2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国艺术研究院考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号69

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国艺术研究院考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题

TherighttopursuehappinessispromisedtoAmericansbytheUSConstitution,butnooneseemsquitesurewhichwayhappinessran.Itmaybeweareissuedahuntinglicensebutofferednogame.JonathanSwiftconceivedofhappinessas“thestateofbeingwell-deceived,”orofbeing“afoolamongidiots,”forSwiftsawsocietyasalandoffalsegoals.

Itis,ofcourse,un-Americantothinkintermsoffalsegoals.Wedo,however,seemtobededicatedtotheideaofbuyingourwaytohappiness.WeshallallhavemadeittoHeavenwhenwepossessenough.

AndatthesametimetheforcesofAmericanbusinessarehugelydedicatedtomakingusdeliberatelyunhappy.Advertisingisoneofourmajorindustries,andadvertisingexistsnottosatisfydesiresbuttocreatethem—andtocreatethemfasterthananyone'sbudgetcansatisfythem.Forthatmatter,ourwholeeconomyisbasedonaddictingustogreed.Weareeventolditisourpatrioticdutytosupportthenationaleconomybybuyingthings.

Lookatanyofthemagazinesthatcatertowomen.Thereadvertisingbeginsasartandslogansinthefrontpagesandendsaspillsandtherapyinthebackpages.Theartatthefrontillustratesthedreamofperfectbeauty.Thisisthebabyskinthatmustbehers.This,theperfumedbreathshemustbreatheout.This,thesixteen-year-oldfigureshemustdisplayatforty,atfifty,atsixty,andforever.ThisistheharnessintowhichMothermuststrapherselfinordertodisplaythatperfectfigure.Thisisthecreamthatrestoresskin,thesearethetabletsthatmeltawayfataroundthethighs,andthesearethepillsofperpetualyouth.

Obviouslynoreasonablepersoncanbecompletelypersuadedeitherbysuchartorbysuchpillsanddevices.Yetsomeoneisobviouslytryingtobuythisdreamandspendingbillionseveryyearintheattempt.Clearlythehappiness-marketisnotrunningoutofcustomers,butwhatisittheyaretryingtobuy?

Definingthemeaningof“happiness”isaperplexingproposition:thebestonecandoistotrytosetsomeextremestotheideaandthenworktowardsthemiddle.Tothinkofhappinessasachievingsuperiorityoverothers,livinginamansionmadeofmarble,havingawardrobewithhundredsofoutfits,willdotosetthegreedyextreme.

Fromthefirsttwoparagraphsofthepassagewemayinferthat（）.

In“advertisingexistsnottosatisfydesiresbuttocreatethem”(Line2,Para.3),“them”refersto（）.

Intheauthor’sview,buyingthingsisregardedas（）.

Itisimpliedbytheauthorthatthemagazinesare（）.

Thebesttitleforthepassagemaybe（）.

问题1选项

A.theUSConstitutiongivespeopletherighttopursuehappiness

B.Americanpeopleareatalossashowtogainhappiness

C.JonathanSwiftdidnotbelieveinhappinessitself

D.Americanpeopletendtobuytheirhappiness

问题2选项

A.people’sdesires

B.advertisements

C.varioussensesofhappiness

D.theforcesofAmericanbusiness

问题3选项

A.apatrioticduty

B.supportingthenationaleconomy

C.somethingaddictingustogreed

D.beingtakeninbyadvertising

问题4选项

A.sheerartandslogans

B.fulloflureanddeception

C.veryusefulforprofessionalwomen

D.useless,likecream,tabletsandpills

问题5选项

A.Thepursuitofhappiness

B.Therighttopursuehappiness

C.ThefalsegoalsofAmericanpeople

D.Themisguidingforceofadvertising

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:C

第4题:B

第5题:A

【解析】1.判断推理题。根据原文前两段的内容可知，美国宪法赋予美国人民追求幸福的权利，但似乎谁也说不清幸福跑到哪里去了。JonathanSwift提出了虚假目标的说法，但这种说法不是美国式思维。然而，我们（美国人）似乎执迷于花钱买幸福的理念。由此可知，选项D符合原文。

2.语义推断题。根据题干关键信息定位到第三段句意“广告的存在不是为了满足欲望，而是为了创造欲望。”由此可知，这里的“them”指代的是前半部分提到的“desire”。所以选项A正确。

3.细节事实题。根据第三段最后一句“Forthatmatter,ourwholeeconomyisbasedonaddictingustogreed.Weareeventolditisourpatrioticdutytosupportthenationaleconomybybuyingthings.这样一来，我们的整个经济就是建立在使我们沉迷于贪婪的基础上的。甚至有人告诉我们，通过购买东西来支持国家经济是我们的爱国义务。”由此可知，作者认为购物是使我们沉迷于贪婪的东西，所以选项C正确。

4.判断推理题。根据第四段的内容可知，作者提及，现在的杂志为了迎合女性的口味，开头的几页广告都是艺术和口号，到了结尾的几页就都变成了药丸和疗法。由此可知，作者认为杂志充满了诱惑和欺骗，选项B符合原文。

5.主旨大意题。结合原文内容可知，前两段作者提及美国人追寻不到幸福的方向，而且倾向于花钱买幸福；接着作者讲到了人们是如何花钱来购买幸福的案例；最后作者指出幸福很难定义，关键在于个人如何看待。由此可知，本文主要是围绕着追寻幸福这一话题展开，所以选项A正确。

2.单选题

Writingisaslowprocess,requiring（）thought,timeandeffort.

问题1选项

A.significant

B.considerable

C.great

D.numerous

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项significant“重大的，有意义的”；B选项considerable“相当大的，可观的”；C选项great“伟大的，极好的”；D选项numerous“很多的”。句意：写作是一个缓慢的过程，需要大量的思考、时间和努力。选项B符合语境。

3.单选题

Nopoemshouldeverbediscussedor“analyzed”,untilithasbeenreadaloudbysomeone,teacherorstudent.Betterstill,perhaps,isthepracticeofreadingittwice,onceatthebeginningofthediscussionandonceattheend,sothesoundofthepoemisthelastthingonehearsofit.

Alldiscussionsofpoetryare,infact,preparationsforreadingitaloud,andthereadingofthepoemis,finally,themosttelling“interpretation”ofit,suggestingtone,rhythm,andmeaningallatonce.Hearingapoetreadtheworkinhisorherownvoice,onrecordsoronfilms,isobviouslyaspecialreward.Buteventhoseaidstoteachingcannotreplacethestudentandteacherreadingitor,bestofall,recitingit.

Ihavecometothink,infact,thattimespentreadingapoemaloudismuchmoreimportantthan“analyzing”it,ifthereisn’ttimeforboth.IthinkoneofourgoalsasteachersofEnglishistohavestudentslovepoetry.Poetryis“acriticismoflife”,and“aheighteningoflife”.Itis“anapproachtothetruthoffeeling”,andit“cansaveyourlife”.Italsodeservesaplaceintheteachingoflanguageandliteraturemorecentralthanitpresentlyoccupies.

IamnotsayingthateveryEnglishteachermustteachpoetry.Thosewhodon’tlikeitshouldnotbeforcedtoputthatdislikeonanyoneelse.Butthosewhodoteachpoetrymustkeepinmindafewthingsaboutitsessentialnature,aboutitssoundaswellasitssense,andtheymustmakeroomintheclassroomforhearingpoetryaswellasthinkingaboutit.

1.Tohaveabetterunderstandingofapoem,oneshould（）.

2.Whichofthefollowingisnotmentionedasafunctionofpoetry?

3.Accordingtothewriter,oneofthepurposesofteachingEnglishistogetstudents（）.

4.Whatdoesthelastsentenceinthethirdparagraphimply?

5.Thephrase“makeroom”inthelastparagraphcouldbebestreplacedby（）.

问题1选项

A.discussitwithothers

B.analyzeitbyoneself

C.copyitdowninanotebook

D.practicereadingitaloud

问题2选项

A.Extendingyourlife

B.Savingyourlife

C.Criticizinglife

D.Heighteninglife

问题3选项

A.tounderstandlife

B.toenjoypoetry

C.tobecometeachers

D.tobecomepoets

问题4选项

A.Morestressshouldbelaidontheteachingofpoetry.

B.Poetryismoreimportantthananyothersubject.

C.Onecannotenjoylifefullywithoutanunderstandingofpoetry.

D.Poetryisthefoundationofalllanguageandliteraturecourses.

问题5选项

A.“buildabooth”

B.“provideequipment”

C.“leaveacertainamountoftime”

D.“setasideenoughspace”

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:B

第4题:A

第5题:C

【解析】1.细节事实题。根据原文第一段的第一句“Nopoemshouldeverbediscussedor‘analyzed’,untilithasbeenreadaloudbysomeone,teacherorstudent.任何诗歌都应该先由某人，老师或学生大声朗读，再来进行讨论或‘分析’。”所以选项D符合原文。

2.细节事实题。根据第三段的倒数第二句“Poetryis‘acriticismoflife’,and‘aheighteningoflife’.Itis‘anapproachtothetruthoffeeling’,andit‘cansaveyourlife’.诗歌是‘对生活的批评’，也是‘对生活的升华’。它是‘一种接近真实感受的方法’，它‘可以拯救你的生命’。”由此可知，只有选项A在原文没有提及。

3.细节事实题。根据第三段的第二句“IthinkoneofourgoalsasteachersofEnglishistohavestudentslovepoetry.我认为我们作为英语教师的目标之一就是让学生热爱诗歌。”由此可知，选项B符合原文。

4.语义推断题。原文第三段的最后一句提及“Italsodeservesaplaceintheteachingoflanguageandliteraturemorecentralthanitpresentlyoccupies.它（诗歌）也应该在语言和文学教学中占有比现在更重要的地位。”也就是说，应该要更加重视诗歌的教学，所以选项A符合原文。

5.词义推断题。根据关键词所在原文的句意“但那些教授诗歌的老师必须牢记诗歌的本质、诗歌的声音和诗歌的意义。他们必须在教室里留出时间让学生思考诗歌，同时也让学生听诗。”由此可推断，这里的“makeroom”指的是留出时间，所以选项C符合原文。

4.单选题

Thegirlchosesomeverypretty（）paperforthepresent.

问题1选项

A.covering

B.wrapping

C.packing

D.collecting

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项covering“覆盖物”；B选项wrapping“包装纸”；C选项packing“包装，填充物”；D选项collecting“聚集，收集”。句意：女孩为礼物挑选了一些非常漂亮的包装纸。选项B符合语境。

5.单选题

Heisanactorof（）whohasneverabandonedhisprinciplesforthesakeofhisownbenefits.

问题1选项

A.integrity

B.stability

C.scarcity

D.dignity

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项integrity“完整，正直，诚实”；B选项stability“稳定性，坚定”；C选项scarcity“不足，缺乏”；D选项dignity“尊严，高贵”。句意“他是一个正直的演员，从不为了自己的利益而放弃自己的原则。”选项A符合语境。

6.单选题

Presidentscomeandgo,butformorethanhalfacentury,thequeenhasalwaysbeenthequeen.SoitwasperhapsnosurprisethatWashingtonwentalittlegagaMonday,asQueenElizabethIIandherhusband,PrincePhilip,theDukeofEdinburgh,begananofficialtwo-dayvisittothecapital.

AcrosstheAtlantic,HelenMirren,whowonanAcademyAwardforherportrayalofElizabethin“TheQueen,”shockedtheBritishconscienceovertheweekendbyturningdownaninvitationtodineatBuckinghamPalace.ButontheothersideoftheAtlantic,thequeenwasmakingAmericansgoweakintheknees.

TheWhiteHousewasdecoratedtoperfectionforanexclusivewhite-tiedinneronMondayevening,withPresidentGeorgeW.Bushandthefirstlady,LauraBush,playinghosttotheroyalcoupleand130otherA-listguests.Butthemorningwasreservedforthemasses—or,atleast,themasseswiththekindofconnectionsthatwarrantaninvitationtotheformalarrivalceremonyontheSouthLawn.

Itwasadayforpompandcircumstance—amilitarycolorguard,afifeanddrumbandinwhitewigs,redjacketsandtri-corneredhats—punctuatedbyapresidentialslipofthetonguethatlightenedthemomentduringMr.Bush'swelcomingremarks.Mr.Bushremindedthe81-year-oldqueenthatshehadalreadydinedwith10Americanpresidents.

“Youhelpedournationcelebrateitsbicentennialin17—”hewenton,stoppingtocorrecthimselfbefore1776couldslipout.Thecrowderuptedinlaughter,andthepresidentandthequeenturnedtoeachotherforalong,silentgaze.Then,Mr.Bushturnedbacktothecrowdwithanexplanation.“Shegavemealook,”hesaid,“thatonlyamothercouldgiveachild.”

Mr.Bushhadbeentherecipientofsuchalookoncebeforeinthequeen’spresence—fromhisownmother,backin1991,whenthefirstPresidentandMrs.Bushplayedhosttotheirownstatedinnerforthequeen.Byseveraldifferentaccounts,includingMr.Bush’sown,BarbaraBushtoldthequeenthatshehadseatedhersonfarawayfromHerMajesty,forfearhemightmakeawisecrack.

Then,tohismother’shorror,hedid,tellingthequeenthathewashisfamily’sblacksheepandasking,“Who’syours?”Thequeen,apparentlynotamused,repliedtartly,“Noneofyourbusiness.”

IfthequeenwasnotamusedonMonday,shedidnotshowit.“I’msuresheaccepteditforwhatitwas—aslipofthetongue,”saidherpresssecretary,PennyRussell-Smith.

1.Itmaybeinferredfromthepassagethat（）.

2.HelenMirrenshockedtheBritishconsciencebecauseshe（）.

3.WhathappenedatMr.Bush’swelcomingremarks?

4.WemayinferfromthecontextthatthebicentennialofAmericannationcelebrationisheldin（）.

5.Wemayinferfromthecontextthat“blacksheep”(Line1,Para.7)probablymeans（）.

问题1选项

A.U.S.presidentsliketocomeandgo

B.thequeenhasalwaysbeeninpower

C.thequeenwasmuchesteemedbyU.S.people

D.QueenElizabethIIbegananofficialvisittothecapital

问题2选项

A.refusedtodineatBuckinghamPalacewiththeQueen

B.wonanAcademyAwardforherportrayalofElizabeth

C.sailedcrosstheAtlanticalone

D.HerMajestywasmakingAmericansgoweakintheknees

问题3选项

A.Hemadeaseriousmistake.

B.Hemadeaslipofthetongue.

C.HeplayedjokewiththeQueen.

D.Hemadealaughstalkhimself.

问题4选项

A.1776

B.1876

C.1976

D.1991

问题5选项

A.asheepofblackcolor

B.averystrangeperson

C.avaluablememberofthefamily

D.aworthlessmemberofarespectablegroup

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:B

第4题:C

第5题:D

【解析】1.细节事实题。根据第一自然段的内容可知，“美国总统一直是换了又换，而大半个世纪以来，英国女王还是英国女王。所以当伊丽莎白二世和她的丈夫菲利普亲王，也就是爱丁堡公爵，于周一开始对美国首都进行为期两天的正式访问时，华盛顿陷入一阵狂热也就不足为奇了。”由此可知，选项D与原文表述一致，所以正确。A选项中的like表述错误；B选项缺少条件“formorethanhalfacentury”；C选项中“esteem”在原文中没有体现。所以只有选项D正确。

2.细节事实题。根据关键词“HelenMirren”定位到第二段第一句“HelenMirren,whowonanAcademyAwardforherportrayalofElizabethin‘TheQueen,’shockedtheBritishconscienceovertheweekendbyturningdownaninvitationtodineatBuckinghamPalace.凭借在《女王》中扮演伊丽莎白一角而获得奥斯卡奖的HelenMirren上周末拒绝了邀请她去白金汉宫吃饭的邀请，这让英国人感到震惊。”由此可知，选项A符合原文。

3.细节事实题。根据原文第五段第一句“‘Youhelpedournationcelebrateitsbicentennialin17—’hewenton,stoppingtocorrecthimselfbefore1776couldslipout.‘在您的帮助下，我们国家庆祝二百周年纪念日，在17……’他继续说道，在1776年还没说出口之前停下来纠正自己。”以及最后一段的内容“‘I’msuresheaccepteditforwhatitwas—aslipofthetongue,’saidherpresssecretary,PennyRussell-Smith.她（女王）的新闻秘书PennyRussell-Smith说，我肯定她（女王）接受了这一事实，那只是一时口误。”由此可知，Mr.Bush在欢迎致辞的时候犯了口误，选项B符合原文。

4.判断推理题。1776是美国成立的时间，现在庆祝的是美国建国200周年，由此可以推断，时间应该是1976年，所以选项C正确。

5.词义推断题。布什总统小的时候跟女王说他是自己家里的“blacksheep”，意为“害群之马，无用的人”，选项D与之意思相近，所以正确。

7.单选题

Itishardtogetanyagreementontheprecisemeaningoftheterm‘socialclass’.Ineverydaylife,peopletendtohaveadifferentapproachtothosetheyconsidertheirequalsfromthatwhichtheyassumewithpeopletheyconsiderhigherorlowerthanthemselvesinthesocialscale.Thecriteriaweusetoplaceanewacquaintance,however,areacomplexmixtureoffactors.Dress,wayofspeaking,areaofresidenceinagivencityorprovince,educationandmannersallplayapart.

Intheeighteenth-centuryoneofthefirstmoderneconomists,AdamSmith,thoughtthatthe‘wholeannualproduceofthelandandlaborofeverycountry’providedrevenueto“threedifferentordersofpeople:Thosewholivebyrent,thosewholivebywages,thosewholivebyprofit’.Eachsuccessivestageoftheindustrialrevolution,however,madethesocialstructuremorecomplicated.

Manyintermediategroupsgrewupduringthenineteenth-centurybetweentheuppermiddleclassandtheworkingclass.Thereweresmall-scaleindustrialistsaswellaslargeones,smallshopkeepersandtradesmen,officialsandsalariedemployees,skilledandunskilledworkers,andprofessionalmensuchasdoctorsandteachers.Farmersandpeasantscontinuedinallcountriesasindependentgroups.

Duringthenineteenthandearlytwentiethcenturiesthepossessionofwealthinevitablyaffectedaperson'ssocialposition.Intelligentindustrialistswithinitiativemadefortunesbytheirwitswhichliftedthemintoaneconomicgroupfarhigherthantheirworking-classparents.Buttheylackedthesocialtrainingoftheupperclass,whodespisedthemasthe‘newrich’.

Theyoftensenttheirsonsanddaughterstospecialschoolstoacquiresocialtraining.Heretheirchildrenmixedwiththechildrenoftheupperclasseswereacceptedbythem,andveryoftenfoundmarriagepartnersfromamongthem.Inthesameway,athrifty,hard-workinglabourer,thoughnotcleverenoughhimself,mightsaveforhissonenoughtopayforanextendedsecondaryschooleducationinthehopethathewouldmoveintoa‘white-collar'occupation,carryingwithitahighersalaryandmoveupinthesocialscale.

Inthetwentiethcenturytheincreasedtaxationofhigherincomes,thegrowthofthesocialservices,andthewiderdevelopmentofeducationalopportunityhaveconsiderablyalteredthesocialoutlook.Theupperclassesnolongerarethesole,oreventhemainpossessorsofwealth,powerandeducation,thoughinheritedsocialpositionstillcarriesconsiderableprestige.

Manypeopletodayarehostiletowardsclassdistinctionsandprivilegesandhopetoachieveaclasslesssociety.Thetroubleisthatasoneinequalityisremoved,anothertendstotakeitsplace,andthebestthathasasfarbeenattemptedisasocietyinwhichdistinctionsareelasticandinwhicheverymemberhasfairopportunitiesformakingthebestofhisabilities.

1.Howdoweplacepeopleinsocietyinrelationtoourselves,accordingtothetext?

2.AdamSmith'ssocialmake-upwasinvalidatedby（）.

3.Whichclassdosmallshopkeepersandtradesmenbelongto?

4.WhichofthefollowingstatementsdoesNOTtrulydescribethenewrich?

5.Whathappenedtotheclassdifferencesinthetwentiethcentury?

问题1选项

A.Mainlybytheirwayofspeaking.

B.Accordingtotheplacewheretheywereborn.

C.Accordingtoacomplexmixtureoffactors.

D.Byregardingtheminferiortoourselves.

问题2选项

A.thegrowing-upofuppermiddleclass

B.thesuccessivestagesoftheindustrialrevolution

C.theinfluenceoftheworkingclass

D.theinheritanceofsocialpositions

问题3选项

A.workingclass

B.middleclass

C.upperclass

D.uppermiddleclass

问题4选项

A.Theysenttheirchildrentospecialschoolstoreceiveeducation.

B.Theywerelackofsocialtrainingofthearistocracy.

C.Theywereoftenmenofinitiativeandintelligence.

D.Theydidnotallowtheirchildrentomarrytheupperclass.

问题5选项

A.Theyhavebeenpartlysmoothedout.

B.Theyincreasedtaxationofhigherincomes.

C.Theyhavemadethesocialservicesgrow.

D.Theywidelyenhancedtheeducationdevelopment.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:B

第4题:D

第5题:A

【解析】1.细节事实题。根据第一段的倒数第二句“Thecriteriaweusetoplaceanewacquaintance,however,areacomplexmixtureoffactors.然而，我们用来评价一个新认识的人的标准是一个复杂的混合因素。”由此可知，选项C符合原文。

2.细节事实题。根据关键信息“AdamSmith”定位到原文第二段的内容。本段最后一句指出“Eachsuccessivestageoftheindustrialrevolution,however,madethesocialstructuremorecomplicated.然而，工业革命的每一个连续阶段都使社会结构更加复杂。”也就是说，会让AdamSmith提出的社会结构失效，所以选项B正确。

3.细节事实题。根据关键信息“smallshopkeepersandtradesmen”定位到原文第三段的内容“许多中间群体在19世纪成长起来，介于上层中产阶级和工人阶级之间。小型实业家，也有大型实业家，有小店主和商人……”由此可知，选项B正确。

4.判断推理题。根据关键信息“newrich”定位到原文第四段的内容。第四段最后一句提及“Intelligentindustrialistswithinitiativemadefortunesbytheirwitswhichliftedthemintoaneconomicgroupfarhigherthantheirworking-classparents.Buttheylackedthesocialtrainingoftheupperclass,whodespisedthemasthe‘newrich’.聪明的工业家凭借自己的智慧发了财，这使他们的经济地位远远高于他们的工薪阶层父母。但是他们缺乏上流社会的社会修养，而上流社会则视他们为‘新贵’”，由此可知，选项B和选项C均符合原文；第五段第一句提及“Theyoftensenttheirsonsanddaughterstospecialschoolstoacquiresocialtraining.他们经常把儿女送到特殊学校接受社会培训。”由此可知，选项A也符合原文；只有选项D与原文恰好是相反的情况，所以本题选D。

5.判断推理题。根据原文倒数第二段的内容“在20世纪，对高收入增加的税收，社会服务的增长，以及教育机会的广泛发展，极大地改变了社会的前景。上层阶级不再是唯一的，甚至不再是财富、权力和教育的主要拥有者，尽管继承下来的社会地位仍然具有相当大的威望。”由此可知，到20世纪等级差异已经部分消除，所以选项A正确。

8.单选题

Becausethemonkeysunderstudyarehabituatedtothepresenceofhumanbeings,theytypicallydisregardhumanobserversandgoabouttheirbusiness.

问题1选项

A.welcome

B.ignore

C.disrespect

D.avoid

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。句意：因为被研究的猴子已经习惯了人类的存在，它们通常不理会人类的观察，只顾自己的事。A选项welcome“欢迎”；B选项ignore“忽视，不理睬”；C选项disrespect“失礼，不敬”；D选项avoid“避免”。disregard意为“忽视，无视”，选项B与之意思相近，代入符合语境。

9.单选题

Inthewife’seyes,his（）totheirmarriagelifeisfarfromperfect.

问题1选项

A.requirement

B.commitment

C.participation

D.reflection

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项requirement“要求”；B选项commitment“承诺，保证”；C选项participation“参与，分享”；D选项reflection“反射，沉思”。句意：在妻子眼中，他对婚姻生活的承诺是远远不够的。选项B符合语境。

10.单选题

Theco-operativespiritthatispresentinsuchpack-huntersaswolvesislargelyabsentfromtheworldoftheprimate.Competitivenessanddominanceistheorderofthisday.

Competitioninthesocialhierarchyis,ofcourse,presentinbothgroups,butitislesstemperedbyco-operativeactioninthecaseofmonkeysandapes.Complicated,coordinatedmaneuversarealsounnecessary:sequencesoffeedingactiondonotneedtobestrungtogetherinsuchacomplexway.Theprimatecanlivemuchmorefromminutetominute,fromhandtomouth.

Becausetheprimate'sfoodsupplyisallarounditforthetaking,thereislittleneedtocovergreatdistances.Groupsofwildgorillas,thelargestofthelivingprimates,havebeencarefullystudiedandtheirmovementstraced,sothatwenowknowthattheytravelonaverageaboutathirdofamileaday.Sometimestheymoveonlyafewhundredfeet.Carnivores,bycontrast,mustfrequentlytravelmanymilesonasinglehuntingtrip.Insomeinstancestheyhavebeenknowntotraveloverfiftymilesonahuntingjourney,takingseveraldaysbeforereturningtotheirhomebase.Thisactofreturningtoafixedhomebaseistypicalofthecarnivores,butisfarlesscommonamongstthemonkeysandapes.True,agroupofprimateswillliveinareasonablyclearlydefinedhomerange,butatnightitwillprobablybeddownwhereverithappenstohaveendedupinitsday'smeanderings.Itwillgettoknowthegeneralregioninwhichitlivesbecauseitisalwayswanderingbackandforthacrossit,butiswilltendtousethewholeareainamuchmorehaphazardway.Also,theinteractionbetweenonetroopandthenextwillbelessdefensiveandlessaggressivethanisthecasewithcarnivores.Aterritoryis,bydefinition,adefendedarea,andprimatesarenottherefore,typically,territorialanimals.

Asmallpoint,butonethatisrelevanthere,isthatcarnivoreshavefleasbutprimatesdonot.Monkeysandapesareplaguedbyliceandcertainotherexternalparasites,but,contrarytopopularopinion,theyarecompletelyflealess,foroneverygoodreason.Tounderstandthis,itisnecessarytoexaminethelife-cycleoftheflea.Thisinsectlaysitseggs,notonthebodyofitshost,butamongstthedetritusofitsvictimssleepingquarters.Theeggstakethreedaystohatchintosmall,crawlingmaggots.Theselarvaedonotfeedonblood,butonthewastematterthathasaccumulatedinthedirtofthedenorlair.Aftertwoweekstheyspinacocoonandpupate.Theyremaininthisdormantconditionforapproximatelytwoweeksbeforeemergingasadults,readytohopontoasuitablehostbody.Soforatleastthefirstmonthofitslifeafleaiscutofffromitshostspecies.Itisclearfromthiswhyanomadicmammal,suchasamonkeyorape,isnottroubledbyfleas.Evenifafewstrayfleasdohappentohopontooneandmatesuccessfully,theireggswillbeleftbehindastheprimategroupmoveson,andwhenthepupaehatchtherewillbenohost‘athome'tocontinuetherelationship.

Thewritersaysofthesociallifeofmonkeysandapesthatthey（）.

1.Accordingtothewriter,gorillas（）.

2.Thewritersaysthatprimatesshowlittlehostility（）.

3.Monkeysandapesarenottroubledbyfleasbecause（）.

4.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheco-operativespiritpresentinsuchpack-huntersas5.wolvesislargelyabsentfromtheworldoftheprimatesbecause（）.

问题1选项

A.arenotallowedbytheirsocialcodetodominateotherindividualsbeforetheyhavecompetedwitheachother

B.competeduringtheday,butturntoaco-operativepatternwhendarknessfalls

C.havetobeonconstantwatchagainstotherspeciesthatmightdrivethemaway

D.liveinaverycompetitivesociety

问题2选项

A.prefertostayneartheirhome

B.movefromplacetoplacewithinalimitedarea

C.arefollowedwhentheytravelbyotheranimals

D.movearoundlookingforfoodaccordingtoafairlyregularpattern

问题3选项

A.towardssoldiersandotherhumanbeings

B.excepttowardsanimalssuchaslions,leopards,tigersorwildcats

C.unlesstheirownparticularareaisinvaded

D.towardsothergroupsofthesamespeciesofmonkeyorape

问题4选项

A.thefleas,whenfullydeveloped,arenotnormallywheretheprimatesare

B.theydonotmindthefleas

C.theharmfultypeoffleararelygetsontothem

D.thefleasrelationshipwiththemisimportantbiologically

问题5选项

A.wolvesaremoredefensiveandaggressivethanprimates

B.primatesaremorefriendlythanwolves

C.itisnotsodifficultforprimatestoobtainfoodasforwolves

D.primatesarenotterritorialanimals

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:D

第4题:A

第5题:C

【解析】1.判断推理题。根据第二段第一句“Competitioninthesocialhierarchyis,ofcourse,presentinbothgroups,butitislesstemperedbyco-operativeactioninthecaseofmonkeysandapes.当然，社会等级的竞争在两个群体中都存在，但在猴子和猿这两个群体当中，这种竞争较少因合作行为而缓和。”而且，在上一段的最后一句中也提及“Competitivenessanddominanceistheorderofthisday.竞争和统治才是现如今的规则”。由此可以推断出，它们都生活在一个竞争激烈的社会。所以选项D正确。

2.判断推理题。根据关键词“gorillas”定位到第三段。第三段首句提及“因为灵长类动物的食物来源在它们周围，所以它们几乎不需要走很远的路。”野生大猩猩是现存灵长类中最大的一种，而且下文还提及，灵长类动物会生活在一个相当明确的家庭范围内。由此可推断，大猩猩它们会在有限的区域内从一个地方移动到另一个地方，所以选项B符合原文。

3.细节事实题。根据第三段的倒数第二句“theinteractionbetweenonetroopandthenextwillbelessdefensiveandlessaggressivethanisthecasewithcarnivores.与食肉动物相比，一个群体和另一个群体之间的互动会降低防御性和攻击性。”也就说，灵长类动物对其他群体中的同类，如猴子或猿类，不会表现出很大的敌意，所以选项D符合原文。

4.判断推理题。原文最后一段提及，灵长类动物身上没有跳蚤是和跳蚤的生命周期相关。这种昆虫并不在寄主的身体上产卵，而是在寄主睡觉的地方的碎屑中产卵。至少在跳蚤生命的第一个月里，它是与宿主隔绝的。后面又以猴子进行了举例，即使有几只游离的跳蚤碰巧跳到其中一只猴子身上并成功交配，它们的卵也会留在这个灵长类动物群体的身后，当蛹孵化时，没有宿主在“家里”能够继续这种关系了。也就是说，当跳蚤发育完全后，通常已经不在灵长类动物所在的位置了，所以选项A符合原文。

5.判断推理题。根据原文第二段的内容“社会等级的竞争在两个群体中都存在，但在猴子和猿这两个群体当中，这种竞争较少因合作行为而缓和。复杂的、协调的动作也是不必要的：喂食动作的顺序不需要以如此复杂的方式串在一起。这种灵长类动物可以现挣现吃，满足目前对食物的需要。”由此可知，灵长类动物获得食物并不像狼那么困难，所以像狼这样的群体捕猎者身上所表现出的合作精神在灵长类世界中是很少见的。选项C正确。

11.单选题

Thepsychologistcitedseveralinstancesofinsubordinatebehavior.

问题1选项

A.neglected

B.worried

C.mentioned

D.reduced

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词辨析。根据句意：心理学家……几个不服从行为的例子。cite指的是引用，列举。A选项neglect“忽略，忽视”；B选项worry“担心”；C选项mention“提及，谈到”；D选项reduce“减少，缩小”。选项C代入后最符合语境。

12.单选题

Youwillgettothechurchmorequicklyifyoutakethis（）acrossthefields.

问题1选项

A.track

B.passage

C.method

D.journey

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项track“轨道，足迹，小道”；B选项passage“走廊，通道”；C选项method“方法”；D选项journey“旅行，行程”。句意：如果你沿着这条小路穿过田野，到教堂会快一些。选项A符合语境。

13.翻译题

一九七八年，我们党召开具有重大历史意义的十一届三中全会，开启了改革开放历史新时期。从那时以来，中国共产党人和中国人民以一往无前的进取精神和波澜壮阔的创新实践，谱写了中华民族自强不息、顽强奋进新的壮丽史诗，中国人民的面貌、社会主义中国的面貌、中国共产党的面貌发生了历史性变化。改革开放是党在新的时代条件下带领人民进行的新的伟大革命，目的就是要解放和发展社会生产力，实现国家现代化，让中国人民富裕起来，振兴伟大的中华民族。

【答案】In1978,ourPartyconvenedthethirdPlenarySessionofthe11thCentralCommitteeoftheCPCwithgreathistoricalsignificance,openinganewhistoricalperiodofreformandopeningup.Sincethen,theChineseCommunistsandtheChinesepeople,withtheirindomitablespiritofenterpriseandgreatinnovationandpractice,havewrittenanewepicofperseveranceandfortitudefortheChinesenation.HistoricchangeshavetakenplaceinthefaceoftheChinesepeople,socialistChinaandtheCommunistPartyofChina.ReformandopeningupisagreatnewrevolutionthatthePartyisleadingthepeopletocarryoutinthenewera.Itspurposeistoliberateanddeveloptheproductiveforces,modernizethecountry,enrichtheChinesepeopleandrevitalizethegreatChinesenation.

14.单选题

Theauthorofthebookhasshownhisremarkablykeen（）intohumannature.

问题1选项

A.intellect

B.insight

C.perception

D.understanding

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项intellect“智力，理解力”；B选项insight“洞察力，洞悉”；C选项perception“知觉，感觉”；D选项understanding“理解”。句意：这本书的作者对人性有非常敏锐的洞察力。选项B符合语境。

15.单选题

Theyarrivedatsomepoliticalagreementstha