2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国社会科学院考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号21

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国社会科学院考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题

Legally,thetermrefersto“anysubstance,with[A]intendeduse,whichresultsormayreasonablyexpectedtoresult—directlyorindirectly—[B]fromitsbecomingacomponentor[C]otherwiseaffectingthecharacteristicsofanyfood”.Thisdefinitionincludesanysubstanceusedintheproduction,processing,[D]treatment,packaging,transportationorstorageoffood.

问题1选项

A.intended

B.from

C.otherwiseaffecting

D.treatment

【答案】D

【解析】考查语义。D选项treatment“处理，待遇”与其前面的processing“加工”在词义上是重复的，应删除。

2.翻译题

TranslatethefollowingsentencesintogoodEnglish.

明末清初之际，中国与欧美国家之间开始了具有近代意义的文化交流，这就是西方近代科学知识的东渐和以儒学为中心的中国传统文化的西传。对中国来说，这是继印度佛教文化传入中国之后，中国文化又一次大规模地对外来文化的吸收时期。在明末清初的100多年间，伴随着西方传教士的到来，中西文化的相互传播与交流进入了一个新的历史时期。

西藏的发展进步符合人类社会的发展规律。由传统的农牧业经济到现代市场经济，由政教合一至政教分离，由专制到民主，由迷信到科学，由封闭到开放，是人类社会普遍的发展规律。西藏60多年的发展正是遵循了这个规律和总趋势。

当今世界正在发生广泛而深刻的变化。由于经济全球化与信息化的发展，科学技术迅猛进步，世界变成了“地球村”。各国相互联系，相互依存，利益交融达到了前所未有的程度，需要携手应对的问题越来越多，互利合作的愿望越来越强，从某种意义上讲，世界已是一种“利益共同体”。

【答案】1.ChinabegantohaverealculturalexchangeswithEuropeanandAmericancountriesinthelateMingDynastyandtheearlyQingDynasty,whichiswhatisoftencalledXiXueDongJianinChinese—theintroductionofmodernWesternscience,technologyandculturetoChina—andDongXueXiJianinChinese—theintroductionoftraditionalChineseculturecenteredonConfucianismtotheWest.ThisturnedouttobethesecondperiodforChinatoabsorbandassimilateforeignculturesonalargescalefollowingtheintroductionofIndia’sBuddhistculturetoChina.Inaspanof100yearsbetweenthelateMingDynastyandtheearlyQingDynasty,withthearrivalofWesternmissionaries,thespreadanddiffusionofChineseandWesternculturesbothentereduponanewphaseofhistory.

2.ThedevelopmentandprogressofTibetisinaccordwiththerulesforthedevelopmentofhumansociety.Fromtraditionalagricultureandanimalhusbandrytoamodernmarketeconomy,fromtheintegrationofpoliticalandreligiouspowerstotheirseparation,fromautocracytodemocracy,superstitiontoscience,andisolationtoopenness—thesearethegenericlawsforthedevelopmentofhumansociety.Overthepast60yearsofitsdevelopment,Tibethasunfailinglyfollowedtheserulesandthegeneraltrend.

3.Theworldtodayisundergoingextensiveandprofoundchanges.Ithasbecome“aglobalvillage”duetotheeconomicglobalization,developmentofinformation,andtherapidadvanceofscienceandtechnology.Countriesaremorecloselylinkedandinterdependentwiththeirinterestsmorecloselyintertwinedthaneverbefore.Therearemoreandmoreissuesthatneedjointresponse,andthereisagrowingdesireformutuallybeneficialcooperation.Tosomeextent,theworldhasbecomeacommunityofinterest.

3.单选题

Onemajorobstacle[A]toeconomicdevelopmentispopulationgrowth.[B]Thepopulationsofmostdevelopingcountriesgrowataratemuchfasterthan[C]thatofindustrializedcountries.Onereasonforthisgrowthisthehighcrudebirth-rate—thenumberof[D]livebirthsper1,000people.

问题1选项

A.to

B.Thepopulations

C.that

D.livebirths

【答案】C

【解析】考查代词用法。B选项与C选项中间有比较标志than说明两者之间有比较。C选项的that指代thepopulations，应与前面的复数形式保持一致，应把that改为those。

4.单选题

ThepartialtransferoflegislativepowersfromWestminster,implementedbyTonyBlair,wasdesignedtogivetheothermembersoftheclubabigger（

）andtocountercentrifugalforcesthatseemedtothreatentheveryideaoftheunion.

问题1选项

A.say

B.transmission

C.decay

D.contention

【答案】A

【解析】空格前是冠词+形容词比较级，可知本题考查名词辨析。A选项say“发言权”；B选项transmission“传递；播送”；C选项decay“衰退”；D选项contention“争论；论点”。句意：由托尼布莱尔执行的威斯敏斯特立法权的部分转让是为了赋予俱乐部其他成员更大的……，并且对抗那些威胁到欧盟观点的离心力。因此A选项符合题意。

5.单选题

Animportantconsequencearisesbecausethesocialsecurityprogramispurelypay-as-you-gofinanced,（

）mostpensionplans,atleastintheprivatesector,arefullyfunded.Thus,greatercontracting-outimpliesgreaterprefundingofpensioncommitments.

问题1选项

A.whereas

B.because

C.sothat

D.therefore

【答案】A

【解析】考查逻辑关系。空格前句意：社会保障项目是量入为出提供资金的。空格后句意：大多数养老计划是全额提供资金。两句间形成转折关系。四个选项中只有A选项whereas表示转折，因此A选项正确。

6.单选题

RossDouthatofferstheprovocativethesisthatmanyofthisnation’sbiggestblundersandtroublesaredueinlargeparttomeritocracyinwhichintelligentandtalentpeoplerisetopositionsofinfluence,forthatsuchpeoplearepronetoaformof（

）inwhichtheyoverestimatetheirabilitytounderstandandmanipulatetheworld.

问题1选项

A.hubris

B.charisma

C.ego

D.gregariousness

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项hubris“傲慢；狂妄自大”；B选项charisma“魅力；神授的能力”；C选项ego“自我”；D选项gregariousness“群集度；合群性”。空格部分句意：……因为这样的人容易……，使他们高估自己理解和操纵世界的能力。因此A选项符合题意。

7.单选题

Platosuggestedmemorywasanalogous[A]totheimpressionofmessagesonwax[B]writingtablets.ForPlato,writingonthetabletrepresentedlearningsomethingnew.Thetabletitselfwasthememorystore,andreadingthetabletslaterwasanalogousto[C]trytorecallthestoredinformation.Unfortunately,Plato’sanalogymissesanimportantcharacteristicofmemory,[D]namelythatitisselective.

问题1选项

A.to

B.writing

C.trytorecall

D.namely

【答案】C

【解析】考查非谓语动词用法。C选项前的beanalogousto“类似于……”，后面的to是介词，后面应接名词、动名词或者代词，应将try改为trying。

8.单选题

Inthe1960sand'70softhelastunlamentedcentury,therewasaNewYorktelevisionproducernamedDavidSusskind.Hewascommerciallysuccessful;hewasalso,surprisingly,amanofstrongpoliticalviewswhichheknewhowtopresentsotactfullythatnetworkswereoftenunawareofjustwhathewasgettingawaywithontheir—our—air.Politically,helikedtogetstrong-mindedgueststositwithhimataroundtableinarattybuildingatthecornerofBroadwayand42ndStreet.Soonerorlater,justabouteveryoneofinterestappearedonhisprogram.Needlesstosay,healsohadtimeforVivienLeightodiscussherrecentdivorcefromLaurenceOlivier,whichsummonedforththemysteriouscryfromtheformerScarlettO'Hara,“IamdeeplysorryforanywomanwhowasnotmarriedtoLarryOlivier.”Sincethistookinseveralbillionladies(nottomentionthosegentlemenwhomighthaveofferedtofill,asitwere,thebreach),Leighcausedaproperstir,asdidtheballerinaAliciaMarkova,whogentlyassuredusthat“aMarkovacomesonlyonceeveryhundredyearsorso.”

Isuspectitwasthedimlightingonthesetthatinvitedsuchnakedtruths.Davidwatchedhispennies.Idon'trecallhow,orwhen,webeganour“StatesoftheUnion”programs.Butwedidthemyearafteryear.Iwouldfollowwhoeverhappenedtobepresident,andI'dcorrecthis“real”StateoftheUnionwithoneofmyown,improvisingfromquestionsthatDavidwouldprepare.Iwasapoliticalpunditbecauseina1960racefortheHouseofRepresentatives(upstateNewYork),Igotmorevotesthantheheadoftheticket,JFK;in1962,IturneddowntheDemocraticnominationforU.S.Senateonthesensiblegroundthatitwasnotwinnable;Ialsohadaprettygoodmemoryinthosedays,nowa-janglewithwarningbellsasItrytorecallthenationaldebtor,morepoignantly,whereIlastsawmyglasses.

I'vejustcomeacrossmy“StateoftheUnion”asof1972.In1972,Ibegin:“Accordingtothepolls,oursecondprincipalconcerntodayisthebreakdownoflawandorder.”(What,Iwonder,wasthefirst?Let'shopeitwasthepointless,seven-year—atthatpoint—warinSoutheastAsia.)Inotedthattothosedie-hardconservatives,“lawandorder”isusuallyacodephrasemeaning“gettheblacks.”While,towhatanorexic,vacant-eyedblondewomenonTVnowdescribeasthe“liberalelite,”wewerepushingthecareful—thatis,slow—eliminationofpoverty.Butthen,Isayverymildly,wehaveonlyonepoliticalpartyintheUnitedStates,thePropertyParty,withtworightwings,RepublicanandDemocrat.SinceItendedtospeaktoconservativeaudiencesinsuchcivilizedplacesasMedford,Oregon;Parkersburg,WestVirginia;andLongview,Washington,thereare,predictably,afewgaspsatthisrejectionofsomuchreceivedopinion.Therearealsoquiteafewnodsfrominterestedcitizenswhofinditdifficultatelectiontimetotellthepartiesapart.WasitinpristineMedfordthatIactuallysawthenoddingRalphNaderwhomIwas,tohishorror,torunforpresidentthatyearinEsquire?Inspiredbythenods,Istarttogeldthelily,asthelateSamGoldwynusedtosay.TheRepublicansareoftenmoredoctrinairethantheDemocrats,whoarewillingtomakesmall—verysmall—adjustmentswherethepoorandblackareconcernedwhilegivingaidandcomforttotheanti-imperialists.

1.WemayunderstandAliciaMarkovatobe（

）.

2.Inthepassage,theauthorremindsthereaderthatthebroadcastbandsare

（

）.

3.Theauthornowfindsitdifficultto

（

）.

4.Theauthorobservesthatanti-crimeinitiativesbyAmerica'spoliticalrightofteneitherresultinorarebasedupon

（

）.

5.TheauthorwasinvitedtoparticipateinSuskind'stelevisionprogramsbecause（

）.

问题1选项

A.acurrentpopularfigureintheUnitedStates

B.amuchsought-afterinterviewsubject

C.apopular,ratherthanintellectual,interviewsubject

D.aRussiandefectortotheUnitedStates

问题2选项

A.invariablyusedforthepublicgood

B.private,ratherthanpublic,property

C.public,ratherthanprivate,property

D.fairandbalanced

问题3选项

A.runforSenate

B.differentiatebetweenaRepublicanandaDemocrat

C.rememberdetailsorinformation

D.identifycode-wordsinthemedia

问题4选项

A.thedesiretoeliminatepoverty

B.protectionofproperty

C.theStateoftheUnion

D.profiling.

问题5选项

A.ofhisvariedpoliticalexperience

B.heturneddowntheDemocraticnominationforU.S.Senate

C.hisknowledgeofLarryOlivier

D.hisstatusasananti-imperialist

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:B

第5题:A

【解析】第1题:1.推理判断题。由第一段中“Leighcausedaproperstir,asdidtheballerinaAliciaMarkova,whogentlyassuredusthat‘aMarkovacomesonlyonceeveryhundredyearsorso.’费雯•丽（英国电影演员）引起了一场特有的轰动，正如芭蕾舞女演员艾丽西亚•玛克娃温和地向我们保证‘一个玛克娃每一百年左右才出现一次’所带来的轰动一样。”和文中提及“大卫•萨斯坎德（DavidSusskind）是纽约的一位电视节目制作人”可推知“艾丽西亚•玛克娃是一位受欢迎而不理智的采访对象”，C选项正确。

第2题:2.推理判断题。由第一段中“…sotactfullythatnetworkswereoftenunawareofjustwhathewasgettingawaywithontheir-our-air…如此巧妙地，以至于广播电视网经常不知晓他(即大卫•萨斯坎德)在他们自己的电台上侥幸逃脱了什么。”可知B选项“私有的而不是公有的财产”正确。

第3题:3.细节事实题。由第二段中“IturneddowntheDemocraticnominationforU.S.senateonthesensiblegroundthatitwasnotwinnable…我基于明智的理由（即进入参议院是不可成功的）而拒绝了美国参议员民主党提名”可知A选项“竞选参议院席位”正确。

第4题:4.推理判断题。由第三段中“Butthen,Isayverymildly,wehaveonlyonepoliticalpartyintheUnitedStates,thePropertyParty,withtworightwings,RepublicanandDemocrat.然而，我非常温和地说，我们在美国只有一个政党，即产权党，它有着民主党和共和党两个权力党派。”可知B选项“保护产权”正确。

第5题:5.细节事实题。由第三段中“Iwasapoliticalpundit…我是一位政治专家”可知A项“他的各种政治经验”正确。

9.单选题

oncerningspeculation,philosophylooksuponthingsfromthebroadestpossibleperspective;forcriticism,ithasthetwofoldroleofquestioningandjudgingeverythingthatpertainseithertothefoundationsortothesuperstructureofhumanthinking.

问题1选项

A.inebriates

B.forsakes

C.relates

D.emaciates

【答案】C

【解析】Pertain作为后半句的定语从句中的谓语动词，后面有to与之相搭配。选项中常与to搭配的只有relate。A选项inebriate“灌醉，使陶醉”；B选项forsake“放弃，断念”；C选项relate“有联系，涉及”；D选项emaciate“使消瘦”。从句意上来说，也只有C选项relate相符合。

10.单选题

Inductivereasoninginvolvesmakingusefulgeneralizationabouttheenvironment[A]asawhole,basedonanecessarilylimitednumberofobservations.[B]Asso,itisanimportanttoolthatpeople[C]usetobuildthemodelsofrealitytheyneedtofunctioneffectively.[D]Whileconclusionscanbewrongifobservationsarefaultyoraredrawnfromanunrepresentativesample,ifproperlyused,itcanbeincrediblypowerful.

问题1选项

A.asawhole

B.Asso

C.useto

D.While

【答案】B

【解析】考查逻辑关系。B选项错误，在前后逻辑中，没有asso这一说法，去掉as保留so，形成因果关系。

11.单选题

AsGermansocialtheoristHabermas’LegitimationCrisisexplained,onceaprocessgovernedinformallyisregulatedbythestate,itthrowsintoquestionallotherinformalprocessesconnectedwiththeoriginalprocess.Regulationsbegetregulations.

问题1选项

A.bringabout

B.resultfrom

C.endupin

D.takeover

【答案】A

【解析】句意：正如德国社会理论家Habermas的《合法化危机》所解释的那样，一旦一个非正式治理的过程受到国家的监管，它就会对所有其他与原始过程相关的非正式过程提出质疑。规则……规则。由“国家对一项监管”引向“对其他项的质疑”，说明后者是由前者引起的。A选项bringabout“引起；导致”；B选项resultfrom“起因于；由于”；C选项endupin“结束”；D选项takeover“接管；接收”。因此A选项符合题意。

12.单选题

Theleadersofthemythopoeticmen'smovementbelievethatmodernizationhasledtothefeminizationofmen.Mythopoetsbelievethattheriseoftheurbanindustrialsociety"trappedmenintostraitjacketsofrationality,thusbluntingthepowerfulemotionalcommunionandcollectivespiritualtranscendencethattheybelievemenintribalsocietiestypicallyenjoyed".Mostimportantly,themovementseekstorestorethe"deepmasculine"tomenwhohavelostitintheirmoremodernlifestyles.Othercausesforthelossofthe"deepmasculine"include:Mennolongerbeingcomradeswhocelebratedtheirmasculinitytogether.Rather,theyhadbecomecompetitorswithintheirworkplaces;Menspendingmoretimeintheirhouseswithwomenthantheydidwithmen(innon-competitivetermsoutsideofwork).Excessiveinteractionwithwomengenerallykeptmenfromrealizingtheirinternalmasculinity;Feminismisbringingattentiontothe“femininevoice.”Throughthis,themythopoeticmenfeltthattheirvoiceshadbeenmuted(thoughBlyandothersarecarefulinnotblamingfeminismforthis);Theseparationofmenfromtheirfatherskeptthemfrombeingtrulyinitiatedintomanhood,andwasasourceofemotionaldamage.Menweresufferingfurtheremotionaldamageduetofeministaccusationsaboutsexism.Menshouldcelebratetheirdifferencesfromwomen,ratherthanfeelingguiltyaboutthem.Menisbeingdiscouragedfromexpressingtheiremotions.Maleinexpressivityisanepidemicanddoesnotcorrespondtotheir"deepmasculine"natures.Groupsofprimarilywhite,middle-aged,heterosexualmenfromtheprofessionalclassretreatedfromtheirfemalelovedonesinordertojoininspiritualritualsthatemphasizedhomosociality,withthecentralgoalofreclaimingthepartsoftheirmasculinitythattheyhadlostcalledthe"deepmasculine."Becausemostmennolongerperformmasculinerituals,mythopoetsassertthatmenhavemutatedintodestructive,hypermasculinechauvinists,or,intheoppositedirection,havebecometoofeminized.Themythopoeticmenperformedritualsatthesegatherings,whichweremeanttoimitatethoseperformedbytribalsocietieswhenmeninitiatedboysintoadeeplyessentialnaturalmanhood.Themovementemphasizedtheimportanceofincludingmultiplegenerationsofmenintherituals,sothatthemencouldlearnaboutmasculinityfromthosewhowereolderandwiser.Characteristicoftheearlymythopoeticmovementwasatendencytoretellmyths,legendsandfolktales,andengageintheirexegesisasatoolforpersonalinsight.UsingfrequentreferencestoarchetypesasdrawnfromJungiananalyticalpsychology,themovementfocusedonissuesofgenderrole,genderidentityandwellnessforthemodernman(andwoman).Advocateswouldoftenengageinstorytellingwithmusic,theseactsbeingseenasamodernextensiontoaformof"newageshamanism"popularizedbyMichaelHarneratapproximatelythesametime.Themovementsoughttoempowermenbymeansofequatingarchetypalcharacterswiththeirownemotionsandabilities.Forinstance,MichaelMessnerdescribestheconceptof"Zeusenergy"asemphasizing"maleauthorityacceptedforthegoodofthecommunity".Beliefsabouttheemotionalsystembasedinarchetypesofgreatmen,mythopoetssoughttochannelthesecharactersinthemselves,sothattheycouldunleashtheir"animal-males".ThisgroupprimarilyanalyzedthearchetypesofKing,Warrior,Magician,LoverandWildman.

Asaself-helpmovementthemythopoeticmovementtendsnottotakeexplicitstancesonpoliticalissuessuchasfeminism,gayrightsorfamilylaw(suchastheissuesofdivorce,domesticviolenceorchildcustody),preferringinsteadtostayfocusedonemotionalandpsychologicalwell-being.Becauseofthisneutrality,themovementbecameasiteofsocialcriticismbyfeminists,andwasoftencharacterizedasanti-intellectualaswellasapolitical.MichaelMessneroncegaveaspeechatagathering,inwhichheaddressedthedangersofcelebratingthewarrior,asinstancesofrapearehigherincountriesthatglorifywar.Themythopoetsrespondedthattheywerenotinterestedinintellectualorpoliticalpursuits,butwereprimarilyconcernedwithconductingspiritualandemotionalwork.Additionalfeministcritiquerevolvedaroundthemovement'sabsenceofwomen'sperspectives,aswellastheessentialisminthemovement'steachings.

1.Themythopoeticmen'smovementcanbestbeunderstoodas（

）.

2.Themythopoeticmen'smovementconsistsofgroupsofmenwhoretreatedfromtheirfemalelovedonesinordertostrivefor

（

）.

3.Theideathatmodernizationhasledtothefeminizationofmenmeansthat

（

）.

4.Therootissueis

（

）.

5.Accordingtothetext,thecausesforrapemustbesoughtin（

）.

问题1选项

A.amen'sliterarymovement

B.amen'sliberationmovement

C.amen'srightsmovement

D.asecond-wavefeministmovement

问题2选项

A.gayrights

B.same-sexmarriage

C.masculinity

D.myths,legendsandfolktales

问题3选项

A.mencannotbethemselves

B.mencannolongermakefriends

C.men’svoicehavechanged

D.mencannotexpressthemselves

问题4选项

A.feminism

B.masculinity

C.sex

D.gender

问题5选项

A.thecelebrationofthearchetypeofthewarrior

B.theunleashingofmen's“animal-males”

C.domesticviolence

D.thelossofmasculinerituals

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:C

第3题:D

第4题:A

第5题:A

【解析】第1题:1.判断推理题。题干问的是：男权的神话运动可以被看作是?第一段指出：themovementseekstorestorethe“deepmasculine”tomenwhohavelostitintheirmoremodernlifestyles（这一运动旨在恢复那些在现代生活方式中丧失了“真男儿气概”的男人），以及Feminismisbringingattentiontothe“femininevoice.”Throughthis,themythopoeticmenfeltthattheirvoiceshadbeenmuted(thoughBlyandothersarecarefulinnotblamingfeminismforthis)（女权主义引起了人们对“女性声音”的关注，也因为此，男权的神话运动中的男人感到他们的声音被压制了（尽管布莱和其他人都很小心地不把这归咎于女权主义），以及Themovementsoughttoempowermenbymeansofequatingarchetypalcharacterswiththeirownemotionsandabilities（该运动试图通过将原型人物与他们自己的情感和能力匹配起来以赋予男性力量）。由此可以看出男权的神话运动呼吁男子气概，男性力量和男性权利。故选C项“男子权利运动”。

第2题:2.根据题干定位至第一段：Groupsofprimarilywhite,middle-aged,heterosexualmenfromtheprofessionalclassretreatedfromtheirfemalelovedonesinordertojoininspiritualritualsthatemphasizedhomosociality,withthecentralgoalofreclaimingthepartsoftheirmasculinitythattheyhadlostcalledthe“deepmasculine.”（活动组成员主要是白人、中年男性和异性恋男性，他们暂离了爱人，为了参加强调同性交际，目标是恢复他们失去的，被叫作“真男儿气概”的男子气概的活动仪式。），因此C项“男子气概”正确。

第3题:3.语义题。题干所在句的后面句子指出：Feminismisbringingattentiontothe“femininevoice.”Throughthis,themythopoeticmenfeltthattheirvoiceshadbeenmuted(thoughBlyandothersarecarefulinnotblamingfeminismforthis)（女权主义引起了人们对“女性声音”的关注，也因为此，男权的神话运动中的男人感到他们的声音被压制了（尽管布莱和其他人都很小心地不把这归咎于女权主义）。而且文章说男权的神话运动目的是恢复男子气概，倡导“男权”。因此男权的神话运动倡导者说：“现代化导致了男人的女性化”意思是“男性没有发言权了”，因此D项正确。

第4题:4.判断推理题。文章多次提到女权主义对男性女性化的影响。由此推断最根本的问题在于女权主义。故选A。

第5题:5.根据题干关键词定位至第二段：MichaelMessneroncegaveaspeechatagathering,inwhichheaddressedthedangersofcelebratingthewarrior,asinstancesofrapearehigherincountriesthatglorifywar（迈克尔梅斯纳曾在一次集会上发表演讲，他在会上谈到了为战士庆祝的危险，因为在那些宣扬战争的国家，强奸的发生频率更高）。由此可见强奸的发生归因于为战争英雄庆祝。故选A。

13.单选题

AlthoughKantarguedthatlyingwas“theobliterationofone’sdignityasahumanbeing”andheldthattheruleagainstlyingwasabsolute,（

）nowadaysthatthemoralrulenottoliehastobequalifiedbycircumstance.

问题1选项

A.littlewoulddisagree

B.fewwoulddisagree

C.littlewouldagree

D.fewwouldagree

【答案】B

【解析】考查虚拟语气。状语从句的主语是康德，可知主句应为表示“人”的代词，因此可排除不能指代人的little，即A和C选项。句意：康德认为说谎是“人的尊严的丧失”，认为反对说谎的规则是绝对的，但很少有人否认诚实这一道德准则不得不受制于环境。此处用双重否定表示肯定。因此B选项符合题意。

14.单选题

Mycenaestrandsonahillskirtedbytwodeepravines.Thesiteisanaturalstrongpoint,dominatingtheplainofArgos.Itwasfirstoccupiedabout3000B.C.,andanewsettlementwasmadeabout2000B.C.,whichisgenerallybelievedtobethetimewhenGreekspeakersarrivedinGreece.Thereisclearevidenceforasuddenincreaseintheimportanceandprosperityofthissettlementabout1600B.C.,twogravecircleshavebeenfound,oneinsidethelaterwallsandcontainingsixshaftgraves,excavatedbySchliemanninthe1870’s,theotherratherearlierindate,outsidethewalls,discoveredin1950.Thesegravescontainedamassofgoldandotherpreciousobjectsofgreatbeauty,includingimportfromMinoanCreteandEgypt.

ThepowerandwealthofMycenaeincreasedrapidly.TherewassoonauniformcultureinmainlandGreece,stretchingfromThessalyinthenorthtothesouthofthePeloponnesus,withpalacesatThebes,Athens,Mycenae,Tiryns,andPylosandprobablyatothersitesnotyetdiscovered.Althoughthepalacesweretheadministrativecentersofseparatekingdoms,itseemlikelythatMycenaewastheleading,ifnotthedominated,kingdom.From1500B.C.,thekingsofMycenaewereburiedinmassivestonetombsoutsidethewalls,ofwhichthelargest,theso-calledTreasuryofAtreus,isamagnificentarchitecturalachievement.About1450B.C.theAchaeans,astheGreeksoftheMycenaeanperiodwerecalled,invadedCreteanddestroyedalltheMinoanpalacesexceptKnossos,whichtheyoccupied.SucceedingtoandmadesettlementsontheislandsandinAsiaMinor.ThezenithofMycenaeanpowerandprosperitywasintheearlythirteenthcentury;inthisperiodwerebuiltthewalls,someofwhichstillstand,andtheliongate.Byabout1250B.C.,whenthedefenseswererenewedandimproved,thereisevidenceofdestructionoutsidethewalls.Tradedeclined;aperiodofupheavalanddeteriorationhadbegun.TheTrojanWaristhoughttohaveoccurredaboutthistime.ThetraditionaldateforthefallofTroyis1184B.C.,buttheAmericanarchaeologistBlegen,whomadethemostcompleterecentexcavationsandfoundclearevidenceofaprolongedsiege,datethedestructionofTroytoabout1240BC.ItlooksasthoughtheTrojanexpeditionwasthelastunitedeffortoftheAchaeans.

Mycenaewassubjectedtothreesuccessiveattacksinthefollowingyears.Inthefirst,thehousesoutsidethewallsweredestroyed;inthesecond,thecitadelwassacked;inthethird,itwasfinallydestroyedandnotreoccupied.Theothermainlandpalaceswereallsackedaround1200B.C.,presumablybybandsofinvadingDorian.

1.WhenisitbelievedthatthefirstGreekspeakersfirstoccupiedMycenae,andhowlongdidittakebeforetherewasclearevidenceofprosperity?

2.Whomadethemostcompleteexcavationsofthesite,andwhatdidhe/theyfind?

3.WhoweretheAchaeans,andwhatdidtheydointhelasthalfofthe14thcenturyBC.?

4.Accordingtothepassage,didtheMycenaeansengageininternationaltrade?Ifyes,withwhom?

5.Accordingtothepassage,werethepeopleinmainlandGreeceunited,andifso,wherewastheseatofpowerlocated?

问题1选项

A.3000B.C.and500years

B.2000B.C.and400years

C.1184B.C.and300years

D.1240B.C.and600years

问题2选项

A.Schleimann,andhefoundsixgraveshaftscontaininggold.

B.Blegen,andhefoundevidenceofaprolongedsiege.

C.Americanarchaeologists,andtheyfoundthattheheightofMycenaeanpowerandprosperitywereintheearlythirteenthcenturyB.C.

D.AteamofGermanarchaeologists,andtheyfoundthatthekingsofMycenaewereburiedinmassivestonetombsoutsidethecitywalls.

问题3选项

A.TheywereDoriansthatinvadedMycenaeandsackedmostofthemainlandpalacesbutnotKnossos.

B.TheyweretheinhabitantsofTroy,andtheywithstoodalongsiegeintheircity,accordingtotheworkofanAmericanarchaeologist.

C.TheyweresettlersinAsiaMinor,andtheyexpandedintotheseatrade.

D.TheywereGreeksintheMycenaeanPeriod,andtheyinvadedCrete,destroyingallthepalacesthereexceptKnossos,whichtheyinhabited.

问题4选项

A.No,theMycenaeansweremainlyengagesintheconquestofstateswithinthePeloponnesusandsurroundingislands.

B.Yes,theywere.TherewasevidenceofinternationaltradesinceamonggravegoodstherewerefoundimportsfrombothCreteandNorthAfrica.

C.No,althoughtherewasagreatdealofgoldfoundintheshaftgravesatMycenaeinthe1870’sandlaterinthe1950’s,therewasnoevidencethatinternationaltradehadoccurred.

D.BothAandC.

问题5选项

A.No,theyweren’t.Greecewasacollectionofkingdomwithvariousadministrativecenters,butitwouldappearthatMycenaewasadominateandperhapsaleadingkingdom.

B.Yes,theywereunitedunderMycenae.

C.Yes,althoughtherewereanumberofadministrativecentersofseparatekingdoms,MycenaewastheleaderinmainlandGreece.

D.BothBandC.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:B

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:C

【解析】第1题:1.事实细节题。文章第一段提到“andanewsettlementwasmadeabout2000B.C.,whichisgenerallybelievedtobethetimewhenGreekspeakersarrivedinGreece.Thereisclearevidenceforasuddenincreaseintheimportanceandprosperityofthissettlementabout1600B.C.”，讲希腊语的希腊人在公元前2000年来到希腊，在公元前1600年，这一个新辟地兴旺繁荣起来。因此B选项符合时间描述。

第2题:2.事实细节题。文章第二段提到“…buttheAmericanarchaeologistBlegen,whomadethemostcompleterecentexcavationsandfoundclearevidenceofaprolongedsiege…”，可知是Blegen完成了最完整的、最近的一次考古挖掘，挖掘了长时间围攻的证据。因此B选项符合题意。

第3题:3.事实细节题。根据关键词定位到文章第二段“About1450B.C.theAchaens,astheGreeksoftheMycenaeanperiodwerecalled,invadedCreteanddestroyedalltheMinoanpalacesexceptKnossos,whichtheyoccupied”，Achaens就是迈锡尼时代的希腊人，他们在公元前14世纪入侵了克里特岛，毁坏了米诺斯供电，除了他们已经占领的克诺索斯。因此D选项符合题意。

第4题:4.判断推理题。文章虽没有直接提及贸易往来，但在第一段最后一句说到“Thesegravescontainedamassofgoldandotherpreciousobjectsofgreatbeauty,includingimportfromMinoanCreteandEgypt”可知，墓葬中有大量来自克里特岛和埃及的进口物品。因此可推测迈锡尼人与克里特岛和埃及有贸易往来，B选项符合题意。

第5题:5.判断推理题。第二段中提到“TherewassoonauniformcultureinmainlandGreece,stretchingfromThessalyinthenorthtothesouthofthePeloponnesus,withpalacesatThebes,Athens,Mycenae,Tiryns,andPylosandprobablyatothersitesnotyetdiscovered.Althoughthepalacesweretheadministrativecentersofseparatekingdoms,itseemlikelythatMycenaewastheleading,ifnotthedominated,kingdom.”，可知希腊大陆当时很快形成了统一的文化，且是由各个独立的王国组成。迈锡尼可能是当时居于首位的王国。C选项符合题意。

15.翻译题

TranslatethefollowingsentencesintogoodEnglish.

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2.中国是医疗卫生领域国际合作的倡导者、推动者和践行者，始终致力于实现国际人口与发展大会行动纲领，全面落实联合国2030年可持