2022年考研考博-考博英语-湘潭大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号19

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-湘潭大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题

Thelatterisnolessimportantthantheformer,andifbibliographicaldecisionsaremadewrongly,noamountoflogisticinformationcan（

）thesituation.

问题1选项

A.envisage

B.disperse

C.diffuse

D.redeem

【答案】D

【解析】动词辨析题。A选项envisage“正视，面对”；B选项disperse“分散，分开，使传播”；C选项diffuse“扩散”；D选项redeem“赎回，挽救”。根据句意‘后者比前者更重要，并且如果最终书目决定错了，即使再多的逻辑信息也无法挽救这个局面。’D选项正确。

2.翻译题

IfyoujudgetheprogressofhumanitybyHomerSimpson,ParisHilton,andGirlsGoneWildvideos,youmightconcludethatourevolutionhasstalledorevenshiftedintoreverse.Notso,scientistssay.Humansareevolvingfasterthaneverbefore,pickingupnewgenetictraitsandtalentsthatmayhelpussurviveaturbulentfuture.

Muchremodelinghasgoneonsciencethedawnofagricultureabout10millenniumsago.”Peoplewholived10000yearsagoweremuchmorelikeNeanderthalsthanwearelikethosepeople:saysJohnHawks,aprofessorofanthropologyattheUniversityofWisconsin."We’vechanged".

Hawksisamongagrowingnumberofscientistswhoareusingwhole-genomesequencing(全基因组测试)andothermodemtechnologiestozeroinonjusthowwe’vechanged.Theirresearchishelpingilluminatenotonlyhowhumansbecamewhatwearebutalsowherewemightbeheaded.Forinstance,somescientistsspeculatethatchangesinhumanmatingpatternsmaybecontributingtotheincreaseinautism.Otherstrackhowhumanshavemorphedinresponsetochangingcircumstance,includingenhancedabilitiestometabolizesugarandfightdisease.SomepeoplearegeneticallymoreresistanttotheHIVvirus,forinstance,andthattraitshouldbecomemorecommoninthefuture,asthosepeoplearemorelikelytosurviveandhavechildrenwhoareresistant.Yetforsomepeople,themakeoverisn’tbigenoughorfastenough.SomeparentshavestartedusingDNAtestingtochoosethegeneticmakeupoftheirchildren,rejectingembryoswithinheritedflawsorembracingthosewithdesiredtraits-suchasbeingtherightsex.

Untilrecently,anthropologistthoughtthathumanevolutionhadsloweddown,butlastDecember,Hawksreportedthatithadactuallyaccelerated100-foldinthepast5000to10000years.HefiguredthatoutbycomparingchunksofDNAamong269peoplefromaroundtheworld.Overtime,DNAaccumulatesrandommutations,justasthefrontofawhiteT-shirttendstoaccumulatespots.ThebiggerthechunksofDNAwithoutrandomspots,themostrecentlyithadbeenmimed.Usingthissystem,Hawksconcludedthatrecentgeneticchangesaccountforabout7percentofhumangenome.Muchoftheincrease,hesays,hasfueledbythegrowthoftheworld’spopulation,whichhasexpandedbyafactorof1000overthepast10000years.Havingmorepeopleincreasestheoddsofmutations.

Atthesametime,thehumangenomehasbeenscramblingtoadopttoarapidlychangingworld-11000yearsago,nobodyframed,nobodymilkeddomesticatedanimals,andnobodylivedinacity.Peoplewithamutationthataidedsurvivalweremorelikelytothrive,reproduce,andpassthatmutationalongtooffspringForexample,thecapacitytodigestlactose,thesugarinmilk,hasbecomecommononlyoverthepast3000years.Now,about95percentofthepeopleinnorthernGermanyhavethemutation,whichalsopoppedupindependentlyamongtheMasaiinAfricanandtheLappsinFinlandHawkssays:"thisisreallyrapidevolution."

Humanswillcontinuetochangetocopewithnewdiseases,ifhistoryisanyguideGenesthatdefendagainstinfectionsdiseasehavebeenamongthemostrapidlyevolvingpartsofthehumangenome.PeoplewhoseancestorslivedinEuropeancitiesaremorelikelytohavesomeresistancetosmallpox,whilepeopleinsub-SaharanAfricaaremorelikelytogeneticallyresistancetomalaria.Justweeksago,researchreportedthatonegeneticvariantthatonegeneticvariantthatprotectsagainstmalariaalsomakespeoplemoresusceptibletoAIDS,adiscoverythatcouldleadtotailoredtreatmentifforAIDSinAfrica.

Rightnow,ourgenesareplayingcatch-upagainstmodemscourges-likediabetes,NativeAmericansandPolynesians,whoseculturesonlyrecentlyadoptedaEuropean-styledietofdiabetes.Thetheoryisthatthe'thriftygenes"thathelpedthosegroupssurvivefamineshaven’thadtimetoadapttotheglucosespikescausedbyeatingstarchyfood."Howwemovesugarsaroundhowbumthemhavereallychangedalot,"saysGregoryWary,anevolutionarybiologistatDukeUniversity.

It’sevenpossiblethatveryrecentchangesinsocietyandtheworkplacecouldunderpintherecentriseincasesofautism.SimonBaron-Cohen,directoroftheAutismResearchCentreattheUniversityofCambridge,wasstruckbyhowmanyoftheparentsofchildrenwithautismwhohetestedwerereallygood‘‘systematizers”peoplewhounderstandtheworldaccordingtorulesorlaws.TheyalsoweremorelikelytohaveafatherwhoworkedinengineeringHewondersiftheincreaseinautismdiagnosescouldbepartlydueto‘assortativemating’thatis,peoplepickingmateslikethemselves.

Peoplewithautism(自闭症)spectrumdisorderareoftendetailorientedandanalytical,andtodaytheymighthaveaneasiertimefindingaspousewithsimilarabilitiesthantheywouldhaveinpasteras.Baron-Cohennotesthatinthelate1950s,onlytwopercentoftheundergraduatesatMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologywerewomen;now,50percentare.So,he’ssettingupastudytotestwhetherassortativematingamongpeoplewithageneticpredispositionforautismcouldbefuelingthebirthofmorechildrenwithautism.

Thehumanbrain,whichhasevolvedintocognitionuniqueintheworld,islikelytochangeevenmoreinthefuture.Ournicheinnature,saysStephenPinker,anexperimentalpsychologistatHarvardUniversitywhostudiestheevolutionoflanguageandthemindisthe’’cognitiveniche".Inresearchpublishedlastyear,Waryidentifiedgenesthatcontrolglucosemetabolisminthebrainasamongthosemostrecentlyevolved.Thosechangesmayhavebeenessentialtofuelingthehumanbrain’sgrowthtoasizetwicethatofournearestcousinthechimpanzee."Ifyoumakeabigbrain,it’sanenergyhog:Warysays.’’It'slikeputtingV-8energyinatinylittlecar/'Itcouldalsohelpexplainwhychimpanzeesdon'tgetdiabetes,whitehumansdo.

【答案】霍克斯是越来越多使用全基因组测序和其他现代技术来关注人类变化的科学家之一。

例如，有些人在基因上对艾滋病毒有更强的抵抗力，这种特性在未来应该会变得更加普遍，因为这些人更有可能存活下来，并生下具有抗艾滋病毒能力的孩子。

一些父母已经开始使用DNA测试来选择他们孩子的基因组成，拒绝那些有遗传缺陷的胚胎，或者接受那些有理想特征的胚胎例如恰当的性别的胚胎。

其祖先生活在欧洲城市的人更有可能对天花有抵抗能力，而生活在撒哈拉以南非洲地区的人更有可能生来就有抗疟疾能力。

自闭症谱系障碍患者往往注重细节，善于分析。如今，他们可能比过去的时代更容易找到具有类似能力的配偶。

3.单选题

Despitethefactthatthetwocouncilmembersbelongedtodifferentpoliticalparties,they（

）theissueofhowtofinancethetowndebt.

问题1选项

A.agreedon

B.complicated

C.attestedto

D.avoided

【答案】A

【解析】动词和词组辨析。句意‘尽管两位委员会成员属于不同的政党，但他们就如何为该镇的债务融资达成一致’A选项“对…取得一致意见”；B选项“使复杂化”，原型是complicate;C选项“证明，证实”；D选项“躲开，避免”；根据关键词despite和belongedtodifferentpoliticalparties可以推断出填入空白处的词是要和前面的意思形成对比或转折，所以A选项正确。

4.单选题

Becausemanyofthemineralsfoundontheoceanfloorarestill（

）onlandwhereminingisrelativelyinexpensive,miningtheoceanfloorhasyettobecomea（

）enterprise.

问题1选项

A.mon

B.accessible...marginal

C.unidentified...subsidized

D.fitable

【答案】D

【解析】形容词词义辨析。A选项的scarce“缺乏的，罕见的”；common“普通的，常见的，共有的，一般的，平常的”；B选项的accessible“可到达的，可进入的，易懂的，易接近的”；marginal“边缘的，末端的”;C选项的unidentified“未经确认的，无法识别的，身份不明的”；subsidize“给与补助金，贿赂”；D选项的plentiful“大量的，众多的，充足的，丰富的”；profitable“有利的，赢利的”。根据句意‘由于海底发现的许多矿物在陆地上仍然大量存在，且陆地上开采又相对廉价，因此，对海底开采还有待于变成一种有利可图的事业’确定D选项正确。

5.翻译题

Despitetheweb,wewatchmoretelevisionthanever.

Inthechaosoftoday’smediaandtechnologybrawl-iPodvs.Zune,Googlevs.Yahoo,Windowsvs.Linux,Intelvs.AMD-wecandeclareoneunlikelywinner.Standingtallinafieldofnewtechwonders,it’sageezertechnologythatareinventedinthe1920sandcommercializedinthe1940s,andit’sstillmorepowerfulthananythingcreatedsince.

Asyoutrytofigureoutwhereconsumerinfo-techisgoing,andwhatitmeansforsociety,rememberthisbig,centralreality:Peoplejustwantmoretelevision.

Ifyoudoubtit,lookattoday’sbiggestnewsintech.Itcontinuallycentersonnewwaystobringconsumersthethingtheycraveaboveallelse.SonyfloodedtherecentConsumerElectronicsShowwithproductsthatputinternetvideoonyourTVset,asdidalmosteveryotherconsumerelectronicscompany.AtthesimultaneousMacworldExpo,ApplechiefSteveJobsintroducedAppleTV,whichdoesthesamething.VerizonsaiditwillsoonofferliveTVoncellphonescreens.Itwillalsosellfull-lengthprogramsforviewingwheneveryouwant.Putitalltogether,andwehaveachievedanirvanathatdidn’texistevenayearago:unlimitedtelevisionavailable24/7oneveryscreenyouown.

It’snosurprise,ofcourse.

Eversincethebasicfactsofsteadilymultiplyingprocessorpowerandbandwidthbecameapparent,seershaveconfidentlypredictedthisday.Theyjustasconfidentlypredictedwhatitwouldmean:traditionaltelevision’sdemise.OncetheWorldWideWebappearedinthemid-1990s,thefuturelookedveryclear.BoringoldTV,thescheduledprogramsthatcometoyouthroughacoaxialcableorsatellitedishorantenna,wouldfadeaway.

Whichisexactlytheoppositeofwhathashappened.DespitemanyNetAgealternatives,weAmericanstodaywatchmoreboringoldTVthanever,whichissayingsomething.Howcanthatbe?MytheoryistheTwo-LiterCokePrinciple.TheCoca-ColacompanydiscoveredlongagothatifitcouldgetpeopletobringhomebiggerbottlesofCoke,thosepeoplewoulddrinkmorethantheyusedto.JustgettingmoreCokeinfrontofthemincreasedtheirconsumption.ItseemstobethesamewithTV.Putmoreofitinfrontofpeople—over100channelsinmanyhomes—andpeoplewillwatchmore.

Seenfromthisperspective,thelatestannouncementsofnewTV-relatedtechnologylooksimplylikeadditionalwaystoputmoreTVinfrontofAmericanconsumer.ThesupposedthreatfromtheInternetwasthatwe’dcutbackonTVaswespentmoretimeonMySpaceorinSecondLife.WemaywellspendmoretimeonsuchnewNetattractions,butwe’reunlikelytotakethattimeawayfromvideoviewing.We’remorelikelytocutbackonthingsweconsiderlessimportant,likesleep.

NoonehasevaluatedTVbetterthanthegreatNewYorkeressayistE.BWhite,whoin1938wrote,“Weshallstandorfallbytelevision,ofthatIamsure.”Westilldon’tknowwhichitwillbe,buthisassessmentlookstruerthanever.

【答案】当你试图弄清楚消费者信息技术的发展方向，以及它对社会的意义时，请记住一个重要的中心事实:人们只是想看更多的电视节目。

索尼在最近的消费电子展上推出了大量可以在电视机上播放互联网视频的产品，几乎所有其他消费电子产品公司都是如此。

自从处理器功率和带宽稳步增长的基本事实变得明显以来，预言家们就自信地预测到了这一天。

而事实恰恰相反。尽管有许多网络时代的替代品，但是我们美国人今天比以往任何时候都看更多无聊的老电视，这说明了一些问题。

没有人比伟大的纽约客散文家E，B怀特更好地评估了电视，他在1938年写到“我确信我们的成败将系于电视”。

6.单选题

Itshowshoweconomicandsocialand,aboveall,politicalchangeshaveplayedtheir

part,sothat,correctly（

）,thepostagestampinwhichmillionsofpeople,youngand

old,findpleasure,knowledgeandevenprofit,hasalwaysbeenafaithfulmirrorofthetimes.

问题1选项

A.interpreting

B.beinginterpreted

C.tobeinterpreted

D.interpreted

【答案】D

【解析】非谓语动词的用法。A选项interpreting动词的分词形式，表示主动；B选项beinginterpreted动词被动语态的分词形式；C选项tobeinterpreted动词被动语态的不定式，表示将来或打算；D选项interpreted动词的过去分词。句意：最重要的是，这说明了经济、社会、政治变化如何发挥作用，从而，正确理解应该是，…分析句子可知空格前的内容与interpret之间为被动关系，且应该是过去发生，而不是正在发生或将要发生，D选项正确。

7.单选题

Givethepreviouslyexpressedinterestandtheambitioustoneofherrecentspeeches,thesenator’sattempttoconvincethepublicthatsheisnotinterestedinrunningforasecondtermis（

）.

问题1选项

A.laudable

B.sincere

C.authentic

D.futile

【答案】D

【解析】形容词辨析题。A选项laudable“值得赞赏的”；B选项sincere“真诚的，真挚的”；C选项authentic“真正的，真实的”；D选项futile“无用的，无效的”。根据句意‘她在先前的演讲中已经表现出兴趣和勃勃雄心，这位参议员试图说服公众相信她对竞选连任不感兴趣的做法是毫无用处的。’D选项正确。

8.单选题

Resourcescanbesaidtobescarceinbothanabsoluteandarelativesense:thesurfaceoftheEarthisfinite,

（1）

absolutescarcity;butthescarcitythatconcernseconomistsistherelativescarcityofresourcesindifferent（2）Materialsusedforonepurposecannotatthesametimebeusedforotherpurposes;

（3）

thequantityofaninputislimited,theincreaseduseofitinonemanufacturing

（4）

mustcauseittobecomelessavailableforotheruses.

Thecostofaproduct

（5）

moneymaynotmeasureitstruecost

（6）

society.Thetruecostof,say,theconstructionofasupersonicjetisthe

（7）

oftheschoolsandrefrigeratorsthatwillneverbebuiltasa

（8）

Everyactofproductionusesupsomeofsociety'savailableresources;itmeansthe

（9）

ofanopportunitytoproducesomethingelse.In

（10）

howtouseresourcesmosteffectivelytosatisfythe

（11）

ofthecommunity,thisopportunitymustbetakenintoaccount.

Inamarket

（12）

thepriceofagoodandthequantity

（13）

dependsonthecostofmakingit,andthecost,

（14）

,isthecostofnotmakingothergoods.Themarketmechanism

（15）

thisrelationship.Thecostof,say,apairofshoesisthepriceoftheleather,thefuel,andother

（16）

usedupinproducingthem.Butthepriceofthese

（17）

,inturn,dependsonwhattheycanproduce

（18）

iftheleathercanusedtoproducehandbagsthatare

（19）

highlybyconsumers,thepriceoftheleatherwillbebidup

（20）

.

问题1选项

A.composing

B.imposing

C.exposing

D.disposing

问题2选项

A.uses

B.ways

C.areas

D.forms

问题3选项

A.since

B.unless

C.as

D.if

问题4选项

A.plant

B.firm

C.process

D.procedure

问题5选项

A.inregardto

B.intermsof

C.inviewof

D.inrelationto

问题6选项

A.to

B.in

C.on

D.of

问题7选项

A.charge

B.expense

C.price

D.value

问题8选项

A.product

B.purpose

C.result

D.rule

问题9选项

A.diminishing

B.abandoning

C.discarding

D.substituting

问题10选项

A.deciding

B.assessing

C.predicting

D.projecting

问题11选项

A.wants

B.desires

C.premises

D.facilities

问题12选项

A.state

B.system

C.condition

D.economy

问题13选项

A.presented

B.delivered

C.supplied

D.forwarded

问题14选项

A.accordingly

B.ultimately

C.consequently

D.practically

问题15选项

A.formulates

B.regulates

C.enhances

D.enforces

问题16选项

A.components

B.substances

C.elements

D.materials

问题17选项

A.outputs

B.inputs

C.goods

D.articles

问题18选项

A.anyway

B.somehow

C.somewhere

D.elsewhere

问题19选项

A.appraised

B.appealed

C.approved

D.approached

问题20选项

A.passionately

B.unanimously

C.spontaneously

D.correspondingly

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:C

第5题:B

第6题:A

第7题:D

第8题:C

第9题:B

第10题:A

第11题:A

第12题:D

第13题:C

第14题:B

第15题:D

第16题:C

第17题:B

第18题:D

第19题:A

第20题:D

【解析】（1）动词辨析题。由所给出的选项可知，此处需要现在分词作伴随状语，相当于次要谓语，说明“地球表面有限”与“绝对资源短缺”的关系。据此判断，B选项imposing“强加”表明这种“绝对短缺”是一种自然状况，是我们无法改变的，用在此处最恰当。A选项composing“构成”，C选项exposing“暴露，揭示”，D选项disposing“安排，处理”，四个词的词根相同，词义不同，属于干扰选项。

（2）介词辨析题。从与介词in的搭配上看，四个选项皆可用，但据其下文看，涉及的都是资源的应用问题，故A选项uses“用法，用途”正确；B选项ways“方法"；C选项areas“领域”；D选项forms“形式”，均不合题意。

（3）连词辨析题。上句说明了“相对资源短缺”的一个意义。此句则解释它的另一意义“投入资源的数量是有限的，它用于制造某种产品上的数量增加，必然导致在其他应用上的减少”。所以D选项if“如果”表示条件，正确。A选项“由于，既然”;B选项“如果……不，除非”；C选项“因为”均不合句意逻辑。

（4）名词辨析题。由上题的分析可知，C选项“过程”正确，manufacturingprocess意指“制造或生产某物的过程”。A选项“工厂”;B选项“公司”;D选项“程序”。

（5）介词短语辨析题。根据句意判断，B选项“按照，就……而言”，介词短语intermsofmoney修饰thecostofaproduct意为“一种产品的货币成本”。A选项“至于”，C选项“由于”，D选项“关系到”，均不符合语境。

（6）介词用法辨析题。thecostofsth.意为“……的费用或成本”，thecosttosb./sth.意为“……所付出的费用或代价”。句意“一种产品的货币成本不能表明社会付出的实际代价”确定A选项正确。

（7）名词辨析题。此空处于表语位置，应与其主语thetruecost相呼应，所以D选项“价值，（公平的）代价”正确。A选项“要价，收费”；B选项“花费，开支”；C选项“价格”，皆不适用。

（8）名词辨析题。将各选项分别代入句中，A选项asaproduct“作为一种产品”；B选项asapurpose“作为一种用途”；C选项asaresult“作为一种结果，因此”；D项asarule“通常”，根据句意“比如，制造一架超音速喷气式飞机的实际成本，就是因此而不能建造许多学校和冰箱的代价。”确定C选项正确。

（9）动词辨析题。此题的前一句指出每项生产活动都消耗掉一部分社会可用资源，这意味着什么呢？根据句意‘它意味着放弃创造其他东西的机会。’确定B选项abandoning“放弃”符合句意；A选项“减少”，C选项“丢弃”，D选项“取代”均不合句意。

（10）动词辨析题。根据上一句的论断，此句提出建议，句意：在决定如何最有效地利用资源来满足社区的…时，必须考虑到这一机会。所以A选项deciding“对……作出抉择，觉得”正确。

（11）动词辨析题。动词satisfy常与needs,demand,wants等词连用，句意：在决定如何最有效地利用资源来满足社区的需要时，必须考虑到这一机会。所以A“需要（之物）”正确；B“愿望"，C“前提"，D“设施”，均不合句意。

（12）名词辨析题。marketeconomy“市场经济”是常用搭配，而economy又有“就经济体制而言的国家”，经济制度”之意，因而A选项“国家”，B选项“制度”均可排除；C“状况”不合句意，D选项正确。

（13）动词辨析题。此空所需的分词修饰thequantity“数量”，句意：在市场经济中，一种商品的价格和供应量取决于制造它的成本，所以C选项“供应（生产）”恰当，正确。A选项“提交”，B选项“运送，交付”，D选项“发送”，不合句意。

（14）副词辨析题。句意：在市场经济中，一种商品的价格和供应量取决于制造它的成本，而成本最终是不制造其他商品的成本。此处的thecost不同于上句末的thecostofmakingit,而是指其后果造成的代价，B选项“最终，终极”正确。A选项“因此”，C选项“因此，所以”，D选项“实际上”，均不合句意。

（15）动词辨析题。此段第1句阐明了在市场经济体制下商品的制造成本与社会成本之间的连带关系。由此可见，这种关系是市场机制的突出特点。D选项“加强，强调”正确，A选项“制定，用公式表示”，B选项“控制，调整”，C选项“提高，增加”，均不合句意。

（16）名词辨析题。由other可知，此处所需之词不仅指制做皮鞋所需的各种材料，还应包括投入的人工、时间等。句意：市场机制强化了这种关系。比如说，一双鞋的成本就是皮革、燃料和生产过程中使用的其他元素的价格。C选项“成分，要素”最具概括性，符合句意。A选项“构成部分，部件”，B选项“物质”，D选项“材料”，太片面，不合句意。

（17）名词辨析题。与上题类似，此处同样需要一个能概括各种要素的词，句意：但这些投入的价格，反过来又取决于它们能生产…。B选项“投入”正确。A选项“产出”，C选项“商品”，D选项“物品”，不合句意。

（18）副词辨析题。根据句意‘但反过来，这些投入的价格又取决于它们在其他地方能生产什么’判断，D选项“在别处”，意指生产其他商品，符合句意。破折号后的句子对此做了具体说明。A选项“无论如何”，B选项“以某种方式”，C选项“在某处”，不合句意。

（19）动词辨析题。由后面主句中的willbebidup“会被抬高”判断，此处用A选项“评价”符合句意‘如果皮革能用于生产消费者高度评价的手袋，’。B选项“有吸引力”，非及物动词不可用被动语态，排除；C选项“赞成”，D选项“处理，对付”，不合句意。

（20）副词辨析题。根据if从句的句意‘如果这些皮革能用来生产消费者高度评价的手袋，那么皮革的价格将相应地上涨。’，D选项“相应地”正确；A选项“热诚地”，B选项“一致地”，C选项“自发地”，不合句意。

9.单选题

Whilemanypeopleutilizehomeopathicremediestotreathealthproblems,otherpeopledonot（

）suchalternativetreatments,（

）conventionalmedicaltreatments

instead.

问题1选项

A.distrust...employing

B.embrace...eschewing

C.countenance...relyingon

D.recommend...turningfrom

【答案】C

【解析】动词辨析题。A选项distrust“不信任，怀疑”；employ“雇佣”；B选项embrace“拥抱”；eschew“避开”；C选项countenance“赞成”；relyon“依靠，依赖”；D选项recommend“推荐”；turnfrom“对…感到厌恶”。根据句意‘当很多人使用顺势疗法来治疗健康问题时，其他人并不赞成这样的治疗方法，而是更信赖传统的药物治疗。’C选项正确。

10.单选题

Somepeopleviewlifeasa(n)（

）conflictbetweentheforcesofgoodandevil.

问题1选项

A.external

B.internal

C.maternal

D.eternal

【答案】A

【解析】形容词词义辨析题。根据句意‘一些人把生活看作是正义力量与恶势力之间的一种外部冲突。’可知是将生活看作是一种外部冲突。A选项external“外部的，外部”;B选项internal“内部的”；C选项maternal“母性的”；D选项eternal“永恒的”。A选项正确。

11.单选题

Oneofthemostalarmingthingsaboutthecrisisintheglobalfinancialsystemisthatthewarningsignshavebeenoutthereforsometime,yetnooneheededthem.Exactly10yearsago,ahedgefundcalledLong-TermCapitalManagement(LTCM)failedtoconvinceinvestorsthatitcouldrepayitsdebts,therebybringingtheworldtothebrinkofasimilar“liquiditycrisis”totheonewenowsee.Disasterwasavertedthenonlybecauseregulatorsmanagedtoputtogetheramulti-billion-dollarbailoutpackage.

LTCM’scollapsewasparticularlynotablebecauseitsfoundershadsetgreatstorebytheiruseofstatisticalmodelsdesignedtokeeptabsontherisksinherentintheirinvestments.Itsfallshouldhavebeenawake-upcalltobanksandtheirregulatorysupervisorsthatthemodelswerenotworkingaswellashoped-inparticularthattheywereignoringtherisksofextremeeventsandtheconnectionsthatsendsucheventsreverberatingaroundthefinancialsystem.Instead,theycarriedonusingthem?

Nowthatdisasterhasstruckagain,somefinancialriskmodelers-the"quant’s"whohavewieldedsomuchinfluenceovermodembanking-aresayingtheyknowwherethegapsintheirknowledgeareandarepromisingtofillthem.Shouldwetrustthem?

Theirtrackrecorddoesnotinspireconfidence.Statisticalmodelshaveprovedalmostuselessatpredictingthekillerrisksforindividualbanks,andworsethanuselesswhenitcomestoriskstothefinancialsystemasawhole.Themodelsencouragedbankerstothinktheywereplayingahigh-stakescardgame,whenwhattheywereactuallydoingwasmoreakintolininguparowofdominoes.

Howcouldsomanysmartpeoplehavegottenitsowrong?Onereasonisthattheirfaithintheirmodel’spredictivepowerledthemtoignorewhatwashappeningintherealworld.Financeoffersenormousscopefordissembling:almostanyfailurecanbeexplainedawaybyajudiciouschoiceoflanguageanddata.Wheninvestorsdonotbehaveliketheself-interestedhomoeconomicsthateconomistssupposethemtobe,theyaredescribedasbeing"irrationallyexuberant"orblindedbypanic.Analternativeview-thatinvestorsarereactinglogicallyinthefaceofuncertainty-israrelyconsidered.Similarly,extremeeventsaredescribedashappeningonly"onceinacentury"-eventhoughthereisinsufficientdataonwhichtobasesuchanassessment.

Thequant’s'modelsmightsuccessfullypredictthemovementofmarketsmostofthetime,butthebankerswhorelyonthemhavefailedtorealizethattheoccasionsonwhichthemarketsdeviatefromnormalityaremuchmoreimportantthanthosewhentheycomply.Theeventsofthepastyearhavedriventhishomeinaspectacularfashion:bysomeestimates,thebankingindustryhaslostmoremoneyinthecurrentcrisisthanithasmadeinitsentirehistory.

1.Whathappenedadecadeagointhefinancialworld（

）.

2.ThestatisticalmodelsusedbyLTCM

（

）.

3.Whatdoestheauthorthinkisthemajorcauseofthecurrentfinancialcrisis?

4.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatriskcontrolofthefinancialmarket（

）.

问题1选项

A.wasapredictoroftoday’ssituation

B.has,asamatteroffact,repeateditself

C.resultedfrominvestors'ignoranceofpotentialdanger

D.showedthenecessityofgovernmentintervention

问题2选项

A.hadaninfluenceontheentirefinancialsector

B.onlydealtwithriskswithinthescopeofthefund

C.wereappliedtodifferentfinancialoperations

D.hadinherentflawsknowntotheirusers

问题3选项

A.Thedecision-makerswerenotawareoftheriskofextremeevents.

B.Designersofthemechanismstopreventfinancialdisasterswereself-absorbed.

C.Relyingonthestatisticalmodels,bankerswereboldintheirbusinessoperations.

D.Riskmanagersfailedtoseetheweaknessinthesystemintime.

问题4选项

A.shouldbefocusedonunexpectedchanges

B.hasbeensupervisedbythosewhoareoptimistic

C.becomeseffectiveonlywithbank'scompliancewithgeneralmarketrules

D.isinadequateifitisonlydesignedforwhatmayhappeninahundredyears

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:C

【解析】1.推理判断题。题目提问‘十年前在金融界发生的事情怎样？’根据第一段第一句“Oneofthemostalarmingthingsaboutthecrisisintheglobalfinancialsystemisthatthewarningsignshavebeenoutthereforsometime,yetnooneheededthem.全球金融体系危机最令人担忧的事情之一是，警告信号已经出现了一段时间，但没有人注意到它们。”和第三段第一句“Nowthatdisasterhasstruckagain现在灾难又来了”。确定A选项“是今天情况的预兆”正确。

2.细节事实题。题目提问‘LTCM使用的数据模型怎么了？’根据第二段中“LTCM’scollapsewasparticularlynotablebecauseitsfoundershadsetgreatstorebytheiruseofstatisticalmodelsdesignedtokeeptabsontherisksinherentintheirinvestments.LTCM的倒闭尤其引人注目，因为它的创始人非常重视使用统计模型来跟踪他们投资中所固有的风险。”可知他们注重于自己的投资中固有的风险，所以B选项“只处理基金范围内的风险”正确。

3.细节事实题。题目提问‘作者认为导致当前经济危机的主要原因是什么？’根据倒数第二段第二句“Onereasonisthattheirfaithintheirmodel'spredictivepowerledthemtoignorewhatwashappeningintherealworld.原因之一是，他们对模型预测能力的信心导致他们忽视了现实世界中发生的事情。”可知他们过于信赖这个模型导致这一后果，所以C选项“因为依赖统计模型，银行家在他们的商业运作中很大胆”正确。

4.推理判断题。题目提问‘从文章中可以推断出，金融市场的风险控制怎样？’根据文章最后一段中“Thequant’s'modelsmightsuccessfullypredictthemovementofmarketsmostofthetime,butthebankerswhorelyonthemhavefailedtorealizethattheoccasionsonwhichthemarketsdeviatefromnormalityaremuchmoreimportantthanthosewhentheycomply.定量分析师的模型可能在大多数情况下都能成功预测市场的走势，但依赖模型的银行家们却没有意识到，市场偏离常态的情况要比市场顺应常态的情况重要得多。”确定C选项“只有在银行服从一般市场规则的情况下才有效”正确。

12.单选题

Whytheinductiveandmathematicalsciences,aftertheirfirstrapiddevelopmentattheculminationofGreekcivilization,advancedsoslowlyfortwothousandyearsandwhyinthefollowingtwohundredyearsaknowledgeofnaturalandmathematicalsciencehasaccumulated,whichsovastlyexceedsallthatwaspreviouslyknownthatthesesciencesmaybejustlyregardedastheproductsofourowntimes—arequestionwhichhaveinterestedthemodemphilosophernotlessthantheobjectswithwhichthesesciencesaremoreimmediatelyconversant.Wasittheemploymentofanewmethodofresearch,orintheexerciseofgreatervirtueintheuseoftheoldmethods,thatthissingularmodemphenomenonhaditsorigin?Wasthelongperiodoneofarresteddevelopment,andisthemodemeraoneofnormalgrowth?Orshouldweascribethecharacteristicsofbothperiodstoso-calledhistoricalaccidents—totheinfluenceofconjunctionsincircumstancesofwhichnoexplanationispossible,saveintheomnipotenceandwisdomofaguidingProvidence?

Theexplanationwhichhasbecomecommonplace,thattheancientsemployeddeductionchieflyintheirscientificinquiries,whilethemodemsemployinduction,provestobetoonarrow,andfailsuponcloseexaminationtopointwithsufficientdistinctnessthecontrastthatisevidentbetweenancientandmodemscientificdoctrinesandinquiries.Forallknowledgeisfoundedonobservation,andproceedsfromthisbyanalysis,bysynthesisandanalysis,byinductionanddeduction,andifpossiblebyverification,orbynewappealstoobservationundertheguidanceofdeduction—bystepswhichareindeedcorrelativepartsofonemethod;andtheancientsciencesaffordexamplesofeveryoneofthesemethods,orpartsofonemethod,whichhavebeengeneralizedfromtheexamplesofscience.

Afailuretoemployortoemployadequatelyanyoneofthesepartialmethods,animperfectionintheartsandresourcesofobservationandexperiment,carelessnessinobservation,neglectofrelevantfacts,byappealtoexperimentandobservationthesearethefaultswhichcauseallfailurestoascertaintruth,whetheramongtheancientsorthemodems;butthisstatementdoesnotexplainwhythemodemispossessedofagreatervirtue,andbywhatmeansheattainedhissuperiority.Muchlessdoesexplainthesuddengrowthofscienceinrecenttimes.

Theattempttodiscovertheexplanationofthisphenomenonintheantithesisof“facts”and“theories”or“facts”and“ideas”—intheneglectamongtheancientsoftheformer,andtheirtooexclusiveattentiontothelatter—provesalsotobetoonarrow,aswellasopentothechargeofvagueness.Forinthefirstplace,theantithesisisnotcomplete.Factsandtheoriesarenotcoordinatespecies.Theories,iftrue,arefacts—aparticular,classoffactsindeed,generallycomplex,andifalogicalconnectionsubsistsbetweentheirconstituents,haveallthepositiveattributesoftheories.

Nevertheless,thisdistinction,howeverinadequateitmaybetoexplainthesourceoftruemethodinscience,iswellfounded,andconnotesanimportantcharacterintruemethod.Afactisapropositionofsimple.Atheory,ontheotherhand,iftruehasallthecharacteristicsofafact,exceptthatitsverificationispossibleonlybyindirect,remote,ariddifficultmeans.