运输管理Chapter 2课件

1、Transportation Seventh Edition Coyle, Novack, Gibson & Bardi 2011 Cengage LearningChapter 2Transportation: Critical Link in the Economy1 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 2011 Cengage

2、 Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.2IntroductionChapter focus: Holistic view on significance and impact of improved transportTransport is pervasive, an essential element of daily life. It is vital

3、to economic development and growth and has significant social, environmental, and political consequences Chapter organizationHistoric significanceEconomic significanceEnvironmental, social, and political significance 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicate

4、d, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 3Historical Significance of TransportContribution to growth of early civilizationsNile River facilitated trade, communication, defense, political and cultural growth in ancient Egypt 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May n

5、ot be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 4Historical Significance of TransportCreation of social structuresFosters unification of political and cultural ideals 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or dupli

6、cated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 5Historical Significance of TransportFacilitation of trade and economic growthCanals, rail and road systems spur U.S. expansion and growth through 19th and 20th centuries 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be sc

7、anned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 7Transportation and the EconomyOverviewConceptual views on the role of transportation in an economyEnabler of utility creationProvider of services at a varying costsFactor of productionInfluence on market a

8、ccess and extent of market Spatial and temporal relationshipsTransport as a bridge for the producer-consumer or supply-demand gap 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 8Economic Significa

9、nceValue of GoodsConceptual foundationsInfluence of transport improvement on landed cost and size of market areaPlace utility: creation of economic value through transport cost reductionLaw of Squares in Transport and Trade (Lardners Law) Reduction of producer-consumer gapTime utilityQuantity utilit

10、y 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.10Economic SignificanceUtility of GoodsAdditional concepts: Contribution of transport to:Geographic specialization and principle of comparative adva

11、ntageEnabling of large-scale production economiesIncreased competition through market area expansionChanging land values 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.11 2011 Cengage Learning. All

12、 Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 12Economic SignificanceTransport PatternsPrincipal global trade flows East-west flows Reflect trade between industrialized nations largely in Northern HemisphereNorth-south fl

13、ows Reflect trade between industrialized nations and developing economies in Southern HemisphereTrade flows within countriesPrincipally link major metropolitan areas and ports 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible web

14、site, in whole or in part.14 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.15Environmental SignificanceThe EnvironmentMore emphasis today placed on achieving balance between:Sound and efficient tr

15、ansport systemClean and safe environmentGreen supply chain conceptBusiness leaders and environmental quality Increasingly believe business has important roleEnvironmental quality does not have to be a zero-sum game 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated,

16、 or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.17Air Quality and Acid RainAcid rain: more acidic rain than normalAdversely affects water systems, crops, forests, human health, and air visibilitySulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and volatile organic compounds produce acid rainInterna

17、l combustion engine emissions are a source of these pollutantsExisting regulations limit emissionsMore reductions may be needed. This may involve difficult policy-balancing choices 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessibl

18、e website, in whole or in part.18Air Quality and Acid RainGreenhouse effectDefinition: heat radiating from earth is blocked or absorbed by gases in atmosphereSource of gases human activity, such as transportationContributes to climate changeOzone reduction in stratosphereOzone reduces amount or ultr

19、aviolet radiation reaching surface of the earthConcern that chlorofluorocarbons used in home and vehicle air conditioners contribute to ozone depletion 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in par

20、t.19Maritime and Water QualityMany potential transport-related sources of adverse impacts on maritime environmentOil tanker spillsShip generated garbage dumpingHazardous material spillsMotor oils in water runoffAdversely affects birds, marine mammals, and quality of water used for drinking and recre

21、ation 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.20NoiseNoise from transport Potential annoyance as well as health concernPrincipal transport sources of noiseAirplanes and motor vehiclesU.S. DO

22、T and Federal Aviation Administration Sponsors research on noise abatement strategiesProvides funding for noise abatement projectsNoise emissions governed by Noise Control Act of 1972 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly access

23、ible website, in whole or in part.21SafetyTransport-related injuries and loss of lifePassenger transport2006: 44,912 transport-related deaths95% of fatalities occurred in highway vehiclesNumber of deaths has remained stable. Death rate is declining due to: Increased licensing requirementsMore reliab

24、le vehicle designsFreight transportSafety trends not as favorable as on passenger sideRising number of accidents, spills and explosions 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.22 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 24Overview of Modern TransportationPrior material: addresses broad impacts Economic (micro and macro) Environmental, social