环境毒理学绪论课件

上世纪40-60年代，社会对污染认知的改变稀释模式：解决污染的方法是稀释；飞返模式：你丢弃的东西会返回来伤害你。对生态毒理学的需要水俣病（Hg）Onthedayofthepatients'victoryatcourt,someonewroteaheadline:"TheDaythatTomokoSmiled."Shecouldn'tpossiblyhaveknown.TomokoUemura,bornin1956,wasattackedbymercuryinthewombofheroutwardlyhealthymother.Nooneknowsifsheisawareofhersurroundingsornot.

SmithandSmith(1975)痛痛病（Cd）

DDT和DDE对鸟类繁殖率的损害不断涌现的环境问题：核物质；溢油事件；杀虫剂。。。Differentbiologicallevels

Allrelevantlevelsshouldbeconsidered.Thisisoneexcitingfeatureofecotoxicology.Caswell(1996):Processesatoneleveltaketheirmechanismsfromthelevelbelowandfindtheirconsequencesatthelevelabove.一个水平上发生的过程的机制来自其下一级，而这个过程的结果又在它上一级水平上得到体现。ASYNTHETICSCIENCE不同水平的研究科学、技术与实践在生态毒理学中普遍缺乏一致性意见导致了许多混淆。表面上看去并不一致的行为是怎样集中到去实现三个相互交织并且同等重要的目标：

科学 技术

实践Threeaspectsofstudy

Scientificgoals:knowledge-baseddevelopment,includingobservationsandexperiments；Technologicalgoals:analyticaltechniques,biomarker,biomonitors,etc；Practicalgoals:managementissues,waterqualitycriteria,standards.SCIENTIFICGOALSGradually,observationalandexperimentalmethodsproduceaframeworkofexplanatoryprinciplesaboutwhichfactsareorganized.Theseparadigms(generallyacceptedconceptsinahealthysciencethatwithstoodrigoroustestingand,asaresult,holdenhancedstatusascausalexplanations)definethemajordirectionsofinquiryinafield.Theyactasnucleiaroundwhichancillaryconceptsareformulatedandasaframeworkforfurthertestingandenrichmentoffact.Paradigmsaresubjecttofuturescrutiny,revision,rejection,orreplacement.

SCIENTIFICGOALSTwointerdependenttypesofbehavioroccurinanyscience:Normalscience

-workswithinestablishedparadigms,andincreasesthe amountandaccuracyofourknowledgewithinthat framework.It’scontributionistheincrementalenhancement offactsandarticulationofideaswithwhichparadigmscan bereaffirmed,revised,orreplacedbynewparadigms

Innovativescience-

questionsexistingparadigmsandformulates newparadigms.Innovativescienceiscompletely dependentonnormalscience.Normalsciencetendstobemoreimportantinayoungfield.Anexcessivepreoccupationwithdetails("tyrannyoftheparticular”)ormeasurement(idolaquantitatus)canslowthematurationandprogressofascience.Insistenceonrigoroushypothesistestingpriortotheaccumulationofenoughfactsandestablishmentofaccuratemeasurementtechniquescanleadtoprematurerejectionofahypothesisthatmightotherwisebeaccepted.TECHNICALGOALS…todevelopandapplytoolsandmethodstoacquireabetterunderstandingofcontaminantfateandeffectsinthebiosphere.Oftensomeactivitiesintechnologyareindistinguishablefromnormalscience.Theirgoalsaredistinct.Relativetoplainlyscientificendeavors,thebenefitstosocietyoftechnologyaremoreimmediatebutslightlylessglobal.

AnalyticalInstruments StatisticalMethodsComputerModels StandardTestMethodSampling/MonitoringPrograms

DNAtechnologiesBiomarkers通过对工具以及方法的开发和应用取得对污染物在生物圈中的归趋和效应的更好理解。PRACTICALGOALS…toapplyavailableknowledgeandtechnologiestowarddocumentingorsolvingspecificproblems.Usingtoresolveaspecificproblem…

Methodsfordeterminingcontaminantleachingfromwastes Riskassessmentparadigm Anyoftheaforementionedtechnologies Waterqualitycriteria,standardsandTMDLs AnASTMtoxicitytestmethod MoleculartechniquestodocumentDNAdamage以运用现有的知识和技术去记载并解决具体问题。EXPAND

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OVERLAPSummaryThescienceofcontaminantsinthebiosphereandtheireffectsonconstituentsofthebiosphereincludinghumans.(Alsohastechnical&practicalgoals)Ecotoxicologicalknowledgeisnowessenti