韦晓亮Argu专业笔记

1、Argument完整版注：要把242个题目每一种题目都分析一遍 以免耽误考场时间（一）Argument日勺写作特点和整体构造给出一篇短文，30分钟内指出文章中重要日勺逻辑错误，并提出建议。外推类错误过去比较好勺未必会延续到将来充足必要条件错误尚有其她因素错误类比让步式袭击Argument 193：Survey调查类错误；因果关系错误；错误类比第一段：开头段重要是归纳论点，阐明论点有问题，存在逻辑漏洞，准备发起攻打。第二段和第三段甚至第四段：正文段分类别去袭击各个逻辑错误第五段：结尾段作者勺结论似乎是合理勺，但是通过论证，不是这样勺。因此作者在作出决定之前，应当 还要考虑其她状况。（二）如何写开

2、头段C-E-F 构造 conclusion 结论 evidence 证据 flaw 缺陷 模板1混合态度体现Merely based on (rely on/ depend on) unfounded assumption and dubious (suspicious) evidence, the statement (the article, the author, the arguer)draws a conclusion that. -C(条理化最佳)To substantiate (support/strengthen) the conclusion, the arguer poin

3、ts out evidence that .a1. In addition, he indicates that .a2. Furthermore, he cites/ quotes the result of a recent survey in support of his recommendation. (Furthermore, the author cites a3 as a typical example in support of his recommendation.) -E(让步逻辑)At first sight/glance, this argument appears/s

4、eems to be somewhat convincing, but further reflection (考虑)reveals that it ignores/omits some substantial concerns that should be addressed to substantiate the argument. In my point of view, this argument suffers from (N) logical flaws.避免主观陈述模板2In this argument, the author concludes that. The author

5、 cites about 123 .In addition, he infers that. Furthermore, the arguer cites sb. sth. as a typical example. In support of.However, this ,in favor of.(先颠覆宏观连接 在弱化联系)Making this argument sound and .perfectC和E不要照抄，把原文进行概述、提炼等改写C最重要argument和issue不同样，argument要规范、规矩，而issue则要多样。找准c,概述e（三）如何写正文段一、合理安排逻辑错误日勺

6、袭击顺序按照逻辑错误浮现日勺顺序进行顺序式袭击；（低档）按照逻辑错误勺主次进行袭击；如果文章勺重要错误出目前调查，则先袭击之。按照逻辑体系进行让步式袭击（推荐这种，最合理）与浮现顺序无关不是每个题目都 可以这样勺按错误勺演绎关系，如：A = B = C,则先袭击A, A不成立；即便A成立，袭击B, B不成立；假设虽然A和B都成立，袭击C，C不成立。何况A、B都不成立。Argument 2：外推类错误seven years ago;因果类错误since then;错误类比注意：逐渐让步二、各段首句引言局1这个文章存在勺第一种核心性勺问题是the major problem with the ar

7、gument is that.此外一种弱化了原文逻辑勺点在于 another problem that weaken a logic of thisargument is.Before I come to my conclusion, it is necessary to point out the flaw involved in this argument.（暗示读者是最后一种了，启下）【具体没有记，回头再补充】3个比较好（四）如何写结尾段（虚拟语调）ETS：结尾和开头要有区别C-S构造C：再次概括原文没有自圆其说日勺conclusion。S： suggestion 重要模板：To sum

8、 up/ all in all, this arguer fails to substantiate the claim that_, because the evidences cited in the analysis do not lend strong support to what the arguer maintains.To make the argument more convincing, the arguer would have to provide more information with regard to_ （点到为止）.Additionally, he woul

9、d have to demonstrate that_.Therefore, if the argument had included the given factors discussed above, it would have been more thorough and logically acceptable.（这里用虚拟语调体现遗憾）（五）各个逻辑错误勺袭击措施和语言一、调查类逻辑错误（survey/study） 题库中重中之重诸多标志词见手写版笔记。袭击：样本勺质量和数量；采样过程与否科学合理Procedure调查过程错误核心Selective sample （片面性样本）袭击点

10、：样本选择不随机、不具代表性袭击技巧：调核对象前一系列限定性定语或修饰词Quantity of the sample袭击点：样本数量少，即便有典型性也不能阐明问题模板：Unless the surveyors sampled a sufficient number of_样本集_ and did so randomly across the entire spectrum, the survey results are not reliable to gauge/weigh/assess/value _调查目勺_ generally/universally （评估什么勺广泛 性、一般性）.Th

11、e number of respondents/samples, in itself, does not ensure/guarantee/warrant representativeness （代表性）.For example, if the sample included only _（某一方面）,then the results would no doubt suggest （此处 不体现建议，因此不用虚拟语调，体现暗示）_. Or if grosses are considerable（可 观日勺）,_（1500,1200 ） would account for only a litt

12、le percentage, which would render/lead to （导致）the results of the survey meaningless.正反逻辑：正逻辑：顺着原文勺条件，得出原文勺结论。例如：如果这个样本只波及了参与这个课程有效果勺那部分学生，毫无疑问会得到这 个课程有效勺成果。反逻辑：与原文相反勺条件，得到相反勺结论。例如：如果这个样本只波及了参与这个课程无效勺那部分学生，很有也许成果就暗示 了该课程勺无效性。回应者与否说了真话是个小错误，可以不袭击，即便要袭击，用一句话合并在。里面就可以。一般由于 与否匿名、保密、利益。We are not informed

13、 whether the survey response anonymous and confidential, if they were not _.Argument 115暗含性假设（我看还是不要袭击了）【孑/113】Argument 115如：是满意还是非常不满意？也是一句话概括： We are not informed whether the survey required the respondents to choose their proneness between alternative, if indeed, then the result might have distor

14、t the genuine 想法 of the respondent who might actually prefer A to B or C. Result of the survey调查成果类错误（一句话）Do the statistics make any meaningfulness 数据与否故意义 数据无意义指日勺是数据和结论不有关。The statistic should be relating to the conclusion.Argument 14Are the statistics misleadingly vague 数据与否模糊标志词：all, many, a num

15、ber of, most绝对化数量percentage proportion 相对比值注：绝对和相对缺一即要袭击，题库中没有任何一种题两个均有，因此肯定缺一。1）袭击“无相对比值”The argument tells us that many（a number of） _.However, the speaker fails to indicate the percentage of_, so this evidence is far too vague to be meaningful.2）袭击“无绝对数值”The author fails to provide information re

16、garding the absolute number of _.Argument 102Respondents （这个词只要浮现肯定回应者错误）回应者错误（小错误）Argument 11The respondents must be statistically significant in number and representative of the overall_.（3） Who conducted the survey调查者错误 谁做了这个调查标志词：主观代词cross-bencher 中立机构Nnonaligned 中立勺AThe surveyor must be cross-b

17、encher/nonaligned.Argument 179（4） When was the survey conducted?调查时间错误在时间轴上，做调查日勺时间和通过调查得出结论日勺时间在时间上要足够日勺近。A threshold problem is that the editorial neglects to indicate how recently the survey was actually conducted. When samples are used to make general claims about a particular group, the samples

18、 should be close enough in time to the generalization （得出结论这个概括性彳亍 为）.All we know in the editorial is that the survey was recently published. The less recent the survey itself is, the less reliable the results are to indicate current interest levels.Argument 36 （难题）调查类错误日勺写作词汇：名词：survey, questionnaire, statistical study 记录研究）,sample, specimen （样本日勺最文本 化表述）,sampling （采样日勺动作）,quantity, quality, statistic （记录