2022年考研考博-考博英语-湖南大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号96

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-湖南大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题

PresidentClinton’sdecisiononApr.8tosendChinesePremierZhuRongjipackingwithoutanagreementonChina’sentryintotheWorldTradeOrganizationseemedtobeamassivemiscalculation.ThePresidenttookadrubbingfrommuchofthepress,whichhadbreathlesslyreportedthatadealwasinthebag.TheCabinetandWhiteHousestillappeareddivided,andbusinessleaderswerecharacterizedasfuriousoverthelostopportunity.ZhuchargedthatClintonlacked‘thecourage”toreachanaccord.AndwhenClintonlatertelephonedtheangryZhutopledgearenewedeffortatnegotiations,thegesturewaswidelyportrayedasaflip-flop.

Infact,ClintonmadetherightdecisioninholdingoutforabetterWTOdeal.Alotmorehorsetradingisneededbeforeafinalagreementcanbereached.AndwithouttheAdministration’sgoalofa“bullet-proofagreement”thatbusinesslobbyistscanenthusiasticallyselltoaRepublicanCongress,thewholeprocesswillendupinpartisanacrimonythatcouldharmrelationswithChinaforyears.

THEHARDPART.Manybusinesslobbyists,whiledisappointedthatthedealwasnotclosed,agreethatbettertermscanstillbehad.AndTreasury,SecretaryRobertE.Rubin,NationalEconomicCouncilDirectorGeneB.Spelling,CommerceSecretaryWilliamM.Daley,andtoptradenegotiatorCharleneBarshefskyalladvisedClintonthatwhiletheChinesehadmadearemarkablenumberofconcessions,“we’renotthereyet，’’accordingtoseniorofficials.

NegotiatingwithZhuovertheremainingissuesmaybetheeasypart.AlthoughClintoncansignalU.S.approvalforChina’sentryintotheWTOhimself,heneedsCongresstograntBeijingpermanentmost-favored-nationstatusaspartofabroadtradeaccord.AndthetemptationformeddlingonCapitalHillmayproveover-whelming.ZhuhadbarelylandedbeforeSenateMajorityLeaderTrentLott(R-Miss)declaredhimselfskepticalthatChinadeservedentryintotheWTO.AndSenatorJesseA.Helms(R-NC)andErnestF.Hollings(D-S.C)promisedtointroduceabillrequiringcongressionalapprovalofanydeal.

Thehiddenmessagefromthesethreetextile-stateSoutherners:GetmoreprotectionfortheUS.clothingindustry.Hopingtosmooththeway,theAdministrationtried,butfailed,tobudgeZhuontextiles.Alsoleftinthelurch:WallStreet,Hollywood,andDetroit.ZhurefusedtoopenupmuchofthelucrativeChinesesecuritiesmarketandinsistedon"cultural"restrictionsonAmericanmoviesandmusic.HealsoblockedeffortstoallowU.S.automakerstoprovidefleetfinancing.

BIGJOB.Already,businesslobbyistsareblanketingCapitolHilltopresaleanyeventualagreement,butwhatthey'veheardsofarisn'tencouragingRepublicans,includingLott,saythat"thetimejustisn’tright”forthedeal.Translation:We'redeterminedtomakeitlookasifClintonhascapitulatedtotheChineseandisignoringhuman,religious,andlaborrightsviolations;thetheftofnuclear-weaponstechnology;andthesaleofmissilepartstoAmerica'senemies.Beijing'sfiercecriticswithintheDemocraticParty,suchasSenatorPaulD.WellstoneofMinnesotaandHouseMinorityleaderRichardA.GephardtofMissouri,won'thelp,either.

JusthowtoughthelobbyingjobonCapitolHillwillbebecomeclearonApr.20,whenRubinlectured19chiefexecutivesontheneedtodisciplinetheirRepublicanallies.WithbusinessandtheWhiteHousestilltradingchargesoverwhoisresponsibleforthedefeatoffast-tracktradenegotiatinglegislationin1997,workingtogetherwon'tbeeasy.AndRepublicans-withawink-saythatthey'lleventuallyembraceChina'sentryintotheWTOasafavortoCorporateAmenity.ThoughnotlongbeforetheytortureClinton.ButZhuisoutonalimb,andifCongressoverdoesthecriticism,hemaybeforcedbydomesticcriticstorenege.BusinessmustmakethismuchdeartobothitsGOPalliesandtheWhiteHouse:Thishistoricdealistooimportanttorisklosingtoanymorepartisansquabbling.

1.Themainideaofthispassageis（

）.

2.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat（

）.

3.Whatdoesthesentence"Alsoleftinthelurch:WallStreet,Hollywood,Detroit"convey?

4.WhoplaystheleadingpartinthedealinAmerica?

5.WhatwastheattitudeoftheRepublicanPartytowardChina'sentryintotheWTO?

A.ContradictoryB.AppreciativeC.Disapproving.D.Detestful.

问题1选项

A.TheContradictionbetweentheDemocraticPartyandtheRepublicanParty

B.OnChina’sentryintoWTO

C.Clintonwasright

D.BusinessLobbyistsControlCapitolHill

问题2选项

A.Americawillmakeconcessions

B.AmericawillholdoutforabetterWTO

C.ClintonhastherighttosignalU.S.approvalforChina’sentry

D.DemocraticpartyapproveChina’sentryintotheWTO

问题3选项

A.PremierZhurejectedtheirrequirements.

B.Thethreeplacesoverdidcriticism.

C.Theywantedmoreprotection.

D.Theyareintrouble.

问题4选项

A.WhiteHouse

B.Republicans

C.TheDemocraticParty

D.Businessmen.

问题5选项

A.Contradictory

B.Appreciative

C.Disapproving.

D.Detestful.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:A

第4题:D

第5题:A

【解析】1.主旨大意题。文章的主旨句为:ClintonmadetherightdecisioninholdingoutforabetterWTOdeal(克林顿故意拖延以谋取更多的利益的决定是正确的)。

2.推断题。题干问的是从文章中推断出什么。选项C:克林顿有签署批准中国入世之权。D：民主党赞成中国加入世贸，这两项都是事实,因此排除。选项B:美国会故意拖延以求取得更好的条件。根据文章推断这可能性小。推断选项A(美国将会作出让步)正确。

3.推断题。根据题干定位至第五段，题干句子后一句:ZhurefusedtoopenupmuchofthelucrativeChinesesecuritiesmarketandinsistedon"cultural"restrictionsonAmericanmoviesandmusic.HealsoblockedeffortstoallowU.S.automakerstoprovidefleetfinancing(朱镕基拒绝开放利润丰厚的中国证券市场，坚持对美国电影和音乐实行“文化”限制。他还阻止了美国汽车制造商提供车队融资)。因此A项(朱总理拒绝了他们的要求)正确。

4.细节题。通过文章内容推断商界在美国的交易中起主导作用。

5.态度方向。共和党一开始是反对的。第六段说时间不对。最后一段共和党一下子有所改变，他们最终将会接受中国加入世贸组织以表示对整体美国的好感。不管是商人院外活动集团的作用，还是明确指出重开谈判的重要性。这一历史事件太重要绝不能因党争而失去机会。共和党纵然心中不愿，也不得不接受现实。心情是矛盾的。由此得出选择A:矛盾。

2.翻译题

Themethodofscientificinvestigationisnothingbuttheexpressionofthenecessarymodeofworkingofthehumanmind:itissimplythemodebywhichallphenomenaarereasonedaboutandgivenpreciseandexactexplanations.Thedifferencebetweentheoperationsandmethodsofabakerweighingouthisgoodsincommonscales,andtheoperationsofachemistbymeansofhisbalanceisnotthatthescalesintheonecase,andthebalanceintheother,differintheprinciplesoftheirconstructionormannerofworking:butthatthelatterisamuchfinerapparatusandofcoursemuchmoreaccurateinitsmeasurementthantheformer.

Probablythereisnotoneherewhohasnotinthecourseofthedayhadoccasiontosetinmotionofacomplextrainofreasoning,oftheverysamekind,thoughdifferingindegree,asthatwhichascientificmangoesthroughintracingthecausesofnaturalphenomena.

【答案】科学研究的方法不过是人类思维活动的必要表达方式，也就是对一切现象进行思索并给以精确而严谨解释的表达方式。用普通天平称物品的面包师与用精密天平的化学家在操作与方法上存在差别，但这种差别并不是两者的天平在构造和工作原理上存在不同，而是说与前者相比，后者是一种更精密得多的装置，因而在计量上必然更准确得多。

在座的诸位中，大概不会有人一整天都没有机会进行一连串复杂的思考活动，这些思考活动与科学家在探索自然现象原因时所经历的思考活动，尽管复杂程度不同，但在类型上是完全一样的。

3.单选题

Thereisthefearthatbabiesmightbegeneticallyalteredtosuittheparents'wishes.

问题1选项

A.enhanced

B.revised

C.alternated

D.modified

【答案】D

【解析】动词辨析。句意:人们担心有些父母为了使小孩达到他们的期望而（

）其基因。

enhance:提高，加强，增进。revise修改，校订。alternate交替，轮流。modify修改，更改，改变。alter:改变，更改。

4.单选题

Thelanguageexpertsbelievethatthe（

）ageforlearningaforeignlanguageis6yearsold.

问题1选项

A.conceptual

B.considerate

C.optimal

D.component

【答案】C

【解析】形容词辨析。句意:语言专家相信学一门外语最佳的年龄是6岁。

conceptual概念上的。considerate体贴的；体谅的；考虑周到的optimal最佳的；最理想的。component组成的，构成。

5.单选题

Thereceptionwasattendedby（

）membersofthelocalcommunity.

问题1选项

A.excellent

B.conspicuous

C.prominent

D.noticeable

【答案】C

【解析】形容词辨析。句意:来参加招待会的都是当地的（

）人物。

Excellent优秀的;conspicuous显眼的;prominent重要的,著名的;noticeable显而易见的。故选C。

6.单选题

Islanguage,likefood,abasichumanneedwithoutwhichachildatacriticalperiodoflifecanbestarvedanddamaged?JudgingfromthedrasticexperimentofFrederickIIinthethirteenthcentury,itmaybe.Hopingtodiscoverwhatlanguageachildwouldspeakifheheardnomothertongue,hetoldthenursestokeepsilent.

Alltheinfantsdiedbeforethefirstyear.Butclearlytherewasmorethanlackoflanguagehere.Whatwasmissingwasgoodmothering.Withoutgoodmothering,inthefirstyearoflifeespecially,thecapacitytosurviveisseriouslyaffected.

TodaynosuchseverelackexistsasthatorderedbyFrederick.Nevertheless,somechildrenarestillbackwardinspeaking.Mostoftenthereasonforthisisthatthemotherisinsensitivetothesignalsoftheinfant,whosebrainisprogrammedtolearnlanguagerapidly.

Ifthesesensitiveperiodsareneglected,theidealtimeforacquiringskillspassesandtheymightneverbelearnedsoeasilyagain.Abirdlearnstosingandtoflyrapidlyattherighttime,buttheprocessisslowandhardoncethecriticalstagehaspassed.

Expertssuggestthatspeechstagesarereachedinafixedsequenceandataconstantage,buttherearecaseswherespeechhasstartedlateinachildwhoeventuallyturnsouttobeofhighIQ.Attwelveweeksababysmilesandmakesvowel-likesounds;attwelvemonthshecanspeaksimplewordsandunderstandsimplecommands;ateighteenmonthshehasavocabularyofthreetofiftywords.Atthreeheknowsabout1,000wordswhichhecanputintosentences,andatfourhislanguagediffersfromthatofhisparentsinstyleratherthangrammar.

Recentevidencesuggeststhataninfantisbomwiththecapacitytospeak.Whatisspecialaboutman'sbrain,comparedwiththatofthemonkey,ifthecomplexsystemwhichenablesachildtoconnectthesightandfeelof,say,atoy-bearwiththesoundpattern’’toy-bear”.Andevenmoreincredibleistheyoungbrain'sabilitytopickoutanorderinlanguagefromthemixtureofsoundaroundhim,toanalyze,tocombineandrecombinethepartsofalanguageinnewways.

Butspeechhastobeinduced,andthisdependsoninteractionbetweenthemotherandthechild,wherethemotherrecognizesthesignalsinthechild’sbabbling（呼呀学语）,graspingandsmiling,andrespondstothem.Insensitivityofthemothertothesesignalsdullstheinteractionbecausethechildgetsdiscouragedandsendsoutonlytheobvioussignals.Sensitivitytothechild’snon-verbalsignalsisessentialtothegrowthanddevelopmentoflanguage.

1.ThepurposeofFrederickII’sexperimentwas（

）.

2.Thereasonsomechildrenarebackwardinspeakingismostlikelythat（

）.

3.Whatisparticularlyremarkableaboutachildisthat（

）.

4.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassage?

5.Ifachildstartstospeaklaterthanothers,hewillinfuture（

）.

问题1选项

A.toprovethatchildrenarebomwiththeabilitytospeak

B.todiscoverwhatlanguageachildwouldspeakwithouthearinganyhumanspeech

C.tofindoutwhatrolecarefulnursingwouldplayinteachingachildtospeak

D.toprovethatachildcouldbedamagedwithoutlearningalanguage

问题2选项

A.theyareincapableoflearninglanguagerapidly

B.theyareexposedtotoomuchlanguageatonce

C.theirmothersrespondinadequatelytotheirattemptstospeak

D.theirmothersarenotintelligentenoughtohelpthem

问题3选项

A.heisbomwiththecapacitytospeak

B.hehasabrainmorecomplexthanananimal’s

C.hecanproducehisownsentences

D.heoweshisspeechabilitytogoodnursing

问题4选项

A.Thefacultyofspeechisinborninman.

B.Thechild’sbrainishighlyselective.

C.Mostchildrenlearntheirlanguageindefinitestages.

D.Alltheabove.

问题5选项

A.haveahighIQ

B.belessintelligent

C.beinsensitivetoverbalsignals

D.notnecessarilybebackward

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:C

第4题:D

第5题:D

【解析】1.细节题。该实验目的出现在第一段最后一句:Hopingtodiscoverwhat1anguageachildwouldspeakifheheardnomothertongue,hetoldthenursestokeepsilent(他希望能够发现孩子在没有听到任何母语的时候会说什么，并嘱咐护士们保持沉默)。因此B项(发现孩子在没有听到任何人类语言的情况下会说什么语言)正确。

2.细节题。根据题干关键词backwardinspeaking定位至第三段,后一句给出了原因:Mostoftenthereasonforthisisthatthemotherisinsensitivetothesignalsoftheinfant,whosebrainisprogrammedtolearnlanguagerapidly(最常见的原因是，母亲对婴儿的信号不敏感)。故选C项(母亲对他们试图说话的信号不敏感)。

3.细节题。倒数第二段指出:Andevenmoreincredibleistheyoungbrain'sabilitytopickoutanorderinlanguagefromthemixtureofsoundaroundhim,toanalyze,tocombineandrecombinethepartsofalanguageinnewways(更加令人难以置信的是，婴儿的大脑能够从他听到的周围各种声音中找到语言的顺序，并且对其进行分析，从而把这种语言以新的方式进行组合和重新组合),此句的incredible与题干中的remarkable对应,因此C项(他们能生成新的句子)正确。

4.推断题。第五段:Recentevidencesuggeststhataninfantisbomwiththecapacitytospeak(最近的证据表明婴儿具有说话能力),因此A项正确。由第五段的第二,三句可得出B项(孩子的大脑是高度选择性的)正确。第四段:Expertssuggestthatspeechstagesarereachedinafixedsequenceandataconstantage(专家认为，语言阶段是以固定的顺序和固定的年龄达到的)，因此C项(大多数儿童在特定阶段学习语言)正确。故选D。

5.细节题。第四段:buttherearecaseswherespeechhasstartedlateinachildwhoeventuallyturnsouttobeofhighIQ,说明一个孩子比别人开始说话晚也有可能在未来拥有高智商,故选D。

7.单选题

Itisnoticedthattherehadaperceptiblechangeinhisbehaviorlately.

问题1选项

A.pessimistic

B.perceivable

C.persistent

D.perpetual

【答案】B

【解析】形容词辨析。句意:值得注意的是，最近他的行为出现明显变化。

pessimistic:悲观的。perceivable:可感知的。persistent:执着的，坚持的。perpetual:永久的，不断的。perceptible:可察觉的，可感知的,看得出的。故B符合句意。

8.单选题

TWAwascriticizedfortryingtocoverupthetruthratherthanpromptlynotifyingvictims'families.

问题1选项

A.briefly

B.quickly

C.accurately

D.earnestly

【答案】B

【解析】副词辨析。句意:环球航空公司被诟病其试图掩盖真相而不是立马通知遇难者家属的行为。

briefly短暂地，简略地。quickly迅速地，很快地。accurately精确地，准确地。earnestly认真地，诚挚地。promptly迅速地。故选B。

9.写作题

Inthispart,youarerequiredtowriteapassageinatleast200wordsonthefollowingtopic.Youshoulduseanappropriatetitleforyourpassage.

Moreandmorestudentschoosetogoabroadforhighereducation.Doyouthinkthebenefitsoutweightheproblemsassociatedwithit?

【答案】GoAbroadforHigherEducation,ADouble-edgedSword10.单选题

Japanisgoingthroughacomplexnationalidentitycrisis.Thatmaybenobadthing,saysanewbookbyanAmericanacademicJapanologist.Theeconomyisstalled,butthesocietyisinmotion.Japanisadifficultcountrytoreportonandanalyzebecausethingsdonotchangeinbig,noticeableways;theychangeinanincrementalprocess,generallyofsmallstepsbutwhich,overtime,canadduptobigmovements.Andjustsuchabigmovementseemstobetakingplace.

Mr.Nathan,aprofessorofJapaneseculturalstudies,hasbeenobservingJapansincethe1960s.Whereasmostpeoplelookateconomicdataorthecomingsandgoingsofprimeministers,heismoreinterestedinschools,novels,comicbooks,andthemindsofyoungentrepreneursandmavericklocalpoliticians.Inparticular,hisfocusisonwhetherJapan’sfamouslycohesive,conformistsocietymaybefracturingunderthestrainofeconomicstagnation,andonhowsuchstrainshavebeenaffectingthecountry’ssenseofpurposeandofnationalidentity.

Fracturesarewhathelooksforandfracturesarewhathefinds.Onbalance,theyareneitherobviouslydangerousnorobviouslypositive,buttheyare,ashesays,signsofmotionwhichcould,intime,leadinunpredictabledirections.Themostworryingfractureshewritesaboutareintheschools,whereviolenceandtruancyhaverisenremarkably.OldJapanhandsshrugwearilyatsuchthings,forworriesaboutbullyinghavelongexistedbuthaveneverreallyseemedterriblyserious.Now,though,Mr.Nathan’snumbersdomakethesituationlookgrave.

Since1998,youthsagedbetween14and19havebeeninvolvedin50%ofallarrestsforfelonies,includingmurder.Truancyisalsointheup.Mr.Nathanassertsthatthetruenumberis350,000children,or5%ofthestudentpopulation.

Suchtrendsappeartobesymptomsoftworelatedphenomena:awidespreadfeelingofdisillusionment,alienation,uncertaintyorplainanger,whichhasspreadtochildrentoo;andagradualbreakdownofoldsystemsofdiscipline—partfamilial,partsocial,partlegal一whichappeartopreventschoolsandparentsfromdealingeffectivelywitherrantchildren.

Japanis,inshort,passingthroughanationalidentitycrisis.Thereareplentyofpositiveaspectstoittoo,however.Oneisaconsiderableincreaseinthenumberofactualorbuddingyoungentrepreneurs,atrendespeciallyvisibleinthewillingnessofhigh-flyerstoleavegood,safejobsinordertosetuptheirownfirms.Thenumbersremainmodest,butareneverthelesssurprisinglyhighgiventhestateoftheeconomyinrecentyears.Anotherisaneweagernessamongpopularwritersandmaverickpoliticianstotrytodefineandencourageanewnationalpride.

1.WhatcharacterizesthesocialchangesinJapanesesocietyisthat（

）.

2.Itisimpliedinthesecondparagraphthat（

）.

3.SchoolviolenceandtruancyinJapanseemtobe（

）.

4.ThereasonbehindschoolviolenceandtruancyinJapanseemstobethat（

）.

5.Whatisthebesttitleforthispassage?

问题1选项

A.theyareoftenaccompaniedbyanationalidentitycrisis

B.theyoftentakeplaceinmajorscalebutendupinsmalleffect

C.theyoftenhappenhumblywhileproducinghugeaccumulativeconsequences

D.theyoftentakeplacewithoutbeinganalyzedandreportedduetotheircomplexity

问题2选项

A.Japanisundergoingaseriouspoliticalinstability

B.astaticeconomymighthaveanegativeinfluenceonsociety

C.mostpeopleinJapanareunderseverementalstrain

D.manypeoplesufferfromafractureduetotheirjobpressure

问题3选项

A.tiringJapaneseparentsupforalongtime

B.notasseriousasmostJapanesehaveimagined

C.quicklyontheincreaseespeciallyinrecentyears

D.obviouslyendangeringthesafetyofJapanesestudents

问题4选项

A.schoolandparentsdonotwanttodealwitherrantchildreneffectively

B.economicstagnationhasreducedparents'timetocommunicatewiththeirchildren

C.youthsbullyinghasalreadybecomeapopularpracticeforstudentsandtheyfinditexciting

D.childrenareinfectedwithproblemintheadultworldandrulesarenotstrictenough

问题5选项

A.SolutionstoYouthsCrimesinJapan.

B.TheJapaneseNationalIdentityCrisis

C.SchoolViolenceandTruancyinJapan.

D.EconomicandSocialChangesinJapan.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:D

第5题:B

【解析】1.推断题。第一段：...Japanisadifficultcountrytoreportonandanalyzebecausethingsdonotchangeinbig,noticeableways(其实很难报道日本和分析日本，因为在日本，事情不是以大规模以及人们可以注意得到的方式发生变化的)。由此推测C项(通常不起眼地发生，但也会因累积而产生巨大的后果)正确。

2.推断题。第二段：Inparticular,hisfocusisonwhetherJapan’sfamously

cohesive,conformistsocietymaybefracturingunderthestrainofeconomicstagnation,andonhowsuchstrainshavebeenaffectingthecountry'ssenseofpurposeandofnationalidentity.他关注的重点在...日本社会是否在经济停滞的压力下产生裂痕，以及这种压力是怎样影响国家的宗旨和国家特征的。可知，Nathan要研究的就是日本经济停滞是否造成社会裂痕。故选B(停滞的经济可能对社会产生消极影响)。

3.细节题。根据题干关键词Schoolviolenceandtruancy定位至第三段:Themostworryingfractureshewritesaboutareintheschools,whereviolenceandtruancyhaverisenremarkably.OldJapanhandsshrugwearilyatsuchthings,forworriesaboutbullyinghavelongexistedbuthaveneverreallyseemedterriblyserious(他有写到最令人担忧的裂痕是在学校，那里的暴力和旷课现象会显著增加。日本家长对这些事情疲倦地耸耸肩，因为对欺凌的担心由来已久，但似乎并没有那么严重)。故A:使日本家长们疲惫很久了。为正确答案。

4.推断题。第五段:Suchtrendsappeartobesymptomsoftworelatedphenomena:awidespreadfeelingofdisillusionment,alienation,uncertaintyorplainanger,whichhasspreadtochildrentoo;andagradualbreakdownofoldsystemsofdiscipline(这种趋势似乎是两种相关现象的症状：一种普遍的幻灭感、疏离感、不确定感或明显的愤怒感，这种情绪也蔓延到了儿童身上；一种是旧的纪律体系逐渐瓦解),由此可知,D项(成人的问题影响了孩子，而且规则也不够严格)正确。

5.主旨大意题。全文主要是谈论日本经济停滞对社会造成的问题。但是作者认为日本国民认同危机是有利有弊。

11.翻译题

Theundeniablefactisthatclimateisglobalproblemthatrequiresaglobalsolution.Tobesure,industrializationintheNorthcontributedenormouslytoincreasedgreenhousegasconcentrations.Developedcountries,includingtheUnitedStates,musttakesignificantstepsimmediately.

Actingalone,however,developedcountriescannotstabilizeglobalgreenhousegasconcentrations.Fromascientificstandpoint,meaningfulparticipationbykeydevelopingcountriesisanecessity.Severallargedevelopingcountrieswillsoonbecometheworld'sleadingemitters.Developingcountriesalreadyproduce44%ofglobalfossilfuelemissions.

Inaddition,developingcountriesareresponsibleforadisproportionateshareofdeforestationandotherland—usepracticesthathaveraisedcarbonconcentrations.

Percapitaenergyintensityratiosinsome,notall,developingcountriescontinuetorisebriskly,despitetheexistenceofcleantechnologiesthatwerenotinventedwhendevelopedcountrieswereindustrialized.Intheimmediatefuture，80%ofnewelectricpowergenerationprojectswilloccurindevelopingcountries.Allofuswantthoseprojectstousethelatestcuttingedgetechnologies.

【答案】不容否认的事实是气候变化是一个全球问题，需要在全球范围内加以解决。毫无疑问，北半球的工业化对温室气体量的增多负有很大责任。包括美国在内的发达国家应该立即釆取措施。

不过，发达国家孤军奋战并不能抑制全球温室气体的增多。从科学角度来看，主要发展中国家的参与是必要的。几个最大的发展中国家很快就会成为世界上最大的排放国。发展中国家化石燃料排放量已经占到全球排放量的44%。不仅如此，发展中国家还要对过度砍伐森林和其他引起碳浓度增加的土地使用行为负责任。

尽管现在已经拥有了发达国家在工业化时还没有发明的清洁技术，一些发展中国家的人均能源消耗强度仍在持续快速增长。不远的将来，80%的新建发电项目会出现在发展中国家。我们所有人都希望这些项目将采用最新的尖端技术。

12.单选题

ByaboutA.D.500theMoundBuilder（筑堤人）culturewasdeclining,perhapsbecauseofattacksfromothertribesorperhapsbecauseofsevereclimaticchangesthatunderminedagriculture.Tothewestanotherculture,basedonintensiveagriculture,wasbeginningtoflourish.Itscenterwasbeneathpresent-daySt.Louis,anditradiatedouttoencompassmostoftheMississippiwatershed,fromWisconsintoLouisiansandfromOklahomatoTennessee.Thousandsofvillageswereincludedinitsorbit.ByaboutA.D.700thisMississippianculture,asisknowntoarchaeologists,begantosenditsinfluenceeastwardtotransformthelifeofmostofthelesstechnologicallyadvancedwoodlandtribes.LiketheMoundBuildersoftheOhioregion,thesetribes,probablyinfluencedbyMeso-Americanculturesthroughtradeandwarfare,builtgiganticmoundsasburialandceremonialplaces.Thelargestofthem,risinginfourterracestoaheightofonehundredfeet,hasarectangularbaseofnearlyfifteenacres,largerthanthatoftheGreatPyramidofEgypt.BuiltbetweenA.D.900and1100thishugeearthworkfacesthesiteofapalisaded（用栅围护）Indiancitywhichcontainedmorethanonehundredsmallartificialmoundsmarkingburialsites.Spreadamongthemwasavastsettlementcontainingsome30000peoplebycurrentestimations.ThefinelycraftedornamentsandtoolsrecoveredatCahokia,asthiscenterofMississippicultureiscalled,includeelaborateceramics（陶器）finelysculptedstonework,carefullyembossedandengravedcopperandmica（云母）sheets,andonefuneralblanketfashionedfrom12000shellbeads.TheyindicatethatCahokiawasatrueurbancenter,withclusteredhousing,markets,andspecialistsintoolmaking,hide-dressing,potting,jewelry-making,weaving,andsalt-making.

1.Whatisthemaintopicofthepassage?

2.Theparagraphprecedingthisonemostprobablydiscussed（

）.

3.InrelationtotheMississippianculture,theMoundBuilderculturewas

located（

）.

4.TheMississippiancultureinfluencedthecultureofthe（

）

5.Accordingtothepassage,themoundswereusedas（

）.

问题1选项

A.TheMississippianculture.

B.ThedeclineofMoundBuilderculture.

C.ThearchitectureofMeso-AmericanIndians.

D.Theeasternwoodlandstribes.

问题2选项

A.theMoundBuilderculture

B.warfareinAD500

C.thegeographyoftheMississippiarea

D.agricultureneartheMississippiRiver

问题3选项

A.inessentiallythesamearea

B.farthersouthalongthewatershed

C.totheeast

D.tothewest

问题4选项

A.easternwoodlandtribes

B.MoundBuilders

C.Meso-Americans

D.Egyptians

问题5选项

A.palacesfortheroyalfamilies

B.fortressesfordefense

C.centersforconductingtrade

D.placesforburyingthedead

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:A

第3题:C

第4题:A

第5题:D

【解析】1.主旨大意题。作者以时间为轴线介绍了密西西比文化。

2.推断题。第一句为:ByaboutA.D.500theMoundBuilder（筑堤人）culturewasdeclining,紧接着这种文化衰退的两个可能性的因素，进而又讲述了另一种文化的繁荣。因此推测上一段应该是关于'theMoundBuilderculture’。

3.细节题。文章介绍完‘筑堤人文化’之后接着说到‘Tothewestanotherculture/因此可以得知‘密西西比文化位于筑堤人文化的西边。

4.细节题。文章指出:begantosenditsinfluenceeastwardtotransformthelifeofmostofthelesstechnologicallyadvancedwoodlandtribes(密西西比文化开始向东影响大多数技术落后的林地部落的生活)。

5.细节题。文章指出:builtgiganticmoundsasburialandceremonialplaces(‘themounds'是用来做葬礼和祭祀的地方)。

13.单选题

Iamoneofthemanycitypeoplewhoarealwayssayingthatgiventhechoicewewouldprefertoliveinthecountryawayfromthedirtandnoiseofalargecity.Ihavemanagedtoconvincemyselfthatifitweren’tformyjobIwouldimmediatelyheadoutfortheopenspaceandgobacktonatureinsomesleepyvillageburiedinthecountry.Buthowrealisticisthedream?

Citiescanbefrighteningplaces.Themajorityofthepopulationsliveinmassivetowerblocks,noisy,dirtyandimpersonal.Thesenseofbelongingtoacommunitytendstodisappearwhenyoulivefifteenfloorsup.Allyoucanseefromyourwindowissky,orotherblocksofflats.Childrenbecomeaggressiveandnervous—coopedupathomeallday,withnowheretoplay;theirmothersfeelisolatedfromtherestoftheworld.Strangelyenough,whereasinthepasttheinhabitantsofonestreetallkneweachother,nowadayspeopleonthesamefloorintowerblocksdon’tevensayhellotoeachother.

Countrylife,ontheotherhand,differsfromthiskindofisolatedexistenceinthatasenseofcommunitygenerallybindstheinhabitantsofsmallvillagestogether.Peoplehavetheadvantageofknowingthatthereisalwayssomeonetoturntowhentheyneedhelp.Butcountrylifehasdisadvantagestoo.Whileitistruethatyoumaybeamongfriendsinavillage,itisalsotruethatyouarecutfromtheexcitingandimportanteventsthattakeplaceincities.There’slittlepossibilityofgoingtoanewshoworthelatestmovie.Shoppingbecomesamajorproblem,andforanythingslightlyoutoftheordinaryyouhavetogoonanexpeditiontothenearestlargetown.Thecity-dwellerwholeavesforthecountryisoftenoppressedbyasenseofunbearablestillnessandquiet.

What,then,istheanswer?Thecountryhastheadvantageofpeaceandquiet,butsuffersfromthedisadvantageofbeingcutoff;thecitybreedsafeelingofisolation,andconstantnoisebattersthesenses.Butoneofitsmainadvantagesisthatyouareatthecentrerofthings,andthatlifedoesn’tcometoanendathalfpastnineatnight.Somepeoplehavefound(orratherbought)acompromisebetweenthetwo:theyhaveexpressedtheirpreferenceforthe“quietlife”byleavingthesuburbsandmovingtovillageswithincommutingdistanceoflargecities.Theygenerallyha