2022年考研考博-考博英语-湖南师范大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号43

1、住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-湖南师范大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题I _ the meeting yesterday, but some urgent matter prevented me from coming.问题1选项A.ought to attendB.was about to attendC.was to have attendedD.was to attend【答案】C【解析】考查谓语动词。A选项ought to attend“应该参加”；B选项was about to att

2、end“即将参加，正打算参加”；C选项was to have attended“本来要参加（却结果没参加）”；D选项was to attend“将要参加（表示预先安排好的计划或约定）”。句意：我本来打算昨天参加会议的，但有一件紧急的事阻止我前往。根据urgent matter prevented me from coming“紧急的事阻止我前往”可知，我原本想参加会议，C选项was to have attended“本来要参加（却结果没参加）”符合题意。因此C选项正确。2.翻译题The term education can be applied to primitive culture onl

3、y in the sense of enculturation, which is the process of cultural transmission. A primitive person, whose culture is the totality of his universe, has a relatively fixed sense of cultural continuity and timelessness. The model of life is relatively static and absolute, and it is transmitted from on

4、generation to another with little deviation. As for prehistoric education, it can only be inferred from educational practices in surviving primitive cultures. The purpose of primitive education is thus guide children to become good members of their tribe or band.Historically all cultures and societi

5、es have provided some form of “education”, formal and informal. Whether we are discussing informal education of a demonstration variety or the highly ritualized and formal mechanisms of a doctoral program in the United States, all systems of education operate implicitly or explicitly with a set of p

6、edagogical objectives. In a broad sense the overall goals of education, formal and informal, are to transmit the skills, competencies, and values that the specific culture deems necessary to assure the maintenance of the society.【答案】只有从表示文化传播过程的文化适应的意义上来看, 教育这一词才能应用于原始文化中。对于一个把他自己的文化当做他的全部世界的原始人而言,

7、他对文化连续性和永恒性有着相对固定的理解。他的生活方式相对稳定和纯粹, 而在代代相传的过程中, 这种生活方式也不会发生很大的改变。至于史前教育, 它只能从幸存的原始文化中通过教育实践推知。原始教育的目的在于引导孩子成为他们一伙或乐队中的一名优秀的成员。从历史角度上看, 每个文化和社会都提供了某种形式的教育, 不管是正式的, 还是非正式的。不管是我们正在讨论的非正式教育的示范还是美国高度仪式化和正式的博士项目机制, 所有的教育形式都直接或间接地带有一套教育目的。从广义上讲, 教育的总目的, 正式或非正式的, 是为了传播特定文化所需的用来保证社会群体维持的技能、能力和价值观。3.翻译题商务印书馆是

8、中国现代出版史上历史最悠久的文化出版机构。作为国内外著名的出版机构, 它为文化的传播和新知识的介绍做出了卓越的贡献。出版物遍及社会科学、自然科学、应用技术、文学艺术、儿童读物、教科书、中外语文辞书、各类杂志和各个门类专业的工具书。商务印书馆的出版物, 对我国思想界、文化界、教育界均有一定的影响。通信卫星系统在过去的几十年中取得了很大的成功, 已引起了人们对未来的广泛的关注, 一些国家正在采用卫星来发展国内的通信, 以取代传统的陆地电话线。但是, 卫星研制、发射和运转的成本很高, 超出了一些国家的经济承受能力。尽管如此, 通信卫星系统得到了越来越多的人的重视和支持, 这种技术会在未来更加普及。【

9、答案】The Commercial Press is the oldest cultural publishing house in the history of Chinas contemporary publication. As a well-known publishing house enjoying great prestige both at home and abroad, it has made outstanding contributions to the propagation of culture and the introduction of new knowled

10、ge. Books published by it include various categories of publications relative to social science, nature science, applied science, art and literature, childrens books, textbooks, dictionaries of Chinese and foreign languages, different kinds of magazines and specialized reference books, which have ex

11、erted great influence in the ideological, cultural and educational circles of our country.Communication satellite systems have been quite a success in the past decades, evoking widespread attention to their future. Some countries have been using satellites for domestic communications in place of con

12、ventional telephone lines on land. But satellites development, launching and operation are so costly that some countries cant afford. In spite of all this, communication satellites are gaining attention and support from more and more people. The technique seems likely to be more widely utilized in t

13、he future.4.单选题_ the way, we set of on foot into the dark night.问题1选项A.The guide ledB.With the guide leadingC.With the guide to leadD.With the guide lead【答案】B【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：在向导的带领下，我们徒步走进了黑夜。A选项The guide led放进来题目构成两个独立且完整的句子，语法错误。逗号前是句子的状语部分，guide和lead是主动关系，所以用现在分词形式，B选项With the guide leading正确。C选项W

14、ith the guide to lead不定式形式表目的，D选项With the guide lead过去分词形式表被动。因此B选项正确。5.单选题Originally designed as work clothes for miners, jeans are now worm by all segments of society, their appeal _ by their comfort and affordability.问题1选项A.overwhelmedB.corrodedC.complicatedD.broadened【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项overwhelm

15、ed“（感情或感觉）充溢，难以禁受；击败，征服”；B选项corroded“腐蚀，侵蚀”；C选项complicated“使复杂”；D选项broadened“扩宽，扩大”。句意：牛仔裤最初是为矿工设计的工作服，现在受到社会各阶层的追捧，它的吸引力因为舒适和实惠的特点而_。这里要填的是牛仔裤的吸引力因为舒适和实惠的特点而怎么样，D选项broadened“扩宽，扩大”符合题意，也对应前面牛仔裤受欢迎的特点。因此D选项正确。6.单选题All types of stress study, whether under laboratory or real-life situations, study mec

16、hanisms for increasing the arousal level of the brain.The brain blood flow studies show that reciting the days of the week and months of the year increases blood flow in appreciate areas, whereas problem solving which demands intense concentration of a reasoning type produces much larger changes in

17、the distribution of blood in the brain.Between these basic studies of brain function and real life situations there is still a considerable gap, but reasonable deduction seems possible to try and understand what happens to the brain. Life consists of a series of events which may be related to work o

18、r to our so-called leisure time. Work may be relatively automaticas with typing, for instance. It requires intense concentration and repetition during the learning phase to establish a pattern in the brain. Then the typists fingers automatically move to hit the appropriate keys as she reads the word

19、s on the copy.However, when she gets tired she makes mistakes much more frequently. To overcome this she has to raise her level of arousal and concentration but beyond a certain point the automaticautomaticity is lost and thinking about hitting the keys leads to more mistakes.Other jobs involve inte

20、nse concentration such as holding bottles of wine up to a strong light and turning them upside down to look for particles of dirt falling down. This sounds quite easy but experience teaches that workers can do this for only about thirty minutes before they start making a mistake. This is partly beca

21、use the number of occasions with dirt in the bottle is low and the arousal level, therefore, fallsfails. Scientists have shown that devices to raise arousal level will increase the accuracy of looking for relatively rare events. A recent study of the effect of loss of sleep in young doctors showed t

22、hat in tests involving a challenge to their medical judgment when short of sleep they raised their arousal level and became better at tests of grammatical reasoning as well.1. According to the brain blood follow studies problem solving _.2. The author believes that _.3. When a typist gets tired _.4.

23、 Examining bottles of wine is hard work because _.5. According to the author, a key factor in the ability to reason is _.问题1选项A.increases blood flow in some areas of the brainB.causes changes in the distribution of blood in the brainC.demands intense concentration of blood in certain areasD.is based

24、 on the ability to recite the time问题2选项A.the results obtained in the laboratory exactly reflects the real-life situationsB.the gap between the laboratory studies and real-life situations is too large to fill upC.the gap between the laboratory studies and real-life situations can be closed by proper

25、reasoningD.the difference between the laboratory studies and real-life situations will be reduced问题3选项A.she has to try hard to raise her automaticB.she can type only automaticallyC.she cannot think about what she is doingD.she can seldom type automatically问题4选项A.the bottles must be held upside downB

26、.it is difficult to see the particles of dirtC.it requires high level of automaticD.most bottles are all right问题5选项A.the subjects knowledge of grammarB.the amount of sleep the subject has hadC.the level of arousal of the subjectD.the extent to which the subject has been taught to reason【答案】第1题:B第2题:

27、C第3题:D第4题:D第5题:C【解析】1.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第二段The brain blood flow studies show that.whereas problem solving which demands intense concentration of a reasoning type produces much larger changes in the distribution of blood in the brain.（大脑血液流动的研究表明，在解决像推理这样的高度集中精力的问题时，大脑的血液分布会发生更大的变化。），所以B选项“引起大脑血液分布的变化”

28、正确。A选项“增加大脑某些区域的血流量”对应第二段“背诵一周中的几天和一年中的几个月会增加相应区域的血流，而在解决像推理这样的高度集中精力的问题时，大脑的血液分布会发生更大的变化”，此处提到增加大脑某些区域的血流量是背诵一些简单的问题，而解决问题需要高度集中精力，便会影响大脑的血液分布情况，属于出处错位；C选项“在某些区域需要高度集中的血液”，文中提到的是高度集中精力的问题，而不是血液，属于曲解原文；D选项“是基于背诵时间的能力”文章没有提到，属于无中生有。2.判断推理题。根据题干可定位到文章第三段开头Between these basic studies of brain function

29、and real life situations there is still a considerable gap, but reasonable deduction seems possible to try and understand what happens to the brain.（在这些关于大脑功能的基础研究和现实生活情况之间仍然有相当大的差距，但合理的推断似乎有可能尝试和理解大脑发生了什么。），由此可推断出作者认为虽然实验室的研究和现实之间仍有差距，但是通过合理的推断，这种差距可以缩小，所以C选项“实验室研究和现实生活之间的差距可以通过适当的推理来弥补”正确。A选项“实验室得

30、到的结果完全反映了现实情况”对应第三段开头，这里提到了实验室研究与现实生活有很大差距，说明其并不能完全反映现实状况，所以A选项属于反向干扰；B选项“实验室研究和现实生活之间的差距太大了，无法填补”对应第三段开头，文章提到了这种差距可以通过合理的推断缩小，所以B选项也属于反向干扰；D选项“实验室研究和实际情况之间的差异将减少”对应第三段开头，文章讲的是通过合理的推断这种差异才会缩小，该选项并没有体现原文的条件，属于曲解原文。因此C选项正确。3.推理判断题。根据题干可定位到文章第三段结尾Work may be relatively automaticas with typing, for inst

31、ance, it requires intense concentration and repetition during the learning phase to establish a pattern in the brain. Then the typists fingers automatically move to hit the appropriate keys as she reads the words on the copy.（工作可能是相对自动化的，比如打字，在学习阶段需要高度集中和重复，在大脑中建立模式。打字员的手指会自然移动，在她阅读副本上的单词时按下相应的键。）和第

32、四段开头However, when she gets tired she makes mistakes much more frequently. To overcome this she has to raise her level of arousal and concentration but beyond a certain point the automatic is lost and thinking about hitting the keys leads to more mistakes.（然而，她在累的时候会更频繁地犯错。为了克服这个问题，她必须提高自己的兴奋和专注水平，但超

33、过一定程度，自动的感觉就会消失，一想到要敲击键盘就会导致更多的错误。），由此可推断出当打字的人累了的时候，她的兴奋和专注水平下降，从而导致她的手指不能自动移动，所以D选项“她很少能自动打字”正确。A选项“她必须努力提高她的自动化水平”以及C选项“她无法思考自己在做什么”文章都没有提到，属于无中生有；B选项“她只能自动打字”对应原文第四段，此处说到她不能自动打字，所以B选项属于反向干扰。因此D选项正确。4.推理判断题。根据题干可定位到文章第五段开头Other jobs involve intense concentration such as holding bottles of wine up

34、 to a strong light and turning them upside down to look for particles of dirt falling down. This sounds quite easy but experience teaches that workers can do this for only about thirty minutes before they start making a mistake. This is partly because the number of occasions with dirt in the bottle

35、is low and the arousal level, therefore, fails.（还有一些工作需要高度集中注意力，比如把酒瓶举到强光下，然后把酒瓶倒过来看有没有落下的灰尘颗粒。这听起来很容易，但经验告诉我们，工人们只需要30分钟就会犯错误。这部分是因为瓶子里有灰尘的次数很低，因此唤醒水平也不高。），由此可推断出检查酒瓶这项工作困难的原因是大多数瓶子都没问题，所以唤醒水平降低，从而导致人们容易出错，D选项“大多数瓶子都没问题”正确。A选项“瓶子必须倒置”对应第五段，虽然文章有提到，但是与题干无关，属于出处错位；B选项“泥垢很难被看清”和C选项“它需要高水平的自动化”文章没有提到，属

36、于无中生有。因此D选项正确。5.推理判断题。根据题干可定位到文章最后一段结尾A recent study of the effect of loss of sleep in young doctors showed that in tests involving a challenge to their medical judgment when short of sleep they raised their arousal level and became better at tests of grammatical reasoning as well.（最近一项关于年轻医生睡眠不足影响的

37、研究表明，当睡眠不足时，在涉及挑战他们医学判断的测试中，他们提高了觉醒水平，在语法推理测试中也表现得更好。），由此可推断出推理能力的一个关键因素是主体的觉醒水平，所以C选项“主体的觉醒水平”说法正确。A选项“主体的语法知识”文章没有提到，属于无中生有；B选项“受试者的睡眠量”对应文章结尾，虽然有提到，但与题干无关，属于出处错位；D选项“主体被教导去推理的程度”文章没有提到，属于无中生有。因此C选项正确。7.单选题A violent thunderstorm was（ ）as dark clouds were collecting overhead.问题1选项A.eminentB.imminen

38、tC.instantaneousD.simultaneous【答案】B【解析】eminent杰出的；imminent即将来临的；instantaneous即时的；simultaneous同时的。句意：当乌云在头顶聚集时, 一场暴风雨即将到来。选项B符合句意。8.单选题In North America, the first canoes were constructed from logs and（ ）by means of wooden paddles.问题1选项A.dockedB.propelledC.chokedD.perceived【答案】B【解析】dock使靠码头；propel推进,

39、驱使；choke阻塞, 抑制；perceive觉察, 感知。句意：在北美, 最早的独木舟是用原木建造的, 并由木桨推动前行。选项B符合语境。9.单选题The seller or his agents are not obliged in law to tell you of the defects or true conditions of the house. So, it is important that your own surveyor is sent to make a structural survey of the house after you have made an of

40、fer for in, but before you enter legal commitment.Your surveyors job is to find out all the internal and exterior defects in the house and to indicate to you how much money it will cost to put them right. He will tell you whether the house is worth the price being asked and may suggest a price to ne

41、gotiate with the seller. If he does his job well, he will earn his-fee (which for a straightforward survey of a five-room house is not likely to be less than 50) by providing information which can be used to start negotiations.Many defects are not apparent to the ordinary house buyer but can be dele

42、c1ed detected by the expertthe surveyor. The building society or local authority from which you hope to get a loan will send itsis surveyor too, whose fee you will have to pay. This surveyor makes only a valuation (not a full survey) to see whether the priority is good security for the part of the p

43、urchase price you might be leant. His report is confidential and may not be available to you, though building society may be prepared to tell the purchaser about really major defects following their valuation. They may in fact make it a condition of the mortgage that you will have the defects repair

44、ed within a stated time (at your own expense of course).If you are building a new house, you will also need assurance that the house is properly built and the building will accept the responsibility for any defects that may appear due to poor design, materials or workmanship. If a builder is restric

45、ted with National House-Builders Registration Council, you will know that the house has been spot-check inspected at periodic intervals during buildings. Arbitration machinery and for newly-built house, a 10-year protection against major structural defects, exist should things go wrong and the build

46、er seek to avoid responsibility.If the builder is not registered it will be wise to get a competent surveyor to check the house over during various stages of construction. (He will charge a fee for each visit to the site.)1. What stage in buying a house is a surveyor employed?2. What is the main rea

47、son to employ a surveyor?3. Why does the building society or local authority send is own surveyor?4. The main difference between the surveyors employed by you and the building society is that _.5. The buyer of a new house has to be sure that _.问题1选项A.After you have inspected the house yourself.B.Sho

48、rtly before you take up residence in the house.C.Before you have any kind of discussion about the price.D.During the early stage of free negotiation.问题2选项A.To inspect and report on the condition of the house.B.To tell you the true value of the house.C.To assist you in negotiating for a lower price.D

49、.To advise you about carrying out repairs.问题3选项A.To provide them with information they need in advising the possible buyer.B.To check the report prepared by the buyers surveyor.C.To check what repairs the buyer must carry out before getting a loan.D.To find out whether it will be advisable to lend t

50、he purchase money.问题4选项A.the second surveyor is not interested in the defects of the houseB.you do not have to pay for the second surveyorC.the second surveyors job is to decide what the house is worthD.the second surveyors job is to find out whether house is fit to live in问题5选项A.the construction of

51、 the house has been constantly supervisedB.serious constructional faults will be put right during various stages of constructionC.he will have legal protection in the case of a dispute with the builderD.the builder is registered with the National House-Builders Registration Council【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:

52、C第4题:D第5题:B【解析】1.推理判断题。根据题干可定位到文章第一段So, it is important that your own surveyor is sent to make a structural survey of the house after you have made an offer for it, but before you enter legal commitment.（因此，重要的是，在你提出报价后，但在你进入法律承诺之前，要派你自己的测量师对房子进行结构测量）和第二段Your surveyors job is to find out all the int

53、ernal and exterior defects in the house and to indicate to you how much money it will cost to put them right. He will tell you whether the house is worth the price being asked and may suggest a price to negotiate with the seller.（你的测量师负责找出房子里所有的内部和外部缺陷，并告诉你修复这些缺陷需要多少钱。他会告诉你房子的价格是否值得商谈。），由此可知测量师是在你与卖

54、方讨论价格之前为你工作的，所以C选项“在你讨论价格之前”正确。A选项“你自己检查完房子之后”，文章没有提到需要自己检查房子，且这是测量师的工作，属于无中生有；B选项“在你住进这所房子之前不久”以及D选项“在自由谈判的早期阶段”都与文章事实不相符，属于曲解原文。因此C选项正确。2.推理判断题。根据题干可定位到文章第二段Your surveyors job is to find out all the internal and exterior defects in the house and to indicate to you how much money it will cost to pu

55、t them right. He will tell you whether the house is worth the price being asked and may suggest a price to negotiate with the seller.（你的测量师负责找出房子里所有的内部和外部缺陷，并告诉你修复这些缺陷需要多少钱。他会告诉你房子的价格是否值得商谈。），由此可知请测量师的主要原因是为了让你知道自己房子的价格是否值得商谈，所以B选项“告诉你房子的真正价值”正确。A选项“检查并报告房屋状况”，此处虽然有提及，但这是测量师的主要工作，并不是请他的主要原因，属于张冠李戴；C

56、选项“帮助你谈一个更低的价格”，此处提到测量师只会告诉你房子的价格是否值得商谈，并不会帮助你谈价，属于曲解原文；D选项“建议你进行修理”，此处提到测量师只会告诉你修理房子缺陷的大概费用，没有提到他们会建议你修理，属于无中生有。因此B选项正确。3.推理判断题。根据题干可定位到文章三段The building society or local authority from which you hope to get a loan will send its surveyor too, whose fee you will have to pay.They may in fact make it a

57、 condition of the mortgage that you will have the defects repaired within a stated time (at your own expense of course).（你希望从那里获得贷款的房屋互助协会或地方当局也会派遣测量师，你必须支付测量师的费用事实上，他们可能会以你在规定的时间内修复缺陷作为抵押的条件，当然是费用自理。），由此可推断出房屋互助协会和地方当局请测量师的原因是为了检查买方在贷款前需要的维修之处，所以C选项“检查买方在获得贷款前必须进行的维修”正确。A选项“向他们提供他们在向潜在买家提供建议时所需的信息”

58、文章没有提到，属于无中生有；B选项“检查买方检验师准备的报告”对应文章第三段，该段中只提到房屋互助协会或地方当局请的测量师的最终报告买方是无法看到的，并不是说他们请测量师是为了检查买方检验师所准备的报告，该选项属于曲解原文；D选项“看看借出购买款项是否明智”文章没有提及，属于无中生有。因此C选项正确。4.推理判断题。根据题干可定位到文章第三段The building society or local authority from which you hope to get a loan will send its surveyor too, whose fee you will have to

59、 pay. They may in fact make it a condition of the mortgage that you will have the defects repaired within a stated time (at your own expense of course).（你希望获得贷款的房屋互助协会或地方当局也会派遣测量师，你必须支付测量师的费用事实上，他们可能会以你在规定的时间内修复缺陷作为抵押的条件，当然，费用由你自己承担），由此可知房屋互助协会雇佣的测量师是为了测量房子缺陷，用此作为评估给你贷款的依据，如果缺陷重大不宜居住，地方当局会先让你修复好，直到房

60、子适宜居住再贷款给你，所以D选项“第二种测量师的工作是找出房子是否适合居住”正确。A选项“第二种测量师对房子的缺陷不感兴趣”说法错误，第二段说到测量师的工作就是检查房子缺陷，该选项属于反向干扰；B选项“你不必付钱给第二类测量师”说法错误，第三段提到了“whose fee you will have to pay”，所以该选项也属于反向干扰；C选项“第二种测量师的工作是决定房子的价值”，决定房子价值的是第一类测量师，属于张冠李戴。因此D选项正确。5.推理判断题。由题干可定位到第四段第一句If you are building a new house, you will also need ass