸度越高，口味越好，所以口味重的人对快餐较为偏爱。选项B表达了上述内容，所以是答案。4C 短文第六

19、段提供了答案。该段告诉我们，奶酪发酵会产生苦味，supertasters不喜欢苦味，而高含盐量可以盖住奶酪里的昔味，这是他们偏爱高盐奶酪的原因。所以，只有C是正确选择。5A 文章第七段中，Hayes引用了75年前一位遗传学专家的实验。从这项实验中，Hayes得出的结论是，Taste acuity(味觉敏度)上的差异与他们头发和眼睛的颜色上的差异是同一类现象，也就是说，都是与生俱来的。第八段又说，这是一种biological difference(生物差异)，所以A是答案。B说味觉敏度是后天形成的，显然与作者的结论相左0说味觉敏度的差异与头发和眼睛的颜色上的差异有关，显然是错误的。D的内容在最后

20、两段都没有提到，所以不会是答案。+第四十六篇Marvelous Metamaterials Invisibility cloaks1would have remained impossible，forever locked in science fictionhad it notbeen for the development of metamaterials2. In Greek, metameans beyond, and metamaterials cardo things beyond what we see in the natural worldlike shuffle light

21、 waves around an object，andthen bring them back together3If scientists ever manage to build a fullfledged invisibility cloak，itwill probably be made of metamaterials We are creating materials that dont exist in nature, and that have a physical phenomenon thatdoesnt exist in nature,says engineer Dent

22、cho Genov. That is the most exciting thing.Genovdesigns and builds metamaterials-such as those used in cloaking-at Louisiana Tech University in Ruston, Louisiana. An invisibility cloak will probably not be the first major accomplishment to come from the field of metamaterialsOther applications are j

23、ust as excitin9In many labs，for example，scientists areworking on building a hyperlensA lens is a deviceusually made of glassthat can change thedirection of light wavesLenses are used in microscopes and cameras to focus light，thus allowing a researcher to see small things or a photographer to capture

24、 image of things that are far away A hyperlens，however，would be made of metamaterialsAnd since metamaterial s can do things with light that ordinary materials cant，the hyperlens would be a powerful t001A hyperlens wouldallow researchers to see things at the smallest scale imaginableas small as the w

25、avelength ofvisible light Genov points out that the science of metamaterials is driven by the imagination：If someone call think of an idea for a new behavior for fight，then the engineers can find a way to design a device using metamaterialsWe need people who can imagine,he says Since 2006，many labor

26、atories have been exploring other kinds of metamaterials that dont involve just visible lightIn fact，scientists are finding that almost any kind of wave may respond to metamaterials At the Polytechnic University of Valencia in Spain5Jose Sanchez-Dehesa is working with acoustics, or the science of so

27、undJust as an invisibility cloak shuffles waves of light，anacoustic cloak would shuffle waves of sound in a way thats not found in natureIn an orchestra hall, for examplean acoustic cloak could redirect the sound wavesso someonesitting behind a columnwould hear the same concert as the rest of the au

28、diencewithout distortionSanchez-Dehesa，an engineer，recently showed that its possible to build such an acousticcloak，though he doubts we11 see one any time soonIn principle，it is possible,he says，but it might be impossible to make one, he addsOther scientists are looking into ways to use larger metam

29、aterials as shields around islandsoroil rigs6 as protection from tsunamisA tsunami is a giantdestructive waveThe metamaterial wouldredirect the tsunami around the rig or islandand the wave would resume its ioumey on the other side without causing any harm词汇：Cloakn斗篷，披风Metamaterialn超材料fullfledgedadj完

30、全成熟的，完全合格的Hyperlens n超透镜Acousticsn声学Tsunami n.海震，海啸注释：1Invisibility cloaks：隐形衣。在?哈利波特与死亡圣器?(Harry Potter and the DeathlyHallows)一书中，哈利通过邓布利多的转交继承了他父亲的隐形衣。该书是英国女作家JK罗琳创作的哈利波特系列小说的第7部。2had it not been for the development of metamaterials：如果超材料尚未得到开发的话。该句使用的是虚拟过去时的倒装结构。虚拟过去时表示与过去事实相反的假设；因为是倒装结构，所以将情态动词

31、had提到主语之前。如使用正常语序，该句可写为if it had not been for the development of metamaterials3metameans beyondand metamaterials can do things beyond what we see in the naturalworldlike shuffle light waves around an objectand then bring them back together：“meta的词义是“超越，metamaterials(超材料)能做出我们在自然界看不到的事情，例如将光波移动到某个物体周

32、围，然后将光波全部收回。4Louisiana Tech University in Ruston，Louisiana：路易斯安那理工大学，位于路易斯安那州拉斯顿市。该校为公立大学，1894年建校，是美国最为重要的研究型大学之一。5the Polytechnic University of Valencia in Spain：瓦伦西亚理工大学，位于西班牙东南部的瓦伦西亚市，该校建于l968年。6oil rigs：石油钻塔练习：1What is true for metamaterials? AThey will always remain in science fiction BThey are

33、 already a reality CThey are nonexistent in nature DScientists begin to use them to build invisible cloaks2A hyperlens is a more powerful tool than a traditional lens Aas it can allow scientists to see small things Bas it can help photographers to capture images far away Ceven if it is made of ordin

34、ary materials Das it can help scientists to see even the wavelengths of visible light 3Scientists at the Polytechnic University of Valencia try to invent Aan acoustic cloak that can shuffle waves of light Ban invisible cloak that can shuffle waves of sound Can acoustic cloak that can shuffle waves o

35、f sound Da cloak that is made of materials found in nature4According to SdnchezDehesa, Ait is of great possibility to build an acoustic cloak soon Bit is possible to build an acoustic cloak in theory but far fromrealityCit is totally impossible to build an acoustic cloak. Dit is theoretically imprac

36、tical to build an acoustic cloak5What ways are some scientists looking into to protect the island and oil；rig from tsunamis? (Read the last paragraph ASurround them with metamaterials as protective shields BStopping the tsunami with metamaterials hours before it reaches them CBuilding them with larg

37、er metamaterials to keep away tsunamis DUsing the equipment made of metamaterials to forecast arrival of a tsunami答案与题解：1C A不是正确答案，因为短文一开始的句子使用了虚拟语态，句子的意思是：如果超材料尚未得到开发的话。也就是说，科学家已经在研发超材料。短文的后面局部也进一步提到科学家正致力于超材料的开发。但是因为超材料尚未研发成功，科学家更没有开始使用超材料来制造隐身衣，所以B和D也不是正确选择。第二段的第一句提供了答案。2D A、B所述成效均是第三段中普通的lens能够到

38、达的成效，所以不是正确选择。Hyperlens不是用普通材料制成，所以C也是错误选择。短文第四段对hyperlens做了描述，结合第四段内容可以得到D选项提供的结论。3C 短文的第七段提供了答案。该段的大意是：瓦伦西亚理工大学的研究者Jose Sanchez-Dehesa试图研发acoustic cloak，其原理与invisible cloak相同，只是acoustic cloak移动声波(shuffle waves of sound)，而不是移动光波(shuffle waves of light)。所以，只有C是正确的选择。4B 短文的第八段提供了答案。工程师Sanchez-Dehesa认

39、为，成功开发acoustic cloak在理论上是可能的，但他对是否能成功表现出疑心。5A 短文的最后一段告诉我们，科学家也在研究如何将超材料应用于抵御海啸的袭击。可以在岛屿周围使用超材料作为防护(shields)，因为超材料可以让海啸改变行走方向(redirecttsunarni)。A表达了这层意思，所以是答案。文章没有说，在海啸到达之前数小时用超材料将海啸档住，B不是答案。文章没有建议用超材料建造海岛和石油钻塔，C不是答案。D的内容是用超材料制作海啸预警器，文章中没有提及，也不是答案。译文：一、咸度味感因人而异 理A宾州州立大学农学院食品科学家进行的一项研究说明，有些人很难喜欢含盐量低的食物。该研究指出，遗传因素导致我们对咸度的不同喜好。该研究负责人、食品科学副教授约翰海斯指出，这些结论非常重要，因为近期对减少食物含盐量的大力宣传使得许多人努力去接受适合其他人而不适合自己口味的食物。含盐量高的饮食会增加高血压和中风的风险，这就是公共健康专家和食品公司共同努力、通过可口的食品帮助消费者减少盐摄入量的原因。该研究使人们更加理解对盐的喜好和摄入的差异。该研究包括87名经过仔细筛选的参与者，他们在几周的不同时间品尝了汤和薯条等含盐食物。参与者包括45名男性和42名女性，身体健康，年龄在20岁到40岁之间。参与者不会主动改变自己的饮食习惯，且