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住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国政法大学考试名师押题精选卷I(带答案详解)(图片可根据实际调整大小)题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题

Plantsraisedingreenhousesaretendedmethodicallyinanattempttocreatethebestpossibleconditionsfortheirgrowth.

问题1选项

A.systematically

B.naturally

C.personally

D.lovingly

【答案】A

【解析】考查副词辨析。methodically表示“有方法地,有系统地”;A项systematically“系统地”,B项naturally“自然地”,C项personally“个人地”,D项lovingly“亲切地,钟爱地”。句意:在温室里培育的植物受到系统地照料,尽可能为它们的生长创造最好的可能条件。根据句意该题选A。

2.翻译题

Anindividualhumanexistenceshouldbelikeariver—smallatfirst,narrowlycontainedwithinitsbanks,andrushingpassionatelypastrocksandoverwaterfalls.Graduallytherivergrowswider,thebanksrecede,thewatersflowmorequietly,andintheend,withoutanyvisiblebreak,theybecomemergedinthesea,andpainlesslylosetheirindividualbeing.Theman,who,inoldage,canseehislifeinthisway,willnotsufferfromthefearofdeath,sincethethingshecaresforwillcontinue.Andif,withthedecayofvitality,wearinessincreases,thethoughtofrestwillnotbeunwelcome.Ishouldwishtodiewhilestillatwork,knowingthatotherswillcarryonwhatIcannolongerdoandcontentinthethoughtthatwhatwaspossiblehasbeendone.

【答案】参考译文:

一个人的存在应该像一条河流——开始是涓涓细流,被限制在狭窄的河岸之间,然后热情奔放地冲过岩石,越过瀑布。渐渐地,河面变宽了,河岸也远去,河水流动得更加平静。最后,它没有间断地融入了大海,而后便毫无痛苦地消失了自我。能够这样理解自己一生的老人,就不会因害怕死亡而痛苦,因为他所珍爱的一切都会继续存在下去。而且,随着精力的衰退,倦意的增加,长眠的想法并不是不受欢迎的。我希望死于尚能劳作之时,知道别人会继续我未竟的事业,一想到能做的事都做了,就感到满足。

3.单选题

Themostelaborateofallbirdnests______,domedcommunalstructurebuiltbysocialweaverbirds.

问题1选项

A.larger

B.isthelarge

C.thelarge

D.largelyis

【答案】B

【解析】考查句子结构。根据句子可知这是一个主系表结构,句子中缺少系动词和后面的名词词组构成系表结构。A项和C项缺少系动词,D项作表语的名词structure前面缺少定冠词the。句意:所有鸟巢中最精致的是群居织鸟建造的大型圆顶公共结构。因此只有B项正确。

4.填空题

Directions:Inthispartyouwillreadapassageandasummaryofit.Thenfillinthespacesinthesummarywithamaximumofthreewordsfromthepassage.WriteyouranswersOntheAnswerSheet.

ToughSensorCanTaketheHeatAnewgassensormadefromanickel’sworthofmaterialscanendurehightemperatures,corrosion,vibrations,andexposuretowater,accordingtoitsinventorsatArgonneNationalLaboratoryinIllinois.Thetinysensordetectsavarietyofgases.

Conventionalsiliconsensorsdonotworkwellattemperaturesabove150°F.ButArgonne’snewsensor,madeofceramicsandmetals,isnotaffectedbyhightemperatures.“Thematerialsinthissensorbehavewellthroughawiderangeoftemperatures.”saysMichaelVogt,acontrolsystemsengineeratArgonne.

Vogtandhiscolleaguesmadethesensorbyfilm-screeninglayersofceramicandmetalonaceramicsubstrate—thenfiringthesensorinanindustrialovenatmorethanl000°C.TheArgonneresearcherssetouttobuildasensorthatwoulddetectoverheatingcomputercomponents.Beforeanoverheatingcomponentfails,andpossiblyignites,epoxyinthecircuitboardsreleasesagas.TheArgonnesensorcandetectthisvaporandcutoffpowertothecircuit.

Thedevicesensesgasesbyapplyingasteadilyincreasingvoltageacrossitselectricalleadsandmonitoringcurrentspikesinducedasgasesreactonthesensor’ssurface.Eachgasreactsatacharacteristicvoltage,andthesizeofthecurrentspikeindicatesthe“signature”ofseveralrepresentativeorganicsolvents.

Thesensorcouldbeusedtomonitorhydrocarbonemissionsfromcars;today’stypicalsensorsonlymeasureoxygen.Thesensorcouldalsomonitorgasesinindustrialchemicalprocesses.

Summaryofthepassage:

Anewsensormadeofceramicsandmetalscanendurecorrosion,vibrations,exposuretowater,and66__,whilenotaffectedby67__.Aseachgasreactsata68__,thedeviceappliesasteadilyincreasingvoltageandmonitorscurrentspikesinduced.69ofwhichindicatestheconcentrationofthegases.Conventionalsensorsontheotherhand,donotworkwellattemperaturesabove150°Fandcouldbeusedonlyto70__.

【答案】66.detectgases

67.hightemperatures

68.characteristicvoltage

69.the“signature”

70.measureoxygen

【解析】66.文章开篇描述了Anewgassensormadefromanickel’sworthofmaterialscanendurehightemperatures,corrosion,vibrations,andexposuretowater...Thetinysensordetectsavarietyofgases.(一种由镍含量的材料制成的新型气体传感器可以经受高温、腐蚀、振动和暴露在水里……这个微小的传感器能探测到各种气体),其他几个在摘要提到了,所以这里需要写的是侦察气体。因此填detectgases。

67.文章开篇描述了Anewgassensormadefromanickel'sworthofmaterialscanendurehightemperatures,corrosion,vibrations,andexposuretowater...Thetinysensordetectsavarietyofgases.(一种由镍含量的材料制成的新型气体传感器可以经受高温、腐蚀、振动和暴露在水里……这个微小的传感器能探测到各种气体),上一空已经提到了侦察气体,所以这一空应该填入抗高温,因为前面有否定词not,所以空格处填入hightemperatures。

68.根据第四段第二句话提到Eachgasreactsatacharacteristicvoltage(每种气体在一个特征电压下反应)可知,空格处应该填入characteristicvoltage。

69.根据第四段第二句话提到Eachgasreactsatacharacteristicvoltage,andthesizeofthecurrentspikeindicatesthe“signature”ofseveralrepresentativeorganicsolvents.(每种气体在一个特征电压下反应,而脉冲的大小表明了几种代表性有机溶剂的“特征”)可知,脉冲的不同特征暗示了不同气体,所以空格处应该填入the“signature”。

70.根据最后一段第一句today’stypicalsensorsonlymeasureoxygen(今天的典型传感器只测量氧气)可知,传统的传感器在150°F以上的温度下不能很好地工作,只能用于测量氧气;所以空格处应该填入measureoxygen。

5.单选题

Anexplosionisreallyasuddenincreaseinvolume______.

问题1选项

A.causedbyrapidburning

B.andcausebyrapidburning

C.causingitsburningtoberapid

D.rapidburningcausesit

【答案】A

【解析】考查语法和句意。A项用cause的被动语态连接原因,作为后置定语修饰volume符合题意;根据题干与选项我们可以知道爆炸中的巨大声响是由快速燃烧引起的,所以不能选择C项;B项是被动语态,cause应该用过去分词,故排除;D项是一个完整的表示原因的从句,但是缺少连接词,所以不对。句意:爆炸实际上是由快速燃烧引起的体积的突然增加。因此,该题正确答案为A。

6.单选题

Doyourememberallthoseyearswhenscientistsarguedthatsmokingwouldkillusbutthedoubtersinsistedthatwedidn’tknowforsure?Thattheevidencewasinconclusive;thescienceuncertain?Thattheantismokinglobbywasouttodestroyourwayoflifeandthegovernmentshouldstayoutoftheway?LotsofAmericansboughtthatnonsense,andoverthreedecades,some10millionsmokerswenttoearlygraves.

Thereareupsettingparallelstoday,asscientistsinonewaveafteranothertrytoawakenustothegrowingthreatofglobalwarming.ThelatestwasapanelfromtheNational.AcademyofSciences,enlistedbytheWhiteHouse,totellusthattheEarth’satmosphereisdefinitelywarmingandthattheproblemislargelyman-made.Theclearmessageisthatweshouldgetmovingtoprotectourselves.ThepresidentoftheNationalAcademy.BruceAlberts,addedthiskeypointintheprefacetothepanel’sreport,“Scienceneverhasalltheanswers.Butsciencedoesprovideuswiththebestavailableguidetothefuture,anditiscriticalthatournationandtheworldbaseimportantpoliciesonthebestjudgmentsthatsciencecanprovideconcerningthefutureconsequencesofpresentactions”.

Justasonsmoking,voicesnowcomefrommanyquartersinsistingthatthescienceaboutglobalwarmingisincomplete,thatit’sOKtokeeppouringfumesintotheairuntilweknowforsure.Thisisadangerousgame:bythetime100percentoftheevidenceisin,itmaybetoolate.Withtherisksobviousandgrowing,prudentpeoplewouldtakeoutaninsurancepolicynow.

Fortunately,theWhiteHouseisstartingtopayattention.Butit’sobviousthatamajorityofthepresident’sadvisersstilldon’ttakeglobalwarmingseriously.Insteadofaplanofaction,theycontinuetopressformoreresearch—aclassiccaseof“paralysisbyanalysis.”

Toserveasresponsiblestewardsoftheplanet,wemustpressforwardondeeperatmosphericandoceanicresearch.Butresearchaloneisinadequate.IftheAdministrationwon’ttakethelegislativeinitiative,Congressshouldhelptobeginfashioningconservationmeasures.AbillbyDemocraticSenatorRobertByrdofWestVirginia,whichwouldofferfinancialincentivesforprivateindustry,isapromisingstart.Manyseethatthecountryisgettingreadytobuildlotsofnewpowerplantstomeetourenergyneeds.Ifweareevergoingtoprotecttheatmosphere,itiscrucialthatthosenewplantsbeenvironmentallysound.

56.Anargumentmadebysupportersofsmokingwasthat______.

57.AccordingtoBruceAlberts,sciencecanserveas______.

58.Whatdoestheauthormeanby“paralysisbyanalysis”(Lastline,Paragraph4)?

59.Accordingtotheauthor,whatshouldtheAdministrationdoaboutglobalwarming?

60.Theauthorassociatestheissueofglobalwarmingwiththatofsmokingbecause______.

问题1选项

A.therewasnoscientificevidenceofthecorrelationbetweensmokinganddeath

B.thenumberofearlydeathsofsmokersinthepastdecadeswasinsignificant

C.peoplehadthefreedomtochoosetheirownwayoflife

D.antismokingpeoplewereusuallytalkingnonsense

问题2选项

A.aguide

B.ajudge

C.acritic

D.aprotector

问题3选项

A.Prudentplanninghindersprogress.

B.Carefulinvestigationrevealstruth.

C.Endlessstudieskillaction.

D.Extensiveresearchhelpsdecision-making.

问题4选项

A.Offeraidtobuildcleanerpowerplants.

B.Raisepublicawarenessofconservation.

C.Takesomelegislativemeasures.

D.Pressforfurtherscientificresearch.

问题5选项

A.theybothsufferedfromthegovernment’snegligence

B.alessonfromthelatterisapplicabletotheformer

C.theoutcomeofthelatteraggravatestheformer

D.bothofthemhaveturnedfrombadtoworse

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:C

第4题:C

第5题:B

【解析】56.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】判断推理题。题干意思是“吸烟的支持者提出的论点是……”。第一段第三句提到Thattheantismokinglobbywasouttodestroyourwayoflife(反对吸烟的游说将毁掉我们的生活方式)可以推断,吸烟的支持者认为他们有选择自己生活方式的自由,因此C项“人们有自由选择自己的生活方式”符合题意。A项“吸烟与死亡之间没有相关的科学证据”,根据第一段第二句theevidencewasinconclusive(证据缺乏决定性)可知不是没有相关证据,而是证据缺乏决定性,所以A项错误;根据第一段第四句LotsofAmericansthoughtthatnonsense,andoverthreedecades,some10millionsmokerswenttoearlygraves(很多美国人认为吸烟导致人死亡的说法是胡说,在过去的三十年间,大约1000万吸烟者早逝),可知有大约1000万吸烟者早逝这个数量并不是微不足道的,因此B项“过数十年中早逝的烟民数量微不足道”错误;另外美国人是认为吸烟导致人死亡的说法是胡说八道,而不是禁烟者胡说,因此D项“禁烟者通常都是在胡说八道”也不符合题意。故该题选C。

57.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“根据BruceAlberts,科学可以作为……”。根据第二段最后一句Butsciencedoesprovideuswiththebestavailableguidetothefuture(但是科学确实为我们提供了关于未来的最好指导)可知,科学可以作为指导,因此A项“指导”正确。B项“法官”,C项“批评家”和D项“保护者”都不符合。故该题选A。

58.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】判断推理题。题干意思是“作者在第四段最后一行说‘分析导致的瘫痪’是什么意思?”。根据第四段第一行提到Butit’sobviousthatamajorityofthepresident’sadvisersstilldon’ttakeglobalwarmingseriously.Insteadofaplanofaction,theycontinuetopressformoreresearch—aclassiccaseof“paralysisbyanalysis.”(但很明显,总统的大多数顾问仍然没有认真对待全球变暖问题。他们没有制定行动计划,而是继续推动更多的研究——一个典型的“分析导致瘫痪”的案例)可知,“分析导致瘫痪”的意思是研究阻止了行动的产生,因此C项“无休止的研究扼杀了行动”符合题意。B项“仔细调查揭示真相”和A项“谨慎计划阻碍进步”没有提到,D项“大量的研究有助于决策”,文中只是提到了更多的研究,没有提到研究有助于决策,故该题选C正确。

59.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】判断推理题。题干意思是“根据作者的观点,政府应该如何应对全球变暖?”。根据最后一段第三句IftheAdministrationwon’ttakethelegislativeinitiative,Congressshouldhelptobeginfashioningconservationmeasures.(如果政府不采取立法措施,国会应该帮助制定保护措施)可知,在作者的观点中,政府应该采取立法措施,因此C项“采取一些立法措施”符合题意。A项“提供支持,建设清洁发电厂”和B项“提高公众保护意识”都是政府的立法措施能够做到的,因此包括在里面;D项“促进更进一步的科学研究”不是作者想要政府做的,前文提到研究扼杀了行动,因此D项错误;故该题C项正确。

60.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】判断推理题。题干意思是“作者把全球变暖问题和吸烟问题联系起来是因为……”。作者在文章第一段讲述科学家们认为吸烟会致人死亡,而怀疑者们坚持认为证据缺乏决定性;第二段接着讲述现在出现了类似的情况,即全球变暖的问题,科学家们试图让我们意识到全球气候变暖所带来的日益严重的威胁与地球气候变暖主要是人为造成的;第三段讲述就如吸烟问题一样,来自不同领域的声音坚持认为有关全球变暖的科学资料还不完整;由此我们可以推断来自吸烟问题的教训可以运用到全球变暖的问题上,因此B项“吸烟问题的教训可以应用于全球变暖的问题上”符合题意。文中只是提到关于全球变暖的问题政府一直采取研究,没有提到吸烟问题上政府的态度,因此A项“两个问题都受到了政府的疏忽”不符合题意;C项“吸烟的结果使全球变暖问题恶化”,文章只是通过吸烟问题引出全球变暖的话题,因此C项错误;D项“两个问题都变得越来越糟糕了”,文中的确讲到两个问题的严重性,但是作者把两个问题联系起来更多的目的还是通过吸烟的问题引出全球变暖的主题,从而引出吸烟问题的教训可以应用到全球变暖的问题上。故该题B项最符合题意。

7.单选题

It’shardtomemorizethroughbruteforcethegroceriesweneedtobuy.

问题1选项

A.rude

B.skillful

C.emphasized

D.abnormal

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词辨析。brute在句中是“蛮力,强力”,A选项rude“粗鲁的”;B选项skillful“有技巧的”;C选项emphasized“强调的”;D选项abnormal“反常的”。句意:通过蛮力很难记住我们需要买的杂货。根据句意A项正确。

8.单选题

TheUnitedStatesSupremeCourthasnotalwaysresolvedlegalissuesofconcerntoNativeAmericansinamannerthathaspleasedtheIndiannations.ManyoftheCourt’sdecisionshavebeenproductsofpoliticalcompromisethatlookedmoretothetemperofthetimesthantoenduringprinciplesoflaw.ButaccommodationispartofthejudicialsystemintheUnitedStatesandjudicialdecisionsmustbeassessedwiththisfactinmind.

Despitethe“accommodating”natureofthejudicialsystem,itisworthnotingthatthepoweroftheSupremeCourthasbeenexercisedinamannerthathasusuallybeenbeneficialtoNativeAmericans,atleastonminorissues,andhasnotbeenwhollydetrimentalonthelarger,moreimportantissues.Certainlytherehavebeendecisionsthatcastdoubtonthevalidityofthisassertion.SomecriticspointtothepatronizingtoneofmanyCourtopinionsandtheapparentrejectionofNativeAmericanvaluesasimportantpointstoconsiderwhenreviewingacase.However,thevalidityoftheassertioncanbeillustratedbyreferencetotwoimportantcontributionsthathaveresultedfromtheexerciseofjudicialpower.

First,theCourthascreatedrulesofjudicialconstructionthatingeneral,favortherightsofNativeAmericanlitigants.TheCourt’sattitudehasbeenconditionedbyrecognitionofthedistinctdisadvantagesNativeAmericansfacedwhendealingwithsettlersinthepast.TreatieswereinevitablywritteninEnglishforthebenefitoftheirauthors,whereastriballeaderswereaccustomedtomakingtreatieswithoutanywrittenaccount,onthestrengthofmutualpromisessealedbyreligiouscommitmentandindividualintegrity.Thewrittentreatieswereoftenbroken,andNativeAmericanswereconfrontedwithfraudandpoliticalandmilitaryaggression.TheCourtrecognizesthatpastunfairnesstoNativeAmericanscannotbesanctionedbytheforceoflaw.Therefore,ambiguitiesintreatiesaretobeinterpretedinfavoroftheNativeAmericanclaimants,treatiesaretobeinterpretedastheNativeAmericanswouldhaveunderstoodthem,and,underthereservedrightsdoctrine,treatiesreservetoNativeAmericansallrightsthathavenotbeenspecificallygrantedawayinothertreaties.

Asecondachievementofthejudicialsystemistheprotectionthathasbeenprovidedagainstencroachmentbythestalesintotribalaffairs.Federaljudgesarenotinclinedtoviewfavorablyeffortstoextendstatespowersandjurisdictionsbecauseofthedirectthreatthatsuchexpansionposestotheexerciseoffederalpowers.Intheabsenceofafederalstatutedirectlyandclearlyallocatingafunctiontothestates,federaljudgesareinclinedtoreserveforthefederalgovernment—andthetribalgovernmentsunderitscharge—allthosepowersandrightstheycanbesaidtohavepossessedhistorically.

61.Accordingtothepassage,onereasonwhytheUnitedStatesSupremeCourt“hasnotalwaysresolvedlegalissuesofconcerntoNativeAmericansinamannerthathaspleasedtheIndiannations”(lines1-2)isthat______.

62.Theauthor’sattitudetowardtheUnitedStatesSupremeCourt’sresolutionoflegalissuesofconcerntoNativeAmericanscanbestbedescribedasoneof______.

63.Itcanbeinferredthattheauthorbelievesthattheextensionofthestates’powersandjurisdictionswithrespecttoNativeAmericanaffairswouldbe______.

64.Theauthor’sprimarypurposeisto______.

65.ItcanbeinferredthattheauthorbelievestheUnitedStatesSupremeCourt’streatmentofNativeAmericanstohavebeen______.

问题1选项

A.NativeAmericanshavebeenpreventedfrompresentingtheirconcernspersuasively

B.theCourthasfailedtorecognizethattheIndiannations’concernsaredifferentfromthoseofothergroupsorfromthoseofthefederalgovernment

C.theCourthasmadepoliticalcompromisesindecidingsomecases

D.theCourthasbeenreluctanttocurtailthepowersofthefederalgovernment

问题2选项

A.wholeheartedendorsement

B.restrainedappreciation

C.detachedobjectivity

D.cautiousopposition

问题3选项

A.possibleonlywiththeconsentoftheIndiannations

B.favorablyviewedbytheUnitedStatesSupremeCourt

C.inthebestinterestsofbothstateandfederalgovernments

D.detrimentaltotheinterestsofNativeAmericans

问题4选项

A.contrastopposingviews

B.reevaluatetraditionalbeliefs

C.reconciledivergentopinions

D.provideevidencetosupportacontention

问题5选项

A.reasonablysupportiveinmostsituations

B.irreproachableonlegalgrounds

C.guidedbyenduringprinciplesoflaw

D.misguidedbutgenerallyharmless

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:C

第3题:B

第4题:D

第5题:A

【解析】61.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】判断推理题。题干意思是“根据这篇文章,美国最高法院‘并不总是以一种让印第安人满意的方式解决印第安人关心的法律问题’的一个原因是……”。第一段第二句提到ManyoftheCourt’sdecisionshavebeenproductsofpoliticalcompromisethatlookedmoretothetemperofthetimesthantoenduringprinciplesoflaw(最高法院的许多判决都是政治妥协的产物,这些妥协看起来更像是时代的缓和,而不是持久的法律原则),由此可知法院在案件的判决中做出了政治妥协,因此,C项“法院在判决一些案件时做出了政治妥协”符合题意;A项“美国原住民被阻止以有说服力的方式表达他们的担忧”,根据第二段第五行SomecriticspointtothepatronizingtoneofmanyCourtopinionsandtheapparentrejectionofNativeAmericanvaluesasimportantpointstoconsiderwhenreviewingacase.(一些批评人士指出,许多法院意见的庇护语气和对印第安人价值观的明显拒绝,是复审案件时需要考虑的重要因素)可知,法院是拒绝美国原住民的价值观,而不是阻止他们以有说服力的方式表达自己的担忧,因此该项不正确;B项“法院没有认识到印第安民族的关注点不同于其他群体或联邦政府的关注点”,文中没有提到印第安人的关注点是什么;D项“法院一直不愿意削减联邦政府的权力”原文也没有提到;故该题选C。

62.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】观点态度题。题干意思是“作者对美国最高法院解决印第安人关心的法律问题的态度可以很好地描述为……”。第二段第一句提到Despitethe“accommodating”natureofthejudicialsystem,itisworthnotingthatthepoweroftheSupremeCourthasbeenexercisedinamannerthathasusuallybeenbeneficialtoNativeAmericans,atleastonminorissues,andhasnotbeenwhollydetrimentalonthelarger,moreimportantissues.(尽管司法系统具有妥协性,值得注意的是美国本土居民在少部分事务上受惠于最高法院,而在重大问题方面,美国本土居民也并不因此受到损害),由此可知,作者对利弊都有表述,其态度是公正的,故C项“公平的客观”符合题意。A项“全心全意的支持”,第一段作者还提到了最高法院并不总是以一种让印第安人满意的方式解决印第安人关心的法律问题,所以全心全意的支持这种说法是错误的;B项“拘谨的感谢”,作者没有表达感谢,因此该项错误;D项“谨慎的反对”,作者表述了美国最高法院对印第安人关心的法律问题上有利有弊的解决方案,说作者是客观的态度更贴切题意;故该题选C。

63.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“可以推断出作者相信各州在印第安人事务上的权力和管辖权的扩展将会是……”。文章最后一段提到Federaljudgesarenotinclinedtoviewfavorablyeffortstoextendstatespowersandjurisdictionsbecauseofthedirectthreatthatsuchexpansionposestotheexerciseoffederalpowers.(联邦法官不倾向于赞成扩大各州权力和司法管辖权,因为这种扩大会对联邦权力的行使构成直接威胁),由此可知国家权力的扩张以及司法触及美国本土居民事务,联邦政府将会面临危险;该司法系统是国家提供的保护,所以,对于扩展各州在印第安人事务上的权力和管辖权是会得到美国最高法院的支持的,A项“只有得到印第安民族的同意才可能”过于绝对;B项“受到美国最高法院的认可”符合题意;C项“为了州和联邦政府的最大利益”,文章已经提到了会给联邦权力的行使构成直接威胁,所以该项错误;D项“对美国原住民的利益有害”,最后一段第一句提到Asecondachievementofthejudicialsystemistheprotectionthathasbeenprovidedagainstencroachmentbythestalesintotribalaffairs.(司法制度的第二个成就是保护部落事务不受陈腐势力的侵犯),由此可知对美国原住民并不是有害的,因此该项错误;故该题选B。

64.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“作者最主要的目的是……”。最后两段句首作者用了first和second,可知作者是在举例论证,因此D项“提供证据支持论点”正确;A项“对比相反的观点”,文章最后两段的中心句是First,theCourthascreatedrulesofjudicialconstructionthatingeneral,favortherightsofNativeAmericanlitigants.(首先,最高法院制定了一般有利于美国原住民诉讼当事人权利的司法构建规则)和Asecondachievementofthejudicialsystemistheprotectionthathasbeenprovidedagainstencroachmentbythestalesintotribalaffairs.(司法制度的第二个成就是保护部落事务不受陈腐势力的侵犯),由此可知作者并没有对比相反的观点;B项“重新评估传统信仰”和C项“调和不同的意见”文中没有提到;故该题选D。

65.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“可以推断作者认为美国最高法院对印第安人的对待是……”。本文主要讲到美国最高法院对美国本土居民的法律问题的处理是政治妥协,而并非遵循着法律原则,但是这种处理也是合情合理的,因为它并没有造成极大的危害。故A项“在大多数情况下都给予相当的支持”比较符合句意;B项“在法律上无可指责”,文章都提到了有时候法院对印第安人关心的法律问题没有遵循法律原则,所以该项错误;C项“受持久的法律原则指导”,文中提到也会受到政治妥协,该项也不正确;D项“被误导但一般无害”,文中没有提到误导;故该题选A。

9.单选题

Thehouseinwhichtheformerpresidentusedtoliveisreportedinthelocalnewspaper______inafiretwodaysago.

问题1选项

A.tobedestroyed

B.havingbeendestroyed

C.beingdestroyed

D.tohavebeendestroyed

【答案】B

【解析】考查时态。twodaysago表示“两天前”,应该用过去式;因对现在有所影响,故应为完成时;又因主语thehouse与谓语动词destroy构成被动关系;A项表示将来;C项表示正在进行;D项不符合语法。句意:据当地报纸报道,前任总统居住的房子两天前被大火烧毁。故正确答案为B。

10.单选题

Inordertoexplainthesocioeconomicachievement,inthefaceofdisadvantagesduetoracialdiscriminationofChineseandJapaneseimmigrantstotheUnitedStatesandtheirdescendants,sociologistshavetypicallyappliedeitherculturallybasedorstructurallybasedtheories—butneverbothtogether.Touseaneconomicmetaphor,culturallybasedexplanationsasserttheimportanceofthesupplysideofthelabormarket,emphasizingthequalitiesimmigrantgroupsbringwiththemforcompetitionintheUnitedStateslabormarket.Suchexplanationsreflectahuman-capitalperspectiveinwhichstatusattainmentisseenasaresultofindividuals’abilitytogenerateresources.Structurallybasedexplanations,ontheotherhand,examinethemarketconditionoftheimmigrants’hostsociety,particularlyitsdiscriminatorypracticesandtheirimpactonthestatusattainmentprocessofimmigrantgroups.Intheeconomicmetaphor,structuralexplanationsasserttheimportanceofthedemandsideofthelabormarket.

InordertounderstandthesocioeconomicmobilityofChineseandJapaneseimmigrantsandtheirdescendants,onlyananalysisofsupply-sideanddemand-sidefactorstogether,inthecontextofhistoricalevents,willsuffice.Ontheculturalorsupplyside,differencesinimmigrationpatternandfamilyformationresultedindifferentratesofsocioeconomicachievementforChineseandJapaneseimmigrants.Forvariousreasons,Chineseimmigrantsremainedsojournersanddidnot(exceptforurbanmerchants)establishfamilies.Theywerealsohamperedbyethnicconflictinthelabormarket.Japaneseimmigrants,ontheotherhand,werelessconstrained,madethetransitionfromsojournertosettlerwithinthefirsttwodecadesofimmigration,andleftlow-wagelabortoestablishsmallbusinessesbasedonahouseholdmodeofproduction.Chinesesojournerswithoutfamiliesweremorevulnerabletodemoralization,whereasJapaneseimmigrantsfacedsocietalhostilitywiththeemotionalresourcesprovidedbyastablefamilylife.OnceChineseimmigrantsbegantoestablishnuclearfamiliesandproduceasecondgeneration,institutinghouseholdproductionsimilartothatestablishedbyJapaneseimmigrants,theirsocioeconomicattainmentsoonparalleledthatofJapaneseimmigrantsandtheirdescendants.

Onthestructuralordemandside,changesininstitutionalconstraints,immigrationlaws,labormarkets,andsocietalhostilitywererootedinthedynamicsofcapitalisteconomicdevelopment.Earlycapitalistdevelopmentgeneratedademandforlow-wagelaborthatcouldnotbefulfilled.EarlyChineseandJapaneseimmigrationwasaresponsetothisdemand.Inanadvancedcapitalisteconomy,thedemandforimmigrantlaborismoredifferentiated:skilledprofessionalandtechnicallaborfillsemptypositionsintheprimarylabormarketand,withthetraditionalunskilledlow-wagelabor,createstwoimmigrantsteams.ThehighlevelsofeducationattainedbythedescendantsofChineseandJapaneseimmigrantsandtheirconcentrationinstrategicstatessuchasCaliforniapavedthewayforthemovementofthesecondgenerationintotheexpandingprimarylabormarketintheadvancedcapitalisteconomythatexistedaftertheSecondWorldWar.

56.Whichoneofthefollowingbestexpressesthemainideaofthepassage?

57.Theauthorisprimarilyconcernedwith______.

58.Whichoneofthefollowingcanbestbedescribedasasupply-sideelementinthelabormarket,assuchelementsareexplainedinthepassage?

59.ItcanbeinferredthatwhichoneofthefollowingwasanelementoftheexperienceofbothChineseandJapaneseimmigrantsintheUnitedStates?

60.Itcanbeinferredthattheauthor’sanalysisofthesocioeconomicachievementofChineseandJapaneseimmigrantsandtheirdescendantsdiffersfromthatofmostsociologistsprimarilyinthatmostsociologists______.

问题1选项

A.OnlyananalysisthatcombinesanexaminationofthecultureofChineseandJapaneseimmigrantgroupsandthesocioeconomicstructureofthehostcountrycanadequatelyexplainthesocioeconomicachievementofChineseandJapaneseimmigrantsandtheirdescendants.

B.ThesocioeconomicachievementofChineseandJapaneseimmigrantsandtheirdescendantshastakenplaceinthecontextofaculturallybasedemphasisontheeconomicwelfareofthenuclearfamily.

C.ThesocioeconomicachievementofChineseandJapaneseimmigrantsandtheirdescendantsisbestexplainedbyanexaminationoftheirculturalbackgrounds,inparticulartheirlevelofeducationalattainment.

D.OnlythemarketstructureofthecapitalisteconomyoftheUnitedStatesinwhichsupplyhashistoricallybeenregulatedbydemandcanaccountforthesocioeconomicachievementofChineseandJapaneseimmigrantsandtheirdescendants.

问题2选项

A.resolvingthedifferencesbetweenschoolsofthought

B.challengingatentativeanswertoaquestion

C.advancingasynthesisofapproachestoanissue

D.outliningtheachievementsofagroup

问题3选项

A.Developmentofanadvancedcapitalisteconomy.

B.Highvalueplacedbyimmigrantsonwork.

C.Concentrationofsmallbusinessesinagivengeographicalarea.

D.Needforworkerswithvaryingdegreesofskill.

问题4选项

A.Slowaccumulationofcapital.

B.Rapidestablishmentofnuclearfamilies.

C.Rapidacquisitionoftechnicalskills.

D.Initialstatusassojourners.

问题5选项

A.emphasizethedisadvantageouseffectsofracialdiscrimination

B.focusonasingletypeoftheoreticalexplanation

C.addresstheeffectsoftheinteractionofcausalfactors

D.excludethefactorofadevelopingcapitalisteconomy

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:C

第3题:B

第4题:D

第5题:B

【解析】56.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】主旨大意题。题干意思是“下列哪个选项最好地表达了这篇文章的主要思想?”。文章主要讲的是中日移民及其后代的社会经济成就。文章第二段首句提到InordertounderstandthesocioeconomicmobilityofChineseandJapaneseimmigrantsandtheirdescendants,onlyananalysisofsupply-sideanddemand-sidefactorstogether,inthecontextofhistoricalevents,willsuffice.(要了解中日移民及其后代的社会经济流动性,在历史事件的背景下,只有将供给侧和需求侧因素结合起来分析才足够。),由此可知,为了了解中国和日本移民者以及他们后裔的社会经济流动性,只要做出一个在历史事件的背景下的供应方和需求方的因素分析就足够了;故A项“只有结合考察中国和日本移民群体的文化和东道国的社会经济结构的分析,才能充分解释中国和日本移民及其后代的社会经济成就”正确。B项“中国和日本移民及其后代的社会经济成就,是在强调核心家庭经济福利的文化背景下取得的”,第二段最后一句提到OnceChineseimmigrantsbegantoestablishnuclearfamiliesandproduceasecondgeneration,institutinghouseholdproductionsimilartothatestablishedbyJapaneseimmigrants,theirsocioeconomicattainmentsoonparalleledthatofJapaneseimmigrantsandtheirdescendants.(一旦中国移民开始建立核心家庭并产生了第二代,建立了与日本移民相似的家庭生产,他们的社会经济成就很快与日本移民及其后代并立。),由此可知在文化背景下,中日移民的社会经济成就是由于建立了家庭生产,但这只是供给侧方面的因素,另外还有需求侧方面的因素,所以B项不正确。C项“对中国和日本移民及其后代的社会经济成就,最好的解释是考察他们的文化背景,特别是他们的教育程度”,文化背景只是供给侧的一部分因素,只在文章第二段出现,因此C选项太片面。D项“只有美国资本主义经济的市场结构,在历史上供给是由需求调节的,才能解释中国和日本移民及其后代的社会经济成就”,这里进行的是需求侧方面的分析,只在文章第三段出现,D项也很片面。因此该题选A。

57.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“作者主要关心的是什么?”。文章开篇指出Inordertoexplainthesocioeconomicachievement,inthefaceofdisadvantagesduetoracialdiscriminationofChineseandJapaneseimmigrantstotheUnitedStatesandtheirdescendants,sociologistshavetypicallyappliedeitherculturallybasedorstructurallybasedtheories—butneverbothtogether.(为了解释这一社会经济成就,面对华裔和日本移民及其后代因种族歧视而产生的劣势,社会学家通常采用基于文化或基于结构的理论,但从未将两者结合起来。),由此可知以往的两种分析方法都是分开使用的,从未被结合在一起来解释移民问题。接着作者在第二段第一句提到onlyananalysi

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