跨文化交际全部答案

1、参考资料Unit1CommunicationAcrossCulturesReadingIInterculturalCommunication：AnIntroductionComprehensionquestionsIsitstilloftenthecasethateveryonesquicktoblamethealie”inthecontemporaryworldThisisstillpowerfulintodayssocialandpoliticalrhetoric.Forinstance,itisnotuncommonintodayssocietytohearpeoplesaythatmo

2、st,ifnotall,ofthesocialandeconomicproblemsarecausedbyminoritiesandimmigrants.WhatsthedifferencebetweentodaysinterculturalcontactandthatofanytimeinthepastTodaysinterculturalencountersarefarmorenumerousandofgreaterimportancethaninanytimeinhistory.Whathavemadeinterculturalcontactaverycommonphenomenonin

3、ourlifetodayNewtechnology,intheformoftransportationandcommunicationsystems,hasacceleratedinterculturalcontact;innovativecommunicationsystemshaveencouragedandfacilitatedculturalinteraction;globalizationoftheeconomyhasbroughtpeopletogether;changesinimmigrationpatternshavealsocontributedtointercultural

4、encounter.Howdoyouunderstandthesentenc“ecultureiseverythingandeverywhe”reCulturesuppliesuswiththeanswerstoquestionsaboutwhattheworldlookslikeandhowweliveandcommunicatewithinthatworld.Cultureteachesushowtobehaveinourlifefromtheinstantofbirth.Itisomnipresent.Whatarethemajorelementsthatdirectlyinfluenc

5、eourperceptionandcommunicationThethreemajorsocio-culturalelementsthatdirectlyinfluenceperceptionandcommunicationareculturalvalues,worldview(religion),andsocialorganizations(familyandstate).WhatdoesonesfamilyteachhimorherwhileheorshegrowsupinitThefamilyteachesthechildwhattheworldlookslikeandhisorherp

6、laceinthatworld.WhyisitimpossibletoseparateouruseoflanguagefromourcultureBecauselanguageisnotonlyaformofpreservingculturebutalsoameansofsharingculture.Languageisanorganized,generallyagreed-upon,learnedsymbolsystemthatisusedtorepresenttheexperienceswithinaculturalcommunity.Whatarethenonverbalbehavior

7、sthatpeoplecanattachmeaningtoPeoplecanattachmeaningtononverbalbehaviorssuchasgestures,postures,facialexpressions,eyecontactandgaze,touch,etc.Howcanafree,culturallydiversesocietyexistAfree,culturallydiversesocietycanexistonlyifdiversityispermittedtoflourishwithoutprejudiceanddiscrimination,bothofwhic

8、hharamllmembersofthesociety.ReadingIITheChallengeofGlobalizationComprehensionquestionsWhydoestheauthorsaythatourunderstandingoftheworldhaschangedManythings,suchaspoliticalchangesandtechnologicaladvances,havechangedtheworldveryrapidly.Inthepastmosthumanbeingswereborn,lived,anddiedwithinalimitedgeogra

9、phicalarea,neverencounteringpeopleofotherculturalbackgrounds.Suchanexistence,however,nolongerprevailsintheworld.Thus,allpeoplearefacedwiththechallengeofunderstandingthischangedandstillfastchangingworldinwhichwelive.Whata“globalvillage”islikeAsourworldshrinksanditsinhabitantsbecomeinterdependent,peop

10、lefromremoteculturesincreasinglycomeintocontactonadailybasis.Inalobalvillage,membersofonceisolatedgroupsofpeoplehavetocommunicatewithmembersofotherculturalgroups.Thosepeoplemaylivethousandsofmilesawayorrightnextdoortoeachother.Whatisconsideredasthemajordrivingforceofthepost-1945globalizationTechnolo

11、gy,particularlytelecommunicationsandcomputersareconsideredtobethemajordrivingforce.Whatdoestheauthormeanbysayingtlhatheglobalmaybemorelocalthanthelocal”Theincreasingglobalmobilityofpeopleandtheimpactofnewelectronicmediaonhumancommunicationsmaketheworldseemsmaller.Wemaycommunicatemorewithpeopleofothe

12、rcountriesthanwithourneighbors,andwemaybemoreinformedoftheinternationaleventsthanofthelocalevents.Inthissense,H:he=globalmaybemorelocalthanthe=local|.WhyisitimportantforbusinesspeopletoknowdiverseculturesintheworldEffectivecommunicationmaybethemostimportantcompetitiveadvantagethaftirmshavetomeetdive

13、rsecustomerneedsonaglobalbasis.Succeedingintheglobalmarkettodayrequirestheabilitytocommunicatesensitivelywithpeoplefromothercultures,asensitivitythatisbasedonanunderstandingofcross-culturaldifferences.WhataretheseriousproblemsthatcountriesthroughouttheworldareconfrontedwithCountriesthroughouttheworl

14、dareconfrontedwithseriousproblemssuchasvolatileinternationaleconomy,shrinkingresources,mountingenvironmentalcontamination,andepidemicsthatknownoboundaries.WhatimplicationscanwedrawfromthecaseofMichaelFayThiscaseshowsthatinaworldofinternationalinterdependence,theabilitytounderstandandcommunicateeffec

15、tivelywithpeoplefromotherculturestakesonextremeurgency.Ifweareunawareofthesignificantrolecultureplaysincommunication,wemayplacetheblameforcommunicationfailureonpeopleofothercultures.WhatattitudesarefavoredbytheauthortowardsglobalizationGlobalization,forbetterorforworse,haschangedtheworldgreatly.Whet

16、herwelikeitornot,globalizationisallbutunstoppable.Itisalreadyheretostay.Itisbothafactandanopportunity.Thechallengesarenotinsurmountable.Solutionsexist,andarewaitingtobeidentifiedandimplemented.Fromaglobalisticpointofview,thereishopeandfaithinhumanity.Translation纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为

17、举止上存在的差异，而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处。在这种情况下，跨文化交际作为一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。值得注意的是，人类文明在发展过程中所遭受的许多挫折，既是个人的，又是全球性的；人类历史进程总是充满了个人间的直接冲突和民族间的误解从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义直至到武装冲突，大大小小争端不绝。很显然，文化间以及亚文化间的交往比以前多了，这迫切要求我们共同努力，去理解有着不同信仰和文化背景的人们，并与之和睦相处。通过加深认识和理解，我们能够与生活方式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处；这不但有益于我们周遭环境的安定，也是维护世界和平的决定性因素。Unit2CultureandCommunicati

18、onReadingIWhatIsCultureComprehensionquestionsWhichofthedefinitionsgivenabovedoyoupreferWhySomemaypreferashortdefinition,suchastheonegivenbyE.SapirorR.Benedict,foritishighlygeneralizedandeasytoremember.Somemaypreferalongerone,suchasEdwardT.Hallsdefinitionofculture,becauseitprovidesuswithamorecomprehe

19、nsiveunderstandingofcultureandpointsouttheall-pervasiveimpactofcultureonhumanlifeindifferentdimensions.2WhathaveyoulearnedfromthosedefinitionsaboutcultureManythingscanbelearnedfromthosedefinitions,foreachdefinition,thoughnotwithoutitslimitations,tellsussomethingveryimportantaboutcultureorcertainaspe

20、ct(s)ofculture.DoyouagreethatourlowerneedsalwayshavetobesatisfiedbeforewecantrytosatisfythehigherneedsEventhoughthisisgenerallythecase,therewillstillbesomeexceptions.Sometimespeoplemightprefertosatisfyhigherneeds,forinstance,esteemneeds,beforetheirlowerneeds,suchascertainphysiologicalneedsorsafetyne

21、eds,aresatisfied.WhatexamplescanyougiveabouthowpeopleofdifferentculturesachievethesameendsbytakingdifferentroadsForexample,everyonehastoeatinordertoliveandthisisuniversallytrue.However,tosatisfythisbasicneed,peopleofvariousculturesmaydoitinverydifferentways:whattoeatandhowtoeatitvaryfromculturetocul

22、ture.WhatbehaviorsofoursarbeornwithandwhatarelearnedintheculturalenvironmentInstinctivebehaviorsarebehaviorsthatwearebornwithandwaysofdoingthingsindailylife,suchaswaysofeating,drinking,dressing,findingshelter,makingfriends,marrying,anddealingwithdeatharelearnedintheculturalenvironment.Whatothercultu

23、raldifferencesdoyouknowinthewaypeopledothingsintheireverydaylifeWecanalsofindculturaldifferencesinwaysofbringingupchildren,treatingtheelderly,greetingeachother,savingandspendingmoney,andmanyotherthingspeopledoineverydaylife.InwhatwaysaretheChineseeatinghabitsdifferentfromthoseoftheEnglish-speakingco

24、untriesWeChinesemayenjoysomethingthatisnotusuallyconsideredasediblebytheEnglish-speakingpeople.Generallyweprefertohavethingshotandlaymuchemphasisontastes.Wetendtosharethingswitheachotherwhenweareeatingwithothers.Fill-inTaskFillinthefollowingblankswithatleastfivethingsinourlifethatyouthinkareaboveand

25、fivethatarebelowth“ewater”,thelevelofourconsciousness.Thosethatareabovetheater|arewhattoeatandhowtoeatit;TOC o 1-5 h zhowtokeephealthy;howtoraisechildren;howtoparticipateinceremonies:howtointroduceandgreetpeople.Thosethatarebelowtheater|arewhatisgoodorbad:whatisrightorwrong:whatisbeautifulorugly:wha

26、tiscleanordirtv:howisanindividualrelatedtoothers.Thencompareyourfill-initemswiththoseofyourclassmate,andtrytodecidewhichofthethingsaremorelikelytocauseproblemsininterculturalcommunication.Generallyspeaking,differencesinthosethingsthatareusuallyoutsideofourconsciousawareness,.theso-calledeepculture|,

27、aremorelikelytocauseproblemsininterculturalcommunication.Thereasonisthatthispartofcultureisinternalizedinpeoplesmindandthusishardtobeperceived.Forexample,ininterculturalcommunication,itiseasytofindoutwhatandhowpeoplefromanothercultureeat.Justhavealookattheirdiningtable,andwewillknowit.However,itismu

28、chmoredifficulttofindoutorunderstandthevaluesthatunderliethephenomena.Toenhancethepossibilityofsuccessininterculturalcommunication,itiscrucialforustoknownotonlythehowsbutalsothewhys.TheMuslimsdonoteatporkbecausetheyworshippigs;theHindusdonotpassdisheswithlefthandbecausetheythinkitisimpolitesincethel

29、efthandisusedtotouchdirtythings;theMasaipeoplefromKenyalikedrinkingfreshbloodofcattlebecausetheybelievethatcattleisthecleanestcreatureintheworld.Unawareofthewhys,wemayregardotherpeopleseatinghabitsasstrangeorunreasonableorevenridiculous,whichmaypreventusfromtrulyunderstandingpeopleofothercultures.Sh

30、aringKnowledge:MoreaboutCultureExplorationTrytofindmoreexamplesinourlifetoshowthecharacteristicsofcultureandwhatculturedoes.Cultureiswhatwesharewithsomebutnotwithallotherpeople;itiscommontopeoplebelongingtoacertaingrouporcategory,butdifferentfrompeoplebelongingtoothergroupsorcategories.Inourlife,cul

31、tureiseverywhereanddetermineshowweusuallybehave.Itincludesthelanguageinwhichweexpressourselves,thewayweraiseourchildren,thedeferenceweshowtourelders,thephysicaldistancefromotherpeoplewemaintaininordertofeelcomfortable,andthewayweperceivegeneralhumanactivitiessuchaseating,makinglove,havingaconversati

32、on,formingafriendshipwithsomeone,etc.andtheceremonialssurroundingthem.ReadingIIElementsofCommunicationComprehensionquestionsWhataretheaspectsofcontextmentionedaboveOneaspectofcontextisthephysicalsetting,includinglocation,time,light,temperature,distancebetweencommunicators,andanyseatingarrangements.A

33、secondaspectofcontextishistorical.Athirdaspectofcontextispsychological.Afourthaspectofcontextisculture.Inwhatwayswouldyourposture,mannerofspeakingorattirechangeifyoumovefromonephysicalsettingtoanother,forexample,fromyourhometoapark,toaclassroom,toarestaurant,toafuneralhouse,etcOnesposture,mannerofsp

34、eakingorattirechangefrombeingcasualtoformalgraduallyfromhometoapark,toaclassroom,toarestaurant,toafuneralhouse,etc,accordingtodifferentformalnessandseriousnessofthesesituations.HowdopeopleacquirecommunicationnormsintheirlifePeopleacquirecommunicationnormsfromtheirexperiencesinlife.Whatexamplescanyou

35、givetodescribesomeChinesenormsinoureverydaycommunicationForexample,itseemstobeanorminChinatoaddressonesbossbyhisorhertitleandnevertoexpressonesdisapprovaldirectlytohimorher.HowcanweplayboththerolesofsenderandreceiverincommunicationAssenders,weformmessagesandattempttocommunicatethemtoothersthroughver

36、balandnonverbalsymbols.Asreceivers,weprocessthemessagessenttousandreacttothembothverballyandnonverbally.DoesthesenderplaysamoreimportantrolethanthereceiverincommunicationNo,theyareequallyimportantforbothofthemareessentialintheprocessofcommunication.Inwhatwaysdothedifferencesbetweenparticipantsmakeco

37、mmunicationmoreorlessdifficultThreeespeciallyimportantvariablesaffectingparticipantswhicharerelationship,gender,andculturemakecommunicationmoreorlessdifficult.WhatisasymbolandwhatisameaningThepureideasandfeelingsthatexaisptersionsmindrepresentmeaningsT.hewords,sounds,andactionsthatcommunicatemeaning

38、areknownassymbolsbecausetheystandforthemeaningsintendedbythepersonusingthem.HowcanmeaningsbetransferredfromonepersontoanotherWhatproblemsmayariseinthisprocessAmessagefromonepersonisencodedintosymbolsandthendecodedintoideasandfeelingstoanotherperson.Inthisprocessoftransformingincludenonverbalcues,whi

39、chsignificantlyaffectthemeaningcreatedbetweentheparticipantsinacommunicationtransaction.WhenareunintendedorconflictedmeaningslikelytobecreatedUnintendedmeaningsarecreatedwhenthedecodingpersonreceivesameaningunrelatedtowhattheencoderthoughtheorshewascommunicating.Conflictingmeaningsarecreatedwhenthev

40、erbalsymbolsarecontradictedbythenonverbalcues.WhichchannelsdoyouusuallypreferincommunicationWhyOfthefivechannels,somemayprefersight.Astheoldsayinggoes,ordsarebutwind,butseeingisbelieving.|WhatexamplescanyoufindtoshowthatonechannelismoreeffectivethanothersfortransmittingcertainmessagesForexample,when

41、askingaladyforadate,ayoungmanmaywearanimmaculatesuitandspraysomeperfumetoshowthathehighlyvaluesthisdatewithher.Inthiscase,sightandsmellaredefinitelymoreeffectivethanwordsforconveyingthatparticularmessage.WhatarethethingsthatcancreatenoisesintheprocessofcommunicationSights,sounds,andotherstimiunlithe

42、environmentthatdrpeaowplesattentionawafyromintendedmeaningareknownasexternalnoise.Thoughtsandfeelingsthatinterferewiththecommunicationprocessareknownasinternalnois.eUnintendedmeaningsarousedbycertainverbalsymbolscaninhibittheaccuracoyfdecoding.Thisisknownassemanticnoise.Whatshouldwedotoreducetheinte

43、rferenceofnoiseincommunicationWhencommunicatingwithothers,weshouldpayundividedattentiontocommunicationitself,avoidingbeingdistractedbyanyexternalorinternalnoise.Beside,sweshouldmakesurethatwhatwesayiscorrectlyunderstoodbyothersandviceversatopreventsemanticnoisefromgenerating.Whyisfeedbackaveryimport

44、antelementofcommunicationFeedbackisveryimportantbecauseitservesusefulfunctionsforbothsendersandreceivers:itprovidessenderswiththeopportunitytomeasurehowtheyarecomingacross,anditprovidesreceiverswiththeopportunitytoexertsomeinfluenceoverthecommunicationprocess.Whatwillyouusuallydowhenyoureceivenegati

45、vefeedbackincommunicationOpen.MatchingTaskIncommunication,thesentencemeaningandthespeaksermeaningmaynotbeexactlythesame.Whatisimportanttosuccessfulcommunicationisnotjustknowingthesentencemeaningbutknowingwhatthespeakeractuallymeansbythesentencesaid.Inthefollowingthereshouldbetenshortdialogues.Trytom

46、akeapropermatchbetweeneachofwhatthefirstspeakersaysontheleftandwhatthesecondspeakersaysontherighttoformadialoguethatwillmakesense,andthendecidewhatispossiblymeantbythesecondspeakerinthedialogue.1:Letsgotothemovies.j:IllbringtheKleenex.(Isupposethefilmisatear-jerker)2:Goodmorning.Doyouhaveanythingtot

47、reatcompletelossofvoicef:Goodmorningsir.WhatcanIdoforyoutoday(Wedonthaveanythingtotreatcompletelossofvoice)3:IdothinkMrs.Jenkinsisanoldwindbag,dontyoua:Huh,lovelyweatherforMarch,isntit(Idontwanttotalkaboutit)4:Whatonearthhashappenedtomyroastbeefg:Thedogislookinghappy.(Perhapsthedoghaseatentheroastbe

48、ef)WouldyoulikeacocktailItsmyinvention.i:Well,mmmuhitsnotthatwedontnotdrink.(Imabitdubiousaboutdrinkingthatcocktail)AreyougoingtoStevesbarbecueh:Itisanoutdoorparty.(Imnotgoingtoit)7:Didyoubuyheraroseb:Iboughtheraflower.(Ididntbuyherarose)8:WewenttoseeheOmenlastnightbutitwasntveryscaryc:Itwouldkeepme

49、awakeallnight.(IthinkheOmenisscary)9:Wouldyoulikesomethingtodrinkd:Well,Ivebeenonwhiskeyallday.(Whiskey,please/Somethingotherthanwhiskey,please)10:IsJohnagoodcooke:HesEnglish.(No,heisnt,fortheEnglisharegenerallynotgoodcooks)Moreexamples:A:CanyoutellmethetimeB:Well,themilkmanhascome.(No,Idontknowthee

50、xacttime,butIcantellyouthatthemilkmanhascomesothatyoumaybeabletotellwhattheapproximatetimeitisnow.)A:DoyoulikeyournewdressB:Itspink.(No,Idontlikeit,foritsnotmyfavoritecolor.)A:DidfinishyourhomeworkB:Istartedit.(No,Ididntfinishmyhomework.)A:Ireallylikethedinner.B:Imavegetarian.(Ididntlikethedinnerbec

51、ausemeathadbeenthemaincourse.)A:HasthemachinebeenfixedB:Tomisawaybuthewillbebacksoon.(No,butitwillbefixedsoon.)Translation文化有时候被文化就好像是鱼畅游于其中的水一般，人们想当然地把文化看成是客观存在的事实，因称而很少去研究它。文化存在于我们所呼吸的空气之中，文化对于我们了解我们自身之为何物为是必不可少的，就正如生命离不开空气一样。文化是特定群体的共有财产，而不单是个体的特我征。社会按照文化设定的程序运作，这种程序来自于相似的生活体验以及对这种生活体验之们含义的相似阐释。的

52、如果文化是一种心智程序，那么它也是现实的心灵地图。从我们很小的时候开始，文化就心告诉我们应该看重什么、偏好什么、规避什么和做些什么，文化还告诉我们事物应该是什么智样。文化为我们提供超越个体经验可能的理想典范，帮助我们决定应该优先考虑的人或事。文程化为我们建立起行为准则，并视遵守这些准则的行为为正当、合法。序，我Unit3CulturalDiversity们R“eadingI头脑DifferentLands,DifferentFriendships的。但是，我们可以进一步引申这个用电脑所做的类比，把文化看作是支持运行的操作环境。文化就像电脑使用的DOS或者Unix或者“视窗”(Windows)等

53、操作系统一样，使我们能在各种各样的实际应用中处理信息。用“视窗”这个比喻来描述文化似乎也很有吸引力。文化就ComprehensionquestionsWhyisitcomparativelyeasytomakefriendsintheUnitedStatesBecausefewAmericansstayputforalifetime.Witheachmove,formingnewfriendshipbecomesanecessityandpartoftheirnewlife.Dopeoplefromdifferentcountriesusuallyhavedifferentexpectatio

54、nsaboutwhatconstitutesfriendshipandhowitcomesintobeingYes.Thedifficultywhenstrangersfromtwocountriesmeetistheirdifferentexpectationsaboutwhatconstitutesfriendshipandhowitcomesintobeing.HowisfriendshipinAmericadifferentfromfriendshipinWestEuropeInWestEurope,friendshipisquitesharplydistinguishedfromot

55、her,morecasualrelationships,isusuallymoreparticularizedandcarriesaheavierburdenofcommitment,whileinAmericathewordriend|canbeappliedtoawiderangeofrelationshipandafriendshipmaybesuperficial,casual,situationalordeepandenduring.InwhatcountrydoesfriendshiphavemuchtodowithonesfamilyAndinwhatcountrydoesitn

56、otInGermany,friendshiphasmuchtodowithonesfamilyasfriendsareusuallybroughtintothefamily,whileinFranceitdoesntas,forinstance,twomenmayhavebeenfriendsforalongtimewithoutknowingeachotherspersonallife.WhatisfriendshiplikewhenitiscompartmentalizedForinstance,amanmayplaychesswithafriendforthirtyyearswithou

57、tknowinghispoliticalopinions,orhemaytalkpoliticswithhimforaslongatimewithoutknowingabouthispersonallife.Differentfriendsfilldifferentnichesineachpersonslife.WhatarefriendshipsusuallybasedoninEnglandEnglishfriendshipsarebasedonsharedactivity.Activitiesatdifferentstagesoflifemaybeofverydifferentkinds.

58、Inthemidstoftheactivity,whateveritmaybe,peoplefallintostepsandfindthattheyparticipateintheactivitywiththesameeasyanticipationofwhateachwilldodaybydayorinsomecriticalsituation.DoyouthinkfriendshipsharessomecommonelementsindifferentculturesIfyoudo,whataretheyYes.Thereistherecognitionthatfriendship,inc

59、ontrastwithkinship,invokesfreedomofchoice.Afriendissomeonewhochoosesandischosen.Relatedtothisisthesenseeachfriendgivestheotherofbeingaspecialindividual,onwhatevergroundsthisrecognitionisbased.Andbetweenfriendsthereisinevitablyakindofequalityofgive-and-take.WhatdoyouthinkisthetypicalChineseconceptoff

60、riendshipIsitsimilartoordifferentfromanyoftheWesternfriendshipsItseemsthatthetypicalChineseconceptoffriendshiplaysgreatemphasisonpersonalloyaltyandalsohasmuchtodowithfamily.ItmaybesimilartoGermanyfriendshiptosomeextentandquitedifferentfromotherWesternfriendships.ReadingIIComparingandContrastingCultu