外贸英语（第三版）参考答案和参考译文

《外贸英语》（第三版）参考答案与参考译文

参考答案Chapter1ReadingMaterial(1)Theyhopetokeepitspricehighwithoutimprovingthequalityofitsproducts.(2)Othercountriesmayretaliatewithtraderestrictionsoftheirown.Consumersandbusinessesinbothcountriesarethenforcedtobuypoorlymadeandexpensivedomesticproducts.(3)Quotas,tariffs,andsubsidies.(4)Yes,itcan.(5)Asufficientnumberofcountriesjoinintheblockadetomakeiteffective.Chapter22.1Questions:1.AtradetermreferstousingabriefEnglishconceptorabbreviationtoindicatetheformationoftheunitpriceanddeterminetheresponsibilities,expensesandrisksbornebytwopartiesaswellasthetimeofthepassingofthepropertyinthegoods.Forexample,USD500perM/TCIFLondon,inwhich“CIFLondon”isatradeterm.2.Therearefourinternationaltradepracticesrelatedtotradeterms:Warsaw-OxfordRules1932,RevisedAmericanForeignTradeDefinitions1990，Incoterms2000andIncoterms®2010.Terminologypractice1.Negotiation2.Duty3.Incoterms4.Tradeterms2.2Discussion1:FOBTianjinisnotsuitablebecauseunderthemodeofcontainertransport,therisktransferredwhenthegoodsweredeliveredtothecarrier.Caseanalysis:TheChinesecompanyshallbearlossesandresponsibilities.UnderthetradetermCFR,shippingadviceisreallyimportantforthebuyer.Thebuyercancoverinsuranceforgoodsafterreceivingtheshippingadvice.Thesalesmanforgottosendingshippingadvice.Discussion2:ItmeansthatthesellershalldeliverthegoodsduringAugustandpaycarriagetoLianyungangrailwaystation.Questions1.Similarities:(1)Themodeoftransportation:seaorinlandwaterwaytransport.(2)Theplaceofdeliveryandriskstransferonboardthevesselatthenamedportofshipment.(3)Thesellerfulfilshisobligationtodeliverthegoodsatthenamedportofshipmentwithinthestipulatedtime.(4)Thesellerclearsthegoodsforexportandthebuyerclearsthegoodsforimport.(5)Thesellerprovidescommercialdocumentsforthebuyer.(6)Thesellergivessufficientnoticetothebuyeraftershipment.Differences:(1)Theformationoftheunitprice:FOB,cost;CFR,costandfreight;CIF,costinsuranceandfreight.(2)ThesellercontractsforthecarriageofthegoodsunderCFRandCIF;thebuyerdoesitunderFOB.(3)ThesellercoversinsuranceforthebuyerunderCIF;thebuyercoversinsuranceunderFOBandCFR.(4)TheCIFtermiscalledsymbolicdeliveryordocumenttransaction,andundertheterm,expensesandrisksareseparated.2.Similarities:(1)Modeoftransportation:seaorinlandwaterwaytransport.(2)Thesellerfulfilshisobligationtodeliverthegoodsatthenamedportofshipmentwithinthestipulatedtime.(3)Thesellerclearsthegoodsforexportandthebuyerclearsthegoodsforimport.(4)Thesellerprovidescommercialdocumentsforthebuyer.(5)Thesellergivessufficientnoticetothebuyeraftershipment.(6)Thebuyershallcontractforthecarriageofthegoodsandalsocoverinsuranceforthegoods.Differences:Theplaceofdeliveryandrisktransfer:underFOB,thesellerfulfilshisobligationtodeliverthegoodsonboardthevesselatthenamedportofshipment;whileunderFAS,thesellershalldeliverthegoodsalongsidetheshipandthecarriertakechargeofit.3.Similarities:(1)Thesellerclearsthegoodsforexportandthebuyerclearsthegoodsforimport.(2)Thesellerprovidescommercialdocumentsforthebuyer.(3)Thesellergivessufficientnoticetothebuyeraftershipment.(4)Thesellershallcontractforthecarriageofthegoods.(5)Thebuyershallcoverinsuranceforthegoods.(6)Theformationofunitprice:costandfreight.Differences:(1)Modeoftransportation:CFR,seaorinlandwaterwaytransport;CPT,anymodeoftransportation.(2)Theplaceofrisktransfer:underCFR,theriskstransferonboardthevessel;underCPT,theriskstransferfromthetimewhengoodsaredeliveredtocarrier.Terminologypractice1.ImportLicense2.Risks3.Expenses4.Responsible5.Formalities2.3Discussion:UnderEXW,thesellerbearstheminimumobligation;underDDP,thebuyerbearstheminimumobligation.Questions:1.Similarities:(1)Allaresymbolicdelivery,andthecorrespondingcontractsareshipmentcontracts.(2)Thesellerisresponsibleforexportclearance,andthebuyerisresponsibleforimportclearance.Differences:(1)FCA,CPTandCIParesuitableforallmodesoftransportation,includingrail,road,air,sea,inlandwaterwayandmultimodaltransport.FOB,CFRandCIFcanbeusedonlyforseaorinlandwaterwaytransport.(2)UnderFCA,CPTandCIP,theriskstransferwhenthegoodsaredeliveredtothecarrier;underFOB,CFRandCIF,theriskstransferonboardthevesselatthenamedportofshipment.(3)UnderFCA,CPTandCIP,thecarrierisresponsibleforloadingandunloading,andtherearenovariations;underFOB,CFRandCIF,therearevariationsastotheloadingandunloadingexpenses.(4)UnderFCA,CPTandCIP,thecarrierissuesdifferenttransportationdocumentsunderdifferentmodeoftransportation;underFOB,CFRandCIF,theshippingcompanyissuesB/L.2.DAT（DeliveredatTerminal）meansthatthesellershallfulfilhisobligationofdeliveringthegoodsafterdischargingthegoodsanddeliveringthegoodstothebuyeratterminalofnamedplaceorportofdestination（exceptimportexpenses）.DAP(DeliveredatPlace)meansthatthesellerdeliverswhenthegoodsareplacedatthedisposalofthebuyeronthearrivingmeansofcarriagereadyforunloadingatthenamedplaceofdestination.3.Incoterms®2010includes11tradeterms:AnyModeofTransportCIP–CarriageandInsurancePaidtoCPT–CarriagePaidtoDAP–DeliveredatPlaceDAT–DeliveredatTerminalDDP–DeliveredDutyPaidEXW–ExWorksFCA–FreeCarrierSeaandInlandWaterwayTransportOnlyCFR–CostandFreightCIF–CostInsuranceandFreightFAS–FreealongsideShipFOB–FreeonBoardTerminologypractice1.Quay2.Disposal3.Frontier4.Tax2.4Questions:(1)Adaptingtothemodesoftransportation.(2)AvoidingrisksTerminologypractice1.Book2.Gangup3.BulkcargoBasicSkillTrainingⅠ1.Warsaw-OxfordRules19322.EXW,DDP3.FOBLinerTerms,FOBUnderTackle,FOBStowed,FOBTrimmed.4.Cost,insurance,freight5.Symbolicdelivery/documenttransaction6.CPT,CPT7.theseller8.seller,seller9.thebuyer10.export,dplaceoftheseller’spremise,namedplaceofdestination12.DAP,DAF,DES,DDU;DAT,DEQⅡCIF班轮条件运输终端交货卸货费用运输终端象征性交货目的地交货CFR吊钩下交货海关手续documenttransaction,exportlicense,InternationalChamberofCommerce,seaorinlandwaterwaytransport,takedeliveryofthegoodsⅢ1.a2.b3.a4.b5.a6.abcde7.abc8.bce9.bCaseAnalysis1.翻译：一进出口公司按照CIF条件出口一批货物。卖方准时把货物装到了船上并缮制了全套必要的单据。但是，轮船在起航后几小时触礁沉没。第二天，当卖方凭全套与合同相符的单据请求买方付款时，买方拒绝接受单据并拒绝付款，因为它的货物已经灭失。请问：买方这样做合理吗？为什么？答案：Itisn’treasonableforthebuyertodoso.Thereasonsareasfollows:(1)UndertheCIFterm,thepointofrisktransferisonboardthevesselatthenamedportofshipment.(2)TheCIFtermiscalleddocumenttransaction.(3)UnderCIFterm,thesellercoversinsuranceonthebuyer’sbehalf.Insuchcases,thebuyershouldclaimontheinsurancecompanyagainsttheinsurancepolicy.2.翻译：我国某进出口公司同德国某进口公司欲达成一笔核桃仁交易，其中使用的价格条件为CIFHamburg,支付方式为不可撤销的即期信用证。由于核桃仁是季节性商品，主要在12月份的圣尼古拉节上销售，交货延迟会影响售价。因此，对方要求在合同中明确：“卖方须于10月份在中国上海装运，并保证货物于11月份之前到达汉堡，否则，买方有权撤销合同，并要求损害赔偿，如果买方已经支付货款，卖方应将所得货款退还给买方。”试问：我方能否满足对方要求，为什么？答案：No,wecan’t.Becausethebuyer’srequirementisnotreasonable.ThebuyerchangethenatureoftheCIFcontract,anditbecomesthearrivalcontract.ReadingMaterial1.FOBmeansthatthesellerdeliverswhenthegoodspasstheship'srailatthenamedportofshipment.Thismeansthatthebuyerhastobearallcostsandrisksoflossofordamagetothegoodsfromthatpoint.2.Thebuyershallclearthegoodsforimportathisownexpenses.3.Thebuyershallcontractforthecarriageofthegoodsandcoverinsuranceathisownexpenses.4.Thepointofriskstransferisdifferent.UnderIncoterms2000,theriskstransferontheship’srailatthenamedportofshipment;whileunderIncoterms®2010,riskstransferonboardthevesselatthenamedportofshipment..Chapter33.1 Discussion1:Thesellershallchoosetheaveragegoodsasthesample.少一份答案少一份答案Discussion2:(1)salebyspecification(2)salebysample(3)salebybrandortrademarkQuestions1.Themethodsoftenusedaresalebysample,salebyactualqualityandsalebydescription.Salebysampleincludesthreecases,i.e.,salebytheseller’ssample,salebythebuyer’ssampleandsalebycountersample.Salebydescriptionincludessalebyspecification,salebygrade,salebystandard,salebydescriptionandillustration,salebybrandandtrademarkandsalebynameoforigin.2.Thequalitytoleranceisusedinthetradeofindustrialproducts,whichmeansthatthequalityofthegoodsdeliveredbythesellerisallowedtohavecertaindifferenceswithinacertainrangesincesuchdifferencesareusuallyunavoidableandcommonlyacceptedastheusageofthesamespecialtrade.Thequalitylatitudemeansthatthequalityindexesofthegoodsdeliveredbythesellermaybecontrolledflexiblywithinacertainlatitude.Terminologypractice1.Trademark2.Sample3.Specification4.Description3.2Discussion:IfIamtheseller,Iwilldeliverblackbean5%lessthanthecontractquantity.Questions1.(1)ByGrossWeight.(2)ByNetWeight:byactualtare,byaveragetare,bycustomarytare,andbycomputedtare.(3)ByConditionedWeight.(4)ByTheoreticalWeight.2.Themoreorlessclauseisoftenusedinthetradingofagriculturalormineralproduct.Itmeansthatthesellermaydeliverthegoodswithacertainpercentagemoreorlessinquantityandamountaccordingtotheagreedquantitylatitude.Terminologypractice1.Excess2.Grossweight3.F.A.Q.4.Tareweight3.3Questions1.Packingcanbeclassifiedintotransportpacking(outerpacking),salespacking(innerpacking).2.Therearefivetypesofpackingmarks:shippingmark,additionalmark,indicativemark,warningmarkandoriginmark.3.Shippingmarkisusuallymadeupofsimpledesign,someletters,numbersandsimplewords,andmainlycontains:codeofconsignorandconsignee;nameorcodeofdestination;andpiecenumber,serialnumber,contractnumberetc.Terminologypractice1.Consignee2.Countryoforigin3.Bulkcommodities4.NudepackedgoodsBasicSkillTrainingⅠ1.salebysample,salebyactualquality,salebydescription.2.industrialproducts3.Indicativemark4.transportpacking,salespacking5.Moreorlessclause6.conditionedweight7.F.A.Q.8.play9.from10.shippingmarkⅡ包装条款附加性标志警告性标志品质公差品质机动幅度溢短装条款salebybuyer’ssamplesalebydescriptionconditionedweightgrossweightF.A.Q.by-productcomputedtareshippingmarkGrossfornetⅢ1.T,2.F,3.F,4.T,5.T,6.F,7.TⅣ(F)mineraloreA.sample(A)ordinarygarmentsB.manual(D)fishC.F.A.Q.(E)HairwashingmachinesD.G..M.Q.(B)medicalapparatusE.famousbrand(C)wheatF.specification(G)calligraphicworksG.inspection(H)powerplantgeneratorH.drawingordiagramⅤ(A)cottonA.bale(F)fertilizerB.carton(B)dailyconsumerproductsC.tinbox(H)acidfluidD.crate(G)woolE.barrel(E)petrolF.plasticbag(D)vegetableG.chest(C)teaH.carboyCaseAnalysis1.翻译：我国某出口公司在某次交易会上与外商当面谈妥出口大米10000公吨，每公吨USD275FOBSHANGHAI。但我方公司在签约时，合同上只笼统地写了10000吨（ton）。后来，外商来证要求按长吨（longton）供货（1长吨=1.016公吨）。于是，双方发生争议。问题：请分析争议发生的原因。答案：ThedisputesarisedbecausetheChinesecompanyignoredthemeasurementsystem.Longtonandmetrictonaredifferentsystem.2.翻译：我国某进口公司向国外某出口公司订购50公吨货物，合同规定A﹑B﹑C﹑D﹑E这5种规格按同等数量搭配，卖方按合同开立发票，买方凭发票和其他单据付款。货到后发现所有50吨货物均为A规格，买方只同意接收其中的1/5，拒收其余的4/5，并要求退回4/5的货款，卖方拒绝。问题：你认为卖方这样做有理吗？答案:AccordingtoUnitedNationsConventionsonContractsfortheInternationalSaleofGoods,thesellershoulddeliverthegoodsasrequiredinthecontract,otherwisethebuyermayrejectthegoodsandcancelthecontract.Inthiscase,theexporterdeliveredthegoodsnotinconformitywiththecontract,sotheimporterhastherighttorefundandtheexportercouldn’trefused.3.翻译：我国某出口公司与国外成交红枣一批，合同与来证上均写的是“三级品”，但到发货时才发现三级红枣库存不够，于是改以二级品交货，并在发票上加注“二级红枣仍按三级计价”。问题：这种以好顶次、原价不变的做法是否妥当？答案:AccordingtoUnitedNationsConventionsonContractsfortheInternationalSaleofGoods,thesellershoulddeliverthegoodsasrequiredinthecontractotherwisethebuyermayrejectthegoodsandcancelthecontract.Soitisn’tgoodforthesellertodoso.4.翻译：在一份罐装食品的销售合同中，规定：24000罐食品包装在1000个木箱里，其中每罐500克，一个木箱中装24罐。当买方收到货物后发现：每罐500克，但一个箱中装有48罐，共装了500箱。因此买方拒收货物。问题：买方是否有权这样做？答案：Thebuyerisentitledtorejectthegoodsbecausethesellerviolatedthepackingtermofthecontract.Practice1.翻译：合同中规定“about5000MT”and“5000MT5%moreorless”条款，对买卖双方有无区别？“5000MT5%moreorless”的含义是什么？卖方可以交多少数量的货物？答案：Twoclausesaredifferent.“about5000MT”meansthequantityisallowedatolerancenottoexceed10%moreor10%lessthanthequantitytowhichtheyrefer.“5000MT5%moreorless”meansthesellermaydeliverthegoods5%moreorlessthanthequantitytowhichtheyrefer.Thequantitydeliveredcanrangefrom4750to5250metrictons.2.翻译：ABC公司与丹麦客商CodmanCo.达成了2500件布鞋的出口合同，并签订了合同，合约号为98BF01DK03，贸易术语CIFCopenhagen.根据所给信息资料制作一个标准唛头。答案：CodmanCo.CodmanCo.CopenhagenContractNo.:98BF01DK03Nos1~2500ReadingMaterial(1)Packingcanbeusedtoprotectthegoods;packingmakesitconvenientforconsumerstoselect，carry，orusethegoods；packingcanalsobeautifythecommodity，attractconsumers，expandsalesandincreasethegainsonforeignexchange;packingincarnatesthelevelofacountry’seconomicconstruction，scienceandtechnology，cultureandart，etc.(2)Weshouldgreatlystrengthentheresearchintopackingmaterials,packingcontainsandpackingmethods;carefullystudythepackingcharacteristics,developingtendencyandrelativepackingregulationsanddecreesininternationalmarkets;strengthenthestudyofthedesignforpackagingdecorations,improvepackingtechniques,blazenewtrails,andcontinuouslyincreasetheartisticlevelofpacking;realizethestandardizationofourexportingcommoditypackingandunificationofmaterials,specifications,capacities,standardsandsealingmethods;properlymakeacquisitionofadvancedtechnologyfromabroad.(3)Amoredurableandexpensivepackagewillberequired.(4)Theretailerisconcernedaboutshelfstorageanddisplay.

Chapter44.1Discussion1.Coalsandgrainsaresuitableforchartertransport.2.IftheB/LiscleanB/L,thebuyershouldclaimagainstthecarrier,insurancecompanyorthecontainerfreightstation;iftheB/LisfoulB/L,thebuyershouldclaimagainsttheseller.Questions1.Alinerisavesselwithregularsailingroutesandstatedtimetablebetweenspecificports.Contrarily,atrampisafreight-carryingvesselwhichhasnoregularrouteorscheduleofsailingsbuttradinginallpartsoftheworldinsearchofcargo,primarilybulkshipments.2.Voyagecharteristhehireofashipforaparticularvoyage.Itincludessinglevoyagecharter,returnvoyagecharterandsuccessivevoyagecharter.Timechartermeansthechartererrentstheshipforacertainperiod.Duringtheperiodofchartering,thechartererisresponsibleforaseriesofworkandalotofexpensesappearedduringthetransit.Bareboatcharterissimilartotimecharter,buttherearesomedifferences.Underthebareboatcharter,theship-owneronlyprovideshischartererwithabareboatduringtheperiodofchartering,andthecharterershallemploythecrewbyhimself.3.Themainstandardsare:accordingtotheWeightTon(WT);accordingtotheMeasurementTon(MT);accordingtothevalueofthecargo,i.e.A.V.;accordingtounit;accordingtothetemporaryagreement.4.(1)Containertransportoffersadoor-to-doorserviceunderFCL/FCL(FullContainerLoad/FullContainerLoad),doortocontainerfreightstation(CFS)serviceunderFCL/LCL(FullContainerLoad/LessContainerLoad),CFStoCFSserviceunderLCL/LCL,orCFStodoorserviceunderLCL/LCLconditions.(2)Itcanbehandledquicklyandeasilybystandardizedequipmentandcanthussavelaborsandloadingandunloadingcharges.(3)Thelowriskofgoodsdamageandpilferageenablesmorefavorablecargopremiumstobeobtained,comparedwithbreak-bulkcargoshipments.(4)Lesspackingisrequiredforcontainerizedconsignments.Insomecases,particularlywithspecializedISO(InternationalStandardsOrganization)containerssuchasrefrigeratedonesortanks,nopackingisrequired.Thisgreatlysavescostininternationaltransitandraisesservicequality.(5)Fastertransits,coupledwithmorereliablemaritimeschedules,ultimatelyincreaseservicefrequency,producesavingsinwarehouseaccommodationneeds,lessenrisksofobsolescentstockandspeedupcapitalturnover.5.Airtransportservicesincludethreetypes:scheduledairlines,charteredcarriers,andconsolidatedconsignments.6.Therearefourwaystostipulatetheloadingandunloadingcharges:(1)Linerterms:thefreightincludesloadingandunloadingcharges.Theship-ownershallberesponsibleforloadingandunloading.(2)Freeout:thefreightincludesloadingcharges.Theship-ownerisresponsibleforloading.(3)Freein:thefreightincludesunloadingcharges.Theship-ownerisresponsibleforunloading.(4)Freeinandout:theship-ownerisneitherresponsibleforloadingnorforunloading.Terminologypractice(1)CharterParty(2)BareboatCharter(3)Liner(4)LandBridgeTransport(5)Demurrage4.2Discussion1.It’snotsuitablebecauseit’sdifficultforthesellertodeliveratthatday.2.Undervoyagecharter.CaseanalysisThebankwillmakepaymentbynegotiationbecausethesellershippedthegoodsaccordingtothestipulationofL/C.Questions1.Donotchooseaportinacountrywithwhichourgovernmentdoesn’tpermittodobusiness.Thestipulationontheportofdestinationshouldbedefiniteandclear.Ifthegoodshavetobetransferred,weshouldstipulate“transshipmentallowed”inthecontract.Theportofdestinationshallbetheoneatwhichthevesselmaysafelyarriveandbealwaysafloat.Weusuallydonotacceptaninlandcityasaplaceofdestination.2.(1)Stipulatethedefiniteorfixeddate.(2)Stipulateafixedperiodoftime.(3)StipulateshipmentistobemadesomedaysormonthsafterreceiptoftheL/C.Terminologypractice(1)Transshipment(2)PartialShipment(3)PhysicalDelivery(4)SymbolicDelivery4.3Discussion1.Forthecarrier,AdvancedB/Lismuchriskier.2.ThebankwillnotacceptFoulB/LandreceivedforshipmentB/L.If“StaleB/Lisacceptable”isindicatedintheL/C,thebankwillsurelyacceptit.Questions1.BillofLadingisadocumentthatisissuedbyashippingcompany,acarrieroraship-ownertoashipper,uponacceptanceofgoodsforshipment.Itservesthreepurposes:(1)Asacontractforshipmentbetweenthecarrierandshipper;(2)Asareceiptfromthecarrierforshipment;(3)Asacertificateofownershiportitletothegoods.2.Importantitemsare:(1)Thenameofthesteamercarryingthecargo.(2)Theportofloadingandtheportofdischarge.(3)Thenameoftheshipperorconsignor.(4)Thenameoftheconsigneeorhisorder(assigns).(5)Thepartytobenotified.(6)Freightandcharges,prepaidornot,andsoon.Terminologypractice(1)OceanB/L(2)OrderB/L(3)StraightB/L(4)OnBoardB/L(5)ShippingDocumentBasicSkillTrainingⅠ1.called2.close3.vessel4.loading5.deliver6.goods7.speed8.transport9.routes10.charter,timeⅡ提单尺码吨定程租船运费唛头转运清洁提单多式联运单据指示提单发货人收货人WTLinershippingCharterpartyPartialshipmentLaydaysDemurrageDispatchmoneyLiner’sCompanyFreightTariffBareboatcharterLandbridgetransportAirwayBillThroughBillofLadingTrampⅢ1.T2.T3.T4.F5.F6.T7.F8.T9.FCaseanalysis1.2014年秋，我方某贸易公司与非洲一老客户达成了一笔大米销售生意，交货条件为2014年12月起至2015年6月，每月按等量装运大米，凭即期信用证自提单日后60天付款。客户按时开来信用证，信用证上有关商品品名、规格、单价、总金额和总数量均与合同相符，但装运条件只规定“最迟装运期为6月30日，分数批装出”。我贸易公司经办人员于12月按合同原定的等量装出第一批货物。因为经办人员没有在信用证中发现“按等量装运”的规定，为了早出口早收汇，他不顾合同的原定装运条款，在2015年1月将一季度的数量一批装清，二月第三次装船，将第二季度应交数量一批装清。同时我方银行凭单议付，先后向开证行索汇，开证行审核单证认可无误。非洲客户接到装船通知后，发现第二批和第三批数量与合同不符，即向我公司提出违背装运条款的索赔。索赔金额包括租仓费、利息和其他增加的费用等。经过双方反复协商，最后我贸易公司接受对方意见，同意第二批和第三批货款推迟4个月后结算，这意味着我贸易公司比原定时间推迟几个月才能收到货款。按当时国际市场价算，我贸易公司遭受了10%的损失。问题：（1）信用证与交易合同之间的关系是什么？（2）交易双方履行自身义务的依据是什么？答案：（1）Accordingtothebusinessprocedureinforeigntradetransactions，afterthetwopartiessignedthecontract，thebuyermayapplytothebankforopeningtherelevantletterofcreditaccordingtothespecificationsstatedinthecontract.Allitemsintheletterofcreditmustbeincompliancewiththecontract，thatistosay，theletterofcreditmadeoutshouldbeonthebasisofthecontract.Butfromlegalopinion，businesscontractandletterofcreditaretworespectivelyseparatelegaldocuments.（2）ItisstipulatedinArticle4oftheUniformCustomsandPracticeforDocumentaryCreditsthat“increditoperationsallpartiesconcerneddealindocuments，andnotingoods，serviceand/orotherperformancetowhichthedocumentsmayrelate”.Thatistosaytheessentialfunctionoftheletterofcreditisthatbankissuingletterofcreditdealsindocumentsnotinmerchandiseandhasnothingtodowiththecontract.Theyhavenolegalobligationwhetherthegoodscomplywiththecontract.Therefore，thecontractistheprooftotherightsandobligationsofthetwopartiesconcerned.2.2014年我进出口公司向英国一公司出口核桃，价格条件为CIF；支付条件为不可撤销即期信用证方式；交货条件为卖方保证货物在2014年12月2日到达阿文矛斯港。这是一项特别条款，正是因为我方违背了这一条款，导致了经济损失。合同的基本条款如下：装运：于2014年10月间由中国口岸运往阿文矛斯港。买方须于2014年9月前将有关信用证开到卖方。卖方保证载运船只不迟于2014年12月2日抵达阿文矛斯港。载运船只抵达目的港的实际日期，将以有关承运人或代理人所证实载运船只抵达目的港的实际日期为准。特别价格条款：(1)如果载运船只早于2014年11月26日抵达阿文矛斯港，买方将付给卖方发票总值0.2%的价格溢价。(2)如果载运船只晚于2014年12月2日抵达阿文矛斯港，在买方要求下，卖方须同意取消合同，如货款已收进，则将所收进的货款退还买方。买方对上述取消合同的要求，应在载运船只到达阿文矛斯港后48小时内向卖方提出，否则将理解为买方接受了到货。双方签订合同后，我公司通过外运代理租赁了一瑞典轮船。该船在2014年10月5日装货后驶离装运港，正常情况下预计于12月2日抵达目的港。不幸的是，航行中该船的发动机出了问题无法行驶，考虑到出口货物数量巨大，我公司派了一艘拖轮拖带该船继续前进。但该船抵达阿文矛斯港时比合同规定时间（2014年12月2日）晚了几个小时。看到核桃价格在当地市场下跌，买方通知我公司拒绝提货。我方不得不要求代理在当地销售此货以便减少损失。在此交易中，我方大约损失6000美元。问题：（1）核桃是季节性商品，通常在圣诞节前销售。当出口这类商品时，你认为哪个因素比较重要。（2）在本例中，合同的性质由装运合同变为到达合同，为什么？答案：(1)Thetwopartiesshouldstateclearlytheproblemofcompensationforthiskindofseasonalmerchandisewhenitspricegoesdown.(2)Becausethecontractespeciallystipulatedthatifthegoodscouldnotarriveontime,thebuyercouldcancelthecontractandwithdrawthepaymentforthegoods.Thepaymentisnotsubjecttoourpresentationoftheshipmentdocuments,onlysubjecttothedeliverytermsatthedestinationport.3.我国某公司向俄罗斯出口茶叶6000箱，合同和信用证均规定：“茶叶于5月、6月、7月分三期平均装运。”我方于5月份装2000箱，6月份没装，7月份装2000箱，8月份装2000箱。问题：我方能够收回货款吗？答案：Theexporteronlycanreceivethepaymentof2000casesoftea.AccordingtotherelevantstipulationsofUCP600,ifanyinstallmentisnotshippedwithintheperiodallowedforthatinstallment,thecreditceasestobeavailableforthatandanysubsequentinstallments,unlessotherwisestipulatedinthecredit.BecauseofnoshipmentinJune,theexportercan’treceivethepaymentofJuneandJuly.Practice1.150箱五金从大连运到埃及亚历山大，每箱体积20cm×30cm×40cm，毛重25公斤，运费计收标准W/M，货物等级10级，基本运费率每公吨388港元。燃油附加费30%，港口拥挤附加费10%，请计算运费。答案：TotalFreight=BasicFreight+AdditionalFeesThebasicfreight:150×25×388=HKD1455000Additionalfees:1455000×30%+1455000×10%=HKD582000Totalfreight:1455000+582000=HKD20370002.（1）ABC有限公司将15000公斤的绿豆从大连出口到苏丹，燃油附加费40%。（2）ABC有限公司将100箱工具从大连出口到马萨瓦，每箱体积0.45立方米，重量510公斤。燃油附加费40%，港口拥挤附加费10%。表4-1某船公司的货物分级表表4-2大连至东非某主要港口的运费率货名计算标准等级农机W/M8豆类W3零件M10五金及工具W/M10玩具M11等级单位运费（元）124322543264428010443根据所给信息，请计算班轮运费。答案:(1)TotalFreight=BasicFreight+AdditionalFeesTheBasicFreight=15000×264=CNY3960000TheAdditionalFees=3960000×40%=CNY1584000TotalFreight=3960000+1584000=CNY5544000(2)TotalFreight=BasicFreight+AdditionalFeesM=0.45cubicmetersW=0.51metrictonW>MTheBasicFreight=0.51×443=CNY225.93TheAdditionalFees=225.93×（40%+10%）=CNY112.97TotalFreight=(225.93+112.97)×100=CNY33890ReadingMaterial(1)Becauseitisarelativelylow-costwaytotransportgoods,anditcaneasilyhandlelargeshipments.(2)Forexample,railandtruckshipmentsdonotconstituteasignificantportionoftheexporttransactionsoftheUnitedStates,exceptperhapsforthosethatinvolvebuyersinCanada.Incontrast,thesetransportmodescarrylargeamountsofexportgoodsamongthecountriesofEurope.(3)Themethodoftransportationisusuallyselectedbytheimporter.Chapter55.1Discussion(1)and(3)goodslossesbeforetheshipfloatedoff.Questions1.ActualTotalLossmeansthattheinsuredcargoistotallyandirretrievablylostordamagedortotallyvaluelessonarrival.IncaseofActualTotalLoss,theinsuredcangetindemnityagainstthetotallossoftheinsuredvalueofcargo.WhileConstructiveTotalLossisestimatedthattheactualtotallossofcargoisinevitableorthecostofsalvageorrecoverycouldhaveexceededthevalueofthecargo.WhenConstructiveTotalLossoccurs,mostinsurancepoliciesprovideforthepaymentofatotallossuptotheinsuredamount.2.GeneralAveragereferstoacertainspecialsacrificeandextraexpenseintentionallyincurredforthegeneralinterestsoftheship-owner,theinsurer,andtheownersofthevariouscargoesaboardtheship.Thislossisbornebyallthepartiesconcernedmentionedaboveinproportion.WhileParticularAveragemeansthatapartiallosswhichissufferedbytheonewhosegoodsarepartlylostordamaged.Whenthereisaparticularaverageloss,otherinterestsinthevoyagedon’tcontributetothepartialrecoveryoftheonesufferingtheloss.Thecargoownerwhosegoodsaredamagedorlostshouldrefertohisinsurancecompany,ifhispolicycoversthespecifictypeoflosssuffered.3.Sueandlaborchargesaretheexpensesarisingfrommeasuresproperlytakenbytheinsuredorhisagentortheemployeeforminimizingoravoidinglossescausedbytheriskscoveredintheinsurancepolic