2022年考研考博-考博英语-中共中央党校考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号14

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-中共中央党校考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题

Hehasawonderfulbrain,despotic,violent,andinexhaustible,meantforasoldier,bywhatchanceconvertedtoletters,（）thereisnotastylenoratintnotknowntohim,yetwithanEnglishappetiteforactionandheroes.

问题1选项

A.X

B.inwhich

C.fromwhich

D.forwhich

【答案】B

【解析】语法题。根据句子结构，可知考查非限定性定语从句。非限定性定语从句中关系词不能省，选项A可排除。又因为先行词为letters，固定短语inletters“在信件中”，选项B符合题意。

2.单选题

Theeconomiccrisismustpromptaprofoundreflectionamongthesummitparticipants,sincethose（）voicehasleastforceinthepoliticalscenearepreciselythose（）suffermostfromtheharmfuleffectsofacrisisforwhichtheydonotbearresponsibility.

问题1选项

A.X...X

B.whose...who

C.which...who

D.which...X

【答案】B

【解析】语法题。根据题意，第一个空为定语从句关系代词，those为先行词，指“那些人”，定语从句的主语应该为“那些人的声音”，缺定语，所以选用关系代词whose在定语从句中充当定语。第二个空先行词为those，所以先行词为人，而且定语从句缺主语，选用关系代词“who”，选项B符合题意。

3.单选题

Asrecentlyaslatelastyear,（）reportscirculatingamongUSandotherinternationalofficialscitednumerousGreeksecurityflawsduringcounter-terrorismexercisesconductedlastAugust.

问题1选项

A.conspicuous

B.confidential

C.complimentary

D.confident

【答案】B

【解析】形容词词义辨析。conspicuous“显著的”；confidential“秘密的，机密的”；complimentary“称赞的，赠送的”；confident“自信的，确信的”。句意：在去年年底，在美国和其他国家官员传播的机密报告引用了希腊在去年8月份的反恐演习中出现了许多安全漏洞。选项B符合题意。

4.单选题

Aroundtheworld,rumblesofcomplaintaboutglobalizationaregrowinglouder.InEastAsia,thefinancialcrisisof1997leftajaundicedsenseofwhatglobalizationentails,thoughrobusteconomicrecoveryhastemperedthat.Globalization’sstandinghasalsobeenbadlydamagedinLatinAmericabythemeltdownoftheArgentineeconomyin2000andfinancialcrisesinBrazilin1999and2001.NewfearsaboutglobalizationaresurfacinginEuropetoo.InFranceandGermany,workingpeoplelinkglobalizationwithpressurestodismantlethesocialdemocraticstate.

Thesedevelopmentshaveraisedconcernsaboutthedurabilityofglobalizationevenamongitssupporters.InthefinalsectionofhisnewbookGlobalCapitalism:ItsFailandRiseinthe20thCentury，theHarvardprofessorJeffryFrieden—whoisinfavorofglobalization—ruminatesonthepossibilitythattoday’sglobalization,likethatofthe19thcentury,mightfalter.

Itcanbehighlyinstructivetolookbackatwhatsomehistorianscall“thefirstglobalization”.Whenpeopledoso,however,theyoftentendtoidentifyitsendasthebeginningofWorldWarIin1914.Thisiswrong,andleadstomisunderstandingsabouttoday’sglobalization.

ThefirstglobalizationendedwiththeWallStreetcrashof1929andtheensuingGreatDepression.Theworld'sresponsetothecrash,however,wasprofoundlyaffectedbythepoliticalconditionsthatWorldWarIhadcreated.IntheUnitedStates,BritainandFrance,thewarcreatedpoliticalandsocialconditionsthatfosteredaturntosocialdemocracy.InGermany,theonerouseconomicburdensofthe1919TreatyofVersaillesfosteredaturntoNazism.

Thishistoryhasenormoussignificanceforunderstandingtoday'spredicament.Thefirstlessonisthattheeconomiccrisisof1929—notpolitics—broughtdownthefirstglobalization,suggestingthataneconomiccrisis,andnotpolitics,willbringdowntoday’sglobalization.

Thesecondlessonisthatwhilepoliticaldevelopmentsbefore1929didnotcausethecrash,theymatteredenormouslyfortheinternationalresponse.AfterWorldWarI,governmentssubstantiallyrecreatedtheprewareconomicsystem,butthereconstructedsystemdistributedprosperityextremelyunevenly.IntheUnitedStates,wealthandincomeinequalitygrewduringthe"RoaringTwenties".InBritain,theindustrialmidlandsandthenorthsufferedfrompersistentstagnationbecauseofanovervaluedexchangerate.AndprosperitysimplybypassedGermany.

Additionally,therewasapopularturntoisolationisminresponsetothecarnagewroughtbythewar.Theglobaleconomicsystemwasthereforeunpopular,andconsequentlyithadfewdefenderswhenthecrashcame.Thatlessonholdsforthecurrentglobalization,whichisalsounpopularandfeared.

Afterthefirstglobalizationcrashedbecauseofinherentfinancialfragility,theensuingNewDealeracreatedasystemthatremediedthatfragility.TheNewDealeraalsocreatedasocialdemocratic,mass-consumptioneconomyinwhichincomewasmorebroadlysharedbecauseofunionization,minimumwagesandsocialsecurityprovisions.Butsuchaneconomyisexpensiveforindividualcapitalists,givingthemincentivetoevadeitscosts.Thathasbeenadrivingforcebehindglobalizationsince1980,andthatisthecontradictionintoday’ssystem.

1.ThefinancialcriesinBrazilarementionedinthefirstparagraphto（）.

2.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaboutJeffryFrieden?

3.Whydoestheauthoradvocatelookingbackatthefirstglobalization?

4.Whichofthefollowingisthelessonlearntfromthehistoryofthefirstglobalization?

5.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat（）.

问题1选项

A.showthetrendofglobalizationinrecentyears

B.analyzethecausesoffinancialcrisesintheworld

C.illustratehowtoresolvefinancialcrisesintheworld

D.showpeople’snegativeattitudestowardglobalization

问题2选项

A.HeisaprofessorinHarvardUniversity.

B.Hemightbelievethatthedisadvantagesofglobalizationoutweighitsadvantages.

C.HeistheauthorofthebookGlobalCapitalism:ItsFallandRiseinthe20thCentury

D.Hethinksthattoday'sglobalizationmightprobablycrash.

问题3选项

A.Becauseitcanmakeusidentifytheendofthefirstglobalizationcorrectlyandavoidmisunderstanding.

B.BecauseitcanhelpusfindoutthecausesoftheWallStreetcrashof1929.

C.BecauseitcanmakeusunderstandwhythewarfosteredaturntosocialdemocracyinBritain,whileaturntoNazisminGermany.

D.Becauseitcanhelpusunderstandthecurrentglobalizationandgetsomeinstructiveexperience.

问题4选项

A.Itistheeconomiccrisisorinherentfinancialfragilitythatmaycontributetothecrashofglobalization.

B.InBritain,wealthandincomeinequalitygrewduringthe“RoaringTwenties”，whichmatteredforglobalization.

C.AfterWorldWarI,thereconstructedsystemdistributedprosperityextremelyunevenly,whichwasadrivingforcebehindthefirstglobalization.

D.Thefirstglobalizationcrashedbecauseofinherentfinancialfragilityandthefollowingsocialdemocratic,mass-consumptioneconomy.

问题5选项

A.theNewDealcontributedtothecrashofthefirstglobalizationtosomeextent.

B.unionization,minimumwagesandsocialsecurityprovisionscanrelievewealthandincomeinequalitytosomeextent.

C.individualcapitalistswereoptimisticaboutasocialdemocratic,mass-consumptioneconomy

D.since1980,therehasbeenacontroversialtrendaboutglobalization

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:D

第4题:A

第5题:B

【解析】1.推断题。根据文章第一段，“Globalization’sstandinghasalsobeenbadlydamagedinLatinAmericabythemeltdownoftheArgentineeconomyin2000andfinancialcrisesinBrazilin1999and2001.”，可知2000年阿根廷经济的崩溃、1999和2001年巴西的经融危机严重损害了全球化在拉丁美洲的地位。可推断出人们对全球化存在消极的态度。选项D符合题意。

2.细节理解题。根据文章第二段第二句，“InthefinalsectionofhisnewbookGlobalCapitalism:ItsFailandRiseinthe20thCentury,theHarvardprofessorJeffryFrieden—whoisinfavorofglobalization—ruminatesonthepossibilitythattoday'sglobalization,likethatofthe19thcentury,mightfalter.”，从这一段对JeffryFrieden的介绍中可知，他是哈佛大学的教授，选项A可排除。他确实是GlobalCapitalism:ItsFailandRiseinthe20thCentury这一书的作者，选项C可排除。他是支持全球化的，他反复思考了今天的全球化像19世纪全球化那样不景气的可能性，所以他认为今天的全球化也可能会面临崩溃，选项D可排除。所以选项B符合题意。

3.细节理解题。根据文章第三段，“Itcanbehighlyinstructivetolookbackatwhatsomehistorianscall“thefirstglobalization.”，可知，让人们回顾第一次全球化是很有意义的。根据文章第五段，“Thishistoryhasenormoussignificanceforunderstandingtoday'spredicament.”，可知这些历史对于度过今天的困境也有很大的意义。所以回顾第一个全球化有助于我们理解今天的全球化形式并且获得一些有益的经验。选项D符合题意。

4.推断题。根据文章第五段，“Thefirstlessonisthattheeconomiccrisisof1929—notpolitics—broughtdownthefirstglobalization,suggestingthataneconomiccrisis,andnotpolitics,willbringdowntoday’sglobalization.”，可知第一次全球化表明是经济而不是政治击败今天的全球化。根据文章最后一段第一句，“Afterthefirstglobalizationcrashedbecauseofinherentfinancialfragility,theensuingNewDealeracreatedasystemthatremediedthatfragility.”，可知全球化崩溃的原因是金融的脆弱性。综上可推断出经济危机或内在的金融脆弱性可能会导致全球化的崩溃。选项A符合题意。

5.推断题。根据文章最后一段第二句，“TheNewDealeraalsocreatedasocialdemocratic,mass-consumptioneconomyinwhichincomewasmorebroadlysharedbecauseofunionization,minimumwagesandsocialsecurityprovisions.”可知新政时期创造了一个社会民主的大众消费经济，因为公会化、最低工资和社会保障，使得收入分配平均一些。可推断出工会化、最低工资和社会保障规定可以在一定程度上缓解财富和收入不平等。选项B符合题意。

5.单选题

Whensuchturbulenceoccursintheattractorfieldsofconsciousness,itcreatesanemotionalupsetthatcontinuesuntilanewlevelof（）isestablished.

问题1选项

A.equilateral

B.equilibrium

C.equivocation

D.equivalence

【答案】B

【解析】名词词义辨析和语法。根据空格前的介词of，可知其后填入名词作宾语，选项A可排除。equilibrium“均衡”；equivocation“模棱两可的话”；equivalence“相等”。句意：当这样的动荡发生在意识的引力场时，会造成情绪上的不安，一直会持续直到新的平衡建立起来。选项B符合题意。

6.单选题

Thisemphasisonan"English"traditionhascomeundercontinuousattackduringthelasttwentyyearsorso;duringtheirundergraduatetrainingmanyyoungteachersofEnglishwillhavediscussedtheassumptionsthatunderliesuchconcernforourcultural（）.

问题1选项

A.inhabitants

B.heritage

C.inheritors

D.hereditary

【答案】B

【解析】名词词义辨析。inhabitant“居民”，heritage“遗产；传统；继承权”，inheritor“继承人；后继者”，hereditary“遗传类”。句意：在他们的本科培训中，许多年轻的英语老师将讨论这些假设，这些假设是我们对文化传统关心的基础。选项B符合题意。

7.单选题

TradersareshuttingdownoperationsinIvoryCoast,inaccordancewithcallsbythecountry’sinternationallyrecognizedpresident-electtoputpressureonGbagbo,the（）whohasrefusedtostepdown.

问题1选项

A.inception

B.incursion

C.insurgency

D.incumbent

【答案】D

【解析】名词词义辨析。inception“起初，获得学位”；incursion“入侵，侵犯”；insurgency

“暴动”；incumbent“在职者，现任者”。句意：贸易商正在关闭象牙海岸的业务为了符合国家要求，进行国际认证的总统选举，给巴博施加压力，巴博是拒绝退位下台的现任者。选项D符合题意。

8.单选题

Forsomeleadersintheteapartymovement,theongoingskirmishoverwhetherpresidentialcontenderMittRomneyshouldspeakataTeaPartyExpressrallyinNewHampshireonMondayis（）butan（）quarrel.

问题1选项

A.anythinginternecine

B.somethinginteresting

C.anythingintermediary

D.somethinginteragency

【答案】A

【解析】固定搭配和形容词词义辨析。根据固定搭配“anythingbut”，选项B和D可排除。

internecine“两败俱伤的”；interagency“跨部门的”。句意：关于总统候选人MittRomney周一是否应该在新罕布什尔州的茶党集会上发表讲话的争论，绝对不是一场两败俱伤的争吵。选项A符合题意。

9.单选题

TheSupremeCourtruledlastweekthatagroupofemployeessuingforagediscriminationshouldgettheirdayincourteventhoughtheyfiledtheircomplaintonthewrongform.Thedecisionisnoteworthybecauseitsuggeststhatthiscourtcouldbepullingbackfromwhathasoftenseemedlikeaknee-jerkinclinationtoruleforcorporationsoverworkersandcustomers.

Groupofcouriersovertheageof40suedFederalExpress,claimingittriedtopushoutolderworkers.TheissuewaswhethertheysubmittedapropercomplainttotheEqualEmploymentOpportunityCommissionwithinthelegaltimelimit.FedExclaimedthecouriersfiledthewrongform,butthecourtruled,7to2,thatanintakequestionnaireandasignedaffidavit—whichtheE.E.O.C.consideredavalidcomplaint—metits"permissivestandard"forwhatwasacceptable.

Itissurprisingandwelcometoseethecourtapplyanysortofpermissivestandard,consideringhowitruledinasimilarcasejustlastyear.Throughatorturedandillogicalreadingofthelaw,thecourtruled,5to4,thataGoodyearemployeemissedthedeadlineforfilingacomplaintthatshewaspaidlessthanmalecolleagues.

Thatwasoneofaseriesofrulingsinrecentyearsthatstretchedthelawtocomeoutagainstlittle-guyparties.Inoneegregiousdecisionlastyear,thecourtignoreditsprecedentstoholdthataninmatelosttherighttochallengehismurderconvictionbecausehemissedadeadline—eventhoughhehadfiledtheappealbythedaythefederaldistrictjudge(mistakenly)toldhimto.

TheFedExrulingcouldbeanaberration,oritcouldmarkanewdirection.ThejusticesmayhavebeenchastenedbytheenormouscriticismoftheGoodyearrulingfromCongressandthepublic.(TheHousehaspassedabillreversingit,andtheSenatemaysoonfollow.)Theymayalsobereacting—asthecourthasbeenknowntodo—toshiftingpoliticalwinds.Votersinthiselectionyeardonotappeartofavortheblinddeferencetocorporatepowerthathasbeenathemeofthelastsevenyears.

Itwouldbeamistaketoreadtoomuchintoonedecision.Thereiscertainlyevidencethecourtwillnoteasilyshakeitsunduesolicitudefortheproblemsofcorporations.Oneexamplecamelastweek,inExxon'schallengetoa$2.5billionpunitivedamagesawardagainstitarisingoutoftheExxonValdezoilspill.

ChiefJusticeJohnRoberts,whooncepracticedcorporatelaw,asked,"Sowhatcanacorporationdotoprotectitselfagainstpunitivedamagesawardssuchasthis?"Thecourthasbeenonacampaigntostrikedownlargeawardsofpunitivedamagesagainstcorporations,butthelawyerfortheoilspill'svictims,ProfessorJeffreyFisherofStanfordLawSchool,hadtheanswer:"Itcanhirefitandcompetentpeople."

1.Whatcouldbeinferredfromthefirstparagraphofthispassage?

2.Inthesecondparagraph,theauthorusestheexampleofFedExcouriers'caseto（）.

3.Theword"egregious"inthefourthparagraphmostprobablymeans（）.

4.Fromthelasttwoparagraphs,wecandrawtheconclusionthat（）.

5.Theauthor'sattitudetowardsthecourt'sverdictintheFedExcaseseemstobe（）

问题1选项

A.TheSupremeCourtseemedlikelytosupporttheemployees.

B.Courtsseemedlikelytoruleforcompaniesoverworkersandconsumers.

C.Agroupofemployeesfailedontheiraccusationbecausetheyfiledtheircomplaintonthewrongform.

D.AgroupofworkersgottheirholidaysfromtheverdictoftheSupremeCourt.

问题2选项

A.showitissurprisingthatthecourtappliedanysortofpermissivestandard

B.expressthatthepublicwelcometheapplicationofanysortofpermissivestandardbythecourt.

C.showthatFedExtriedtopushoutoldworkers

D.indicatethatthecourthaschangedsomeconventions

问题3选项

A.extremelybad

B.verysimilar

C.extravagant

D.quitenoticeable

问题4选项

A.thecourthasbeenonacampaigntoprotectthecorporations

B.thecourthasbeenonacampaigntoverdictforworkersandconsumers

C.thecourtwillnoteasilygiveupitssolicitudefortheproblemsofthecompanies

D.thecourtwillstillverdictforthecompaniesregardlessoftheFedExcase

问题5选项

A.cautiouslyoptimistic

B.suspicious

C.dissatisfied

D.indifferent

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:A

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:B

【解析】1.推断题。根据文章第一段，“…thiscourtcouldbepullingbackfromwhathasoftenseemedlikeaknee-jerkinclinationtoruleforcorporationsoverworkersandcustomers.”，可知最高法院可能会撤回一种下意识的倾向，转而为企业而非员工和客户做出裁决。可推断出法院似乎会支持员工。选项A符合题意。

2.推断题。根据文章第三段第一句，“Itissurprisingandwelcometoseethecourtapplyanysortofpermissivestandard,consideringhowitruledinasimilarcasejustlastyear.”，可知考虑到最高法院去年在一起类似案件中是如何做出裁决的，它会采用任何一种宽容的标准，这令人惊讶，也令人欢迎。又因为此句是对第二段内容的一个总结和衔接，可推断出第二段联邦快递的例子就是为了证明此观点，法院竟然采用了一种宽容的标准，这是令人惊讶的。选项A符合题意。

3.词义理解题。根据文章第四段，“Inoneegregiousdecisionlastyear,thecourtignoreditsprecedentstoholdthataninmatelosttherighttochallengehismurderconvictionbecausehemissedadeadline…”，可知在去年的一项过分的裁决中，最高法院忽视其判例，认定一名囚犯因为错过了最后期限而失去了对谋杀罪提出质疑的权利。可判断出egregious是一个消极意义的单词，意为“极坏的，糟糕的，过分的”。选项A符合题意。

4.推断题。A和D项都是对联邦例子细节上的描写和体现，并不是一个总结，可排除。根据文章最后一段，“Thecourthasbeenonacampaigntostrikedownlargeawardsofpunitivedamagesagainstcorporations”，可知法院在进行一场运动，以废除对公司的巨额惩罚性赔偿，而且下文提到公司可以雇佣更加有能力的人，可判断出法院并没有一直做出有利于员工和消费者的裁决，选项B可排除。根据文章第六段，“Itwouldbeamistaketoreadtoomuchintoonedecision.Thereiscertainlyevidencethecourtwillnoteasilyshakeitsunduesolicitudefortheproblemsofcorporations.”，可知对一个判决进行过分解读是错误的，有确凿的证据表明，法院不会轻易动摇它对公司问题的过分关注。可推断出法院不会轻易放弃对公司问题的关注。选项C符合题意。

5.推断题。根据全文，可知作者对法院之前的裁决表现出不认同的态度，根据文章第三段，“Itissurprisingandwelcometoseethecourtapplyanysortofpermissivestandard”，可知联邦快递事件的裁决运用了宽容标准，是令人惊讶并且受人欢迎的。但第五段第一句又提到对于本事件的裁决也可能标志着一个新的方向。可推断出作者对联邦快递事件的法院判决的态度似乎是持怀疑态度的。选项B符合题意。

10.单选题

Theaccusationswebringagainstothersshouldbe（）ourselves;weshouldnotcomplacencyandeasyjudgmentsonourpartconcerningourownmoralconduct.

问题1选项

A.denigrationof…exclude

B.instructionsto...equate

C.parodiesof...satirize

D.warningsto...justify

【答案】D

【解析】固定搭配和动词词义辨析。denigrationof“低毁”；exclude“排除”；instructions“指令，说明”；equate“使相等”；parodiesof“效仿”；satirize“讽刺，挖苦”；warningsto“警告”；justify“证明……是正当的”。句意：我们对他人的指责应该是对自己的一种警告；我们不应该自满，也不应该对我们自己的道德行为轻易地做出判断。选项D符合题意。

11.单选题

Thereareplanstogiveeveryone（）insurance,allowleavefromworkforanyonewithasickchildorelderlyrelativetolookafter,andenforceaseven-daywaitforanyonewantingtobuyahandgun.

问题1选项

A.affordedhealthy

B.affordablehealth

C.affordedhealth

D.affordablehealthy

【答案】B

【解析】语法和固定搭配。根据空格前的give可知空格中应该填入形容词。afforded是动词afford的过去式和过去分词，所以排除A和C项。affordable“买得起的”，health“健康”，healthy“健康的”。句意：有计划给予每个人买得起的健康保险。healthinsurance“健康保险”，为固定搭配。选项B符合题意。

12.单选题

Ifauniondecidedtorepudiateastrike,ithadtowritetoallitsmemberstakingpartinthestriketotellthemthattheunionwouldgivenosupport,and（）theyriskeddismissalwithoutcompensation（）thestrikecontinued.

问题1选项

A.that...when

B.what...if

C.why...when

D.that...if

【答案】D

【解析】语法题。根据题意，可知第一个空格需填入一个引导词，和and前一句中的that从句构成并列关系，作动词tell的宾语，所以填入that引导宾语从句，选项B和C可排除。第二空格引导的从句是前面主句的条件，句意：如果罢工继续下去，他们有被解雇而得不到补偿的风险。选项D符合题意。

13.单选题

Thechallengesthesesuper-tallbuildingsfaceareplentiful,requiringenormousfinancialresources,sophisticatedengineeringskills,a（）willamongstallpartiesinvolvedtomakeithappenandfinallypeoplewillingtowork,live,useandpayforthemonadailybasis.

问题1选项

A.consolidated

B.consoled

C.consoling

D.consolidating

【答案】A

【解析】形近异义词辨析。consolidated“巩固的，统一的”；console“安慰”；consoling“可安慰的”；consolidating“巩固，合并”。句意：这些超高层建筑面临巨大的挑战，需要大量的资金、复杂的工程技术，在所有相关的各方中都有一个统一的意愿来完成它。最后人们每天为它工作、生活，使用它并且为它付款。选项A符合题意。

14.单选题

Thereisnodoubtthatdishonestor（）acquisitionofinformationisusuallyoverwhelmingevidencethatinformationwasconfidentialandnotpartofthedefendant’sskillandknowledge.

问题1选项

A.blatant

B.surreptitious

C.suspicious

D.conspicuous

【答案】B

【解析】形容词词义辨析。blatant“喧嚣的，炫耀的”；surreptitious“秘密的”；suspicious“可疑的”；conspicuous“显而易见的”。句意：毫无疑问，不诚实或秘密获取的信息通常是压倒性的证据，表明这种信息是机密的，不属于辩护人员技能和知识的一部分。选项B符合题意。

15.单选题

FlanneryO’Connorwasnotas（）assomewriterswhoturnoutreamsofmaterials,butherstoriesareconsideredgemsthatliveonafterherearlyandtragicdeath.

问题1选项

A.potential

B.prolific

C.vitriolic

D.vicarious

【答案】B

【解析】形容词词义辨析。potential“有潜力的”；prolific“多产的”；vitriolic“硫酸的，刻薄的”；vicarious“替代的，代理的”。句意：FlanneryOConnor不像一些创作大量作品的作家那样多产。选项B符合题意。

16.单选题

（）,eventhoughoneundergoesuntoldmillionsofindividualexperiencesinone’slife,onlyafewlessonsareusuallyeverlearned.

问题1选项

A.Spontaneously

B.Stupendously

C.Apparently

D.Appropriately

【答案】C

【解析】副词词义辨析。spontaneously“自然地，自发地”；stupendously“巨大地、惊人地”；apparently“显然地”；appropriately“适当地”。句意：很显然，即使一个人在一生中会经历无数次的个人经历，但人们通常只能从中得到很少的经验教训。选项C符合题意。

17.单选题

Thebusinessisbothhighlycyclicaland（）aspriceinformationabouttransactionsmaynotbepublicized;andwhenitis,itcanbemisleading.

问题1选项

A.private

B.slack

C.opaque

D.redundant

【答案】C

【解析】形容词词义辨析。private“私有的”；slack“松弛的，萧条的”；opaque“不透明的”；redundant“多余的，冗长的”。句意：这项交易具有很高的周期性和不透明性，因为价格信息可能没有公开，可能会造成误导。选项C符合题意。

18.单选题

OnMay3,1989,committalproceedingsbeganinrespectofsixofficerswhowerechargedwithconspiracyto（）thecourseofjustice.

问题1选项

A.pervert

B.perturb

C.prevent

D.profane

【答案】B

【解析】动词词义辨析。pervert“使堕落，滥用”；perturb“扰乱，使不安”；prevent“预防，阻止”；profane“亵渎，玷污”。句意：1989年5月3日，拘押进程开始于六名官员，他们被控告共谋扰乱司法公正。选项B符合题意。

19.单选题

Non-violentdirectactionrubs（）ofpopularopinioninordertogetitselfnoticedamidaseaofself-interest,apathyandday-to-daydistractions.

问题1选项

A.againstthegrain

B.againstthesalt

C.withagrain

D.withasalt

【答案】A

【解析】语法题。根据题意，非暴力的直接行动违背公众的意见，为了让自己在自我利益、漠不关心和日常的干扰中引人注目。所以这里是指与公众的意见相违背。选项C和D可排除。搭配“againstthegrain”的意思为“格格不入，违反意愿”。选项A符合题意。

20.单选题

PresidentBarackObamahasbeenexcoriatedfordeclaringthat“wedon'thaveastrategyyet”foreffectivelyconfrontingtheIslamicStategroup.IncriticizingObamafortakingtoomuchtime,MikeRogers,theRepublicanchairmanoftheHouseIntelligenceCommittee,told“FoxNewsSunday”that“this‘don’t-do-stupid-stuff”policyisn’tworking.”Thatsoundedoddtomyear—likeweshouldjustbombsomebody,evenifitisstupid.IfObamadidthat,whatwouldhebeignoring?

First,experience.After9/11thatsortof“fire,ready,aim”approachledGeorgeW.BushtoorderagroundwarinIraqwithoutsufficienttroopstocontrolthecountry,withoutatruegraspofIraq’sShiite-Sunnisectariandynamicsandwithoutanyrealizationthat,indestroyingtheSunniTalibanregimeinAfghanistanandtheSunniBaathistregimeinIraq,weweredestroyingbothofIran’smortalenemiesandtherebyopeningthewayforavastexpansionofIran’sregionalinfluence.Wewereinahurry,myselfincluded,tochangethingsafter9/11,andwhenyou’reinahurryyouignorecomplexitiesthatcomebacktohauntyoulater.

TherearenowordstodescribethevilenessofthevideobeheadingsoftwoU.S.journalistsbytheIslamicState,butIhavenodoubtthatthey'remeanttogetustooverreact,ala9/11,andrushoffagainwithoutastrategy.TheIslamicStateisawful,butitisnotathreattoAmerica’shomeland.

Second,thecontext.TodefeattheIslamicState,youhavetoaddressthecontextoutofwhichitemerged.AndthatisthethreecivilwarsragingintheArabworldtoday:thecivilwarwithinSunniIslambetweenradicaljihadistsandmoderatemainstreamSunniMuslimsandregimes;thecivilwaracrosstheregionbetweenSunnisfundedbySaudiArabiaandShiitesfundedbyIran;andthecivilwarbetweenSunnijihadistsandallotherminoritiesintheregion:Yazidis,Turkmen,Kurds,Christians,JewsandAlawites.

Whenyouhavearegionbesetbythatmanycivilwarsatonce,itmeansthereisnocenter,onlysides.Andwhenyouinterveneinthemiddleofaregionwithnocenter,youveryquicklybecomeaside.

TheIslamicStateemergedasanextremeexpressionofresentmentbyoneside:IraqiandSyrianSunniswhofeltcutoutofpowerandresourcesbythepro-IranianShiiteregimeinBaghdadandthepro-IranianAlawite/ShiiteregimeinDamascus.ThatiswhyObamakeepsinsistingthattheUnitedStates’militaryinterventionmustbeaccompanied,forstarters,byIraqisproducinganationalunitygovernment―ofmainstreamShiites,SunnisandKurds--soouruseofforcesupportspluralismandpower-sharing,notjustShiitepower.

Butpower-sharingdoesn’tcomeeasyinaregionwherekinshipandsectarianloyaltiesoverwhelmanysenseofsharedcitizenship.Withoutit,though,thedominantphilosophyiseither:“Iamstrong,whyshouldIcompromise?”or“Iamweak,howcanIcompromise?”SoanyonslaughtwemakeontheIslamicState,absentnationalunitygovernments,willhaveShiitessayingtheformerandSunnissayingthelatter.That’swhythisiscomplicated.

1.Whichofthefollowingwordsissynonymoustothehighlightedword“excoriated”inthefirstlineofthepassage?

2.Accordingtothepassage,allofthefollowingstatementsareFALSEEXCEPT（）.

3.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisFALSEaccordingtothepassage?

4.Whichofthefollowingisthemostappropriatetitleforthewholepassage?

5.Whatdoyouthinkoftheauthor’sattitudetowardsObama’spolicyontheIslamicStateaccordingtothepassage?

问题1选项

A.excruciated

B.approbated

C.exfoliated

D.reprobated

问题2选项

A.MikeRogersdoesn’tthinkthatitisstupidthatObamadidn’ttakeactionstobombtheIslamicState.

B.GeorgeW.Bush’sapproachtodestroytheSunniTalibanregimeinAfghanistanandtheSunniBaathistregimeinIraqhasactuallyhelpedIran.

C.TheIslamicStatebeheadedtwoAmericanJournalistshadthreatenedthesafetyofAmericanhomeland.

D.Whenaregionisbesetbymanycivilwarsatonce,thereiscenter,nosides.

问题3选项

A.IfObamadiddestroytheIslamicState,hewouldignoreseveralissues.

B.ThevideobeheadingsoftwoU.S.journalistsbytheIslamicStatearejustmeanttothreatentheUnitedStates.

C.ObamainsiststhattheUnitedStates，militaryinterventioninIraqmustbeaccompaniedbyIraqisproducinganationalunitygovernment.

D.TheU.S.governmentneedstothinkoverbeforetakingactionsagainsttheIslamicState.

问题4选项

A.Obama’sPolicyontheIslamicState

B.ConflictsintheArabWorld

C.Fire,Ready,Aim.NotReady,Aim,Fire

D.Ready,Aim,Fire.NotFire,Ready,Aim

问题5选项

A.opposing

B.approving

C.neutral

D.indifferent

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:B

第4题:D

第5题:B

【解析】1.词义理解题。根据文章第一句，“PresidentBarackObamahasbeenexcoriatedfordeclaringthat“wedon'thaveastrategyyet”foreffectivelyconfrontingtheIslamicStategroup.”，可知美国总统巴拉克•奥巴马因宣称尚未制定有效对抗伊斯兰国组织的战略而受到严厉批评。所以找出excoriate“批评，斥责”的同义词，选项D符合题意。

2.细节理解题。根据文章第二段第二句，“After9/11thatsortof“fire,ready,aim”approachledGeorgeW.BushtoorderagroundwarinIraqwithoutsufficienttroopstocontrolthecountry,withoutatruegraspofIraq’sShiite-Sunnisectariandynamicsandwithoutanyrealizationthat,indestroyingtheSunniTalibanregimeinAfghanistanandtheSunniBaathistregimeinIraq,weweredestroyingbothofIran’smortalenemiesandtherebyopeningthewayforavastexpansionofIran’sregionalinfluence.”可知9.11后那种“开炮、准备、作战”的方法使布什在伊拉克发动地面战争的时候没有足够的军事力量在控制这个国家，没有真正了解伊拉克什叶派和逊尼派的宗派动态，也没有意识到摧毁了阿富汗的逊尼派塔利班政权和伊拉克的逊尼派复兴党政权，我们就可以摧毁伊朗的死敌，从而为伊朗地区影响力的大规模扩张开辟道路。可推断出布什摧毁阿富汗逊尼派塔利班政权和伊拉克逊尼派复兴党政权的做法，实际上帮助了伊朗。选项B符合题意。

3.细节理解题。根据文章第三段第一句，“TherearenowordstodescribethevilenessofthevideobeheadingsoftwoU.S.journalistsbytheIslamicState,butIhavenodoubtthatthey'remeanttogetustooverreact”，可知伊斯兰国斩首两名美国记者的视频的恶劣程度无法用言语来形容，但我毫不怀疑，他们的目的只是让我们反应过度。所以目的不是为了威胁美国。选项B符合题意。

4.主旨题。文章主要关于有效抗击伊斯兰国组织的策略问题，主要讲述了打击伊斯兰国的策略。9.11事件后策略上的不成熟导致美国陷入不利的处境，所以D选项的标题是对策略的一个完整概括和总结，即准备-定目标-开战，而不是开战-准备-定目标。选项D符合题意。

5.作者态度题。根据文章第一段，“Thatsoundedoddtomyear—likeweshouldjustbombsomebody,evenifitisstupid.IfObamadidthat,whatwouldhebeignoring?”，可知在我听来这很奇怪，就好像我们应该直接轰炸某人，即使这很愚蠢。如果奥巴马要摧毁伊斯兰国，他会忽略哪些问题呢?，可推断出作者对于奥巴马摧毁伊斯兰国的政策持赞同态度。选项B符合题意。

21.单选题

Earlyresearchonattitudesassumedthatth