2021--外文翻译译文

Biot也改写几次，他的理论概括为各向异性材料，应用于不同的问题或者实验方面确定材料性能:;，进行处理和保存，并使用特殊程序。例如，Speeton页岩钻探用矿，进行处理和保存，并使用特殊程序。例如，Speeton页岩钻探用矿物油，以避任何的页岩和钻大气中的。以相同的保存方法被用来存Campos/Ubatuba页岩的。其他页岩，包装用塑于岩石的大量孔隙水有水的活性和带负电荷的粘土表面，之间血小板距离，而其他变 性执行渗透流量页岩（页岩水活度在室温条件下=0.78）和差压没有之间的weilbore的形成 与本地相同的水活性执行渗透流量页岩（页岩水活度在室温条件下=0.78）和差压 普森建议为每个流体输送不同的数值，可以归功于膜效率。基于化学势的概念，流体流 Wang.C.L.(1992).‘岩岩石的斜度Weilbore的稳定性 .奥斯汀德克萨斯州.奥斯汀德克萨斯大学Windston.S.andBates.L.(1960).‘和湿度控制在生物学研究的解决方案’生态卷.41号.232-236页CHEMICAL-MECHANICALMODELINGOFWELLBOREINSTABILITYINSHALESTheeffectivestressconceptisastatictheorybynatureand esinadequateforproblemsinwhichthedeformationoftheporousmediumsaffectedbytheflow-inducedstress.iotppliedtheconceptoflinearisotropicelasticityfortheporousmaterialandcreatedtheso-calledoroelastictheory.ThemajordrawbackofBiot’stheoryisthephysicalinterpretationofthematerialparametersandthedifficultyinobtainingsomeofthoseconstantsexperimentally.Biotalsoreformulatedhistheoryseveraltimes,generalizingforanisotropicmaterials,applyingtoifferentroblems,orestigatingtheexperimentalaspectstodeterminethematerialproperties.Keywords:effectivestress;porousmaterial;poroelastictheory.;StartingatthebasisofBiot’soriginalwork,RiceandClearyredefinedthematerialparametersinaconvenientway.Duetothemathematicalcomplexity(pairofcoupledpartialdifferentialequations)，thefollowingshales,coredfromdeepoilwells,wereselected:Speeton(NorthSea),Gumbo(GulfofMexico),Campos/Ubatuba(CamposBasin,Brazil),Kimmeridge(NorthSea),Cretaceous12,800ft,andCretaceous15,500ft(NorthUSA).Allshaleswerecored,handled,andpusingspecialprocedures.Forexample,theSpeetonshalesweredrilledwithmineraloiltoavoidanyinteractionbetweentheshaleandthedrillingfluid.Thecoreswereimmediayplacedinsideplastictubesfilledwithmineraloiltoavoidlossofmoisturetotheatmosphere.hesamepreservationmethodwasusedtostoretheCampos/Ubatubashale.Theothershaleswerewrappedwithaplasticmaterialandcoatedwithwax.Thislastmethodofpreservationisconsideredlessefficientintermsofkeetheoriginalmoistureintheshale.Thefollowingtestswereperformed:watercontentdetermination,wateractivitybytheadsorptionisothermmethod,wateractivitybythehygrometermethod,anddegreeofshaleTheshalesaturationevaluationisacriticaltestbecausesomeauthors,suchasCarminatietal.(1997),claimthatlowactivityvaluesreportedintheliteratureareartifactsduetocapillaryeffectsthathappeninpartiallysaturatedshales.Theseauthorthatafullysaturatedshalewillhaveawateractivityequaltothebulkporewaterinsidetherockandthatthenegativelychargedclaysurfaces,distancebetweenplaets,andothervariablesdonotplayanyroleinthealterationofshalewateractivity.Carminatietal.alsostatethatswellingpressuredeveLopmentwillnotbeanissueforfullysaturatedshalesindownholeconditions.AtypicalexampleoftheshalewateractivityalterationunderdownhoLeconditionspresentedbySimpson.HepresentstheosmoticflowrateforthreetestsperformedwiththeDownholeSimulationCellforSpeetonshalesubjectedtothein-situstressstateanddownholetemperatureusingdifferentdrillingfluidswiththesamewateractivityofthenativeshale(shalewateractivity=0.78atroomconditions)andnodifferentialpressurebetweentheweilboreandtheformation.Thesetestswerespeciallydesignedtoevaluatethebalancedactivityconcept,i.e.,nofluidflowwhenthedrillingfluidactivitymatchestheshalewateractivity.Notethatthenegativevalueoffluidflowmeansthattheflowdirectionisoutoftheshale.Simpsonsuggestedthatthedifferentvaluesoffluidtransferforeachfluidcanbeattributedtothemembraneefficiency.Basedonthechemicalpotentialconcept,theflowoffluidoutoftheshaleisanindicationthattheshaleactivityunderdownholeconditionsisgreaterthanthemeasuredvalueatatmosphericconditions.Inotherwords,thedownholestressstateandthetemperatureaffecttheescatendencyofthewaterinsidetheporesandmustbetakenintoaccounttodeterminethetrueactivityofanativeshaleatdownholeconditions.Thischapterdiscussesastudyaimedatevaluatingthisvariable.Verwey.E.J.W..andOverbeek,J.T.0.(1948).TheoryoftheStabilityofLyphobicColloids,ElsevierPublishingWang,C.L.(1992).'nStabilityofaDeviatedWeilboreinShaleRocks’Ph.D.Dissertation,TheUniversityof