2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国政法大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号21

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国政法大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题

ThecourtdecreedthatheshouldbetransportedtoAustralia.

问题1选项

A.predicted

B.ordered

C.decided

D.resolved

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。decree表示“颁布法令”；A项predict“预测”，B项order“命令”，C项decide“决定”，D项resolve“溶解”。句意：法院裁定他应该被遣送到澳大利亚。因此B项正确。

2.单选题

Onestudyhasfoundthatjobapplicantswhomakemoreeyecontactsareperceivedasmorealert,dependable,confidentandresponsiblethan______.

问题1选项

A.thosewhodon’t

B.thosewhoaren’t

C.themwhodidn’t

D.themwhoweren’t

【答案】A

【解析】考查语法。those指代前面的jobapplicants，who引导定语从句，因为避免重复，所以后面略宾语，而用do代替前面的make一词，A项符合句意。B项谓语动词使用错误；C项代词使用错误；D项错误。句意：一项调查发现，那些能有更多目光接触的求职者比没有足够目光接触的求职者被视为更加机智，可靠，自信并且附有责任心。故正确答案为A。

3.填空题

Direction:Thefollowingaresomewordsandphrases,someofwhicharetakenfromthetextthatfollows.Decidewhichwordorphraseshouldgoineachgapandthenwritetheletterinthespaceprovided.Notethattherearemorewordsandphrasethangaps.WriteyouranswersontheAnswerSheet.

StandardsofMeasurement

Inearlytimesmeasurementsweremadebycomparingthingswithpartsof(example).Earlyunitsofmeasurementincludedthedistancefromtheelbowtothefingers,thewidthofthehandandthewidthofthefingers.

Someofthesehumanmeasurementsarestillused.Forexample,66basedonthelengthofhalfthethumb.Afootwasoriginally67ofaman’sfoot.Amilewasonethousandwalkingsteps.

Theseunitswereonly68becausetheirstandard—thehumanbody—wasnotconstant.Governmentstriedto69thembyusingrodsoffixedlengths.Buttheserodsstillvariedfrom70tocountry.

DuringtheFrenchRevolution,scientistslookedfora__71whichdidnotchange.TheychosethedistancefromtheEquatortotheNorthPole,whichisonequarterofthecircumferenceoftheEarth.Onetenmillionthofthiswascalled72andbecamethebasicunitofthemetricsystem.Othermetric73arebasedonit.Forexample,thecentimeterisonehundredthofameter.Agram—theunitof74isthemassofonecubiccentimeterofwater.

Astandardmeterwasmarkedonaplatinumbar.Theaccuracyof75wascheckedbycomparingthemwiththisbar.Nowadaysthemeterisstandardizedbycomparingitwithanotherconstant—thewavelengthofacertainkindoflight.

66.______67.______68.______69.______70.______

71.______72.______73.______74.______75.______

【答案】66.J

67.E

68.K

69.A

70.L

71.N

72.I

73.B

74.M

75.G

【解析】66.考查上下文语义。第一句提到Someofthesehumanmeasurementsarestillused.（一些人工测量方法仍在使用），紧接着下文提到…basedonthelengthofhalfthethumb（……根据一半拇指的长度），由此可知，空格处填入的应该是一个测量的单位，故该题选J“theinch（英寸）”正确。

67.考查句子语义。根据句子Afootwasoriginally…ofaman’sfoot（英尺最初是一个人的脚的……），可知，空格处应该是填入length表示长度；故该题选E正确。

68.考查句子语义。根据句子Theseunitswereonly…becausetheirstandard—thehumanbody—wasnotconstant.（这些单位只是……因为人体的器官并不是一成不变的），可知，空格处应该是表示“大约的，近似的”；故该题选K正确。

69.考查句子语义。应该填入一个动词，只有A和M是动词，根据句子意思A符合题意。句意：政府试图通过使用固定长度的棒子来将其标准化。故该题选A正确。

70.考查固定用法。varyfromcountrytocountry表示“因国家而异”，因此空格处要填入country。句意：但是这些棒子仍然依国家而异。故该题选L正确。

71.考查上下文语义。上一段提到没有标准的测量，下文就提到了DuringtheFrenchRevolution,scientistslookedfora…whichdidnotchange.（在法国大革命期间，科学家们寻找一种不变的……），由此可知空格处应该是表示“标准的测量”，故N项符合题意。该题选N正确。

72.考查上下文语义。由下文Forexample,thecentimeterisonehundredthofameter（例如，厘米是一米的百分之一）可知此处指的是“一米”，因此空格处应该填onemeter。该题选I正确。

73.考查上下文语义。由下文的centimeter和gram可知此处指的是“测量单位”，因此空格处应该填units。句意：其他公制单位以它为基础。该题选B正确。

74.考查上下文语义。由常识判断gram是重量单位，因此空格处应该填weight；句意：重量单位一克相当于一立方厘米水。故该题选M正确。

75.考查上下文语义。上句提到Astandardmeterwasmarkedonaplatinumbar.（标准的米制测量标在铝棒上），下文接着说到Theaccuracyof…wascheckedbycomparingthemwiththisbar.（……的准确度是通过把它们与这根杆子比较来检验的），根据这两个句子可以猜到空格处应该是表示“测量仪器”，因此该题选G正确。

4.翻译题

为了保证刑法的正确实施，惩罚犯罪，保护人民，保障国家安全和社会公共安全，维护社会主义社会秩序，根据宪法，制定中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法。本法的任务是：保证准确、及时地查明犯罪事实，正确运用法律，惩罚犯罪分子，保证无罪的人不受刑事追究，教育公民自觉遵守法律，积极同犯罪分子做斗争，以维护社会主义法制，保护公民的人身权利、财产权利和其他权利，保证社会主义事业的顺利进行。

【答案】参考译文：

TheCriminalProcedureLawofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaisenactedinaccordancewiththeConstitutionandforthepurposeofensuringcorrectenforcementoftheCriminalLaw,punishingcrimes,protectingthepeople,safeguardingStateandpublicsecurityandmaintainingsocialistpublicorder.TheaimofthisLawis:toensureaccurateandtimelyascertainmentoffactsaboutcrimes,correctapplicationoflaw,punishmentofcriminalsandprotectionoftheinnocentagainstbeinginvestigatedforcriminalresponsibility;toenhancethecitizens’awarenessoftheneedtoabidebylawandtofightvigorouslyagainstcriminalactsinordertosafeguardthesocialistlegalsystem;toprotectthecitizens'personalrights,theirpropertyrights,democraticrightsandotherrights;andtoguaranteesmoothprogressofthecauseofsocialistdevelopment.

5.单选题

______equallybetweenschoolandtelevisionstudios,shewasbusylearninglineswhileherfriendsarehookingonlines.

问题1选项

A.Withtimetobesplit

B.Hertimebeingsplit

C.Withhertimebeingsplit

D.Timewassplit

【答案】C

【解析】考查with介词词组和独立结构。句子没有连词，因此前面部分不可能是完整的主谓宾句子结构，D项句子完整所以排除D。根据句意“她一半时间在学校，一半在电视工作室，她的朋友们正在线上谈情说爱时她却忙于学习台词”，前面应该表示伴随的原因状语，因此A项不定式独立结构不合适，B项分词独立结构和C介词词组都可以表示原因，但with结构伴随意味更强更常用；因此选C更合适。

6.翻译题

TheSupremeCourtisthehighestcourtoftheUnitedStates,andtheonlyonespecificallycreatedbytheConstitution.AdecisionoftheSupremeCourtcannotbeappealedtoanyothercourt.TheSupremeCourthasoriginaljurisdictioninonlytwokindsofcases:thoseinvolvingforeigndignitariesandthoseinwhichastateisaparty.AllothercasesreachtheCourtonappealfromlowercourts.AsignificantamountoftheworkoftheSupremeCourtconsistsofdeterminingwhetherlegislationorexecutiveactsconformtotheConstitution.ThispowerofjudicialreviewisdoctrineinferredbytheCourtfromitsreadingoftheConstitution,andforcefullystatedinthelandmarkMarburyvs.Madisoncaseof1803.Thedoctrinehasalsobeenextendedtocovertheactivitiesofstateandlocalgovernments.

【答案】参考译文：

最高法院是美国的最高法院，也是唯一一个由宪法专门设立的法院。最高法院的裁决不能向任何其他法院上诉。最高法院最初只对两种案件拥有司法权：涉及国外显要人物的案件和州作为一方当事人的案件。最高法院受理的所有其他案件均来自下级法院的上诉。最高法院很重要的工作任务就是决定立法或执法是否符合宪法标准。这种司法审查的权利是由最高法院通过解读《宪法》而推断出来的法律原则，并且在具有里程碑意义的1803年马伯里与麦迪逊案得到确定。并且，该理论还扩展到包括州和地方政府的活动。

7.单选题

Scientistsclaimthatairpollutioncausesadeclineintheworld’saverageairtemperature.Inordertoprovethattheory,ecologistshaveturnedtohistoricaldatainrelationtoespeciallyhugevolcaniceruptions.Theysuspectthatvolcanoesaffectweatherchangesthataresimilartoairpollution.

OnesourceofinformationistheeffectoftheeruptionofTambora,avolcanoinSumbawa,theDutchEastIndies,inApril1815.Thelargestrecordedvolcaniceruption,Tamborathrew150milliontonsoffineashintothestratosphere.Theashfromavolcanospreadsworldwideinafewdaysandremainsintheairforyears.Itseffectistoturnincomingsolarradiationintospaceandthuscooltheearth.Forexample,recordsofweatherinEnglandshowthatbetweenAprilandNovember1815,theaveragetemperaturehadfallen4,5F.Duringthenexttwentyfourmonths,Englandsufferedoneofthecoldestperiodsofitshistory.Farmer’srecordsfromApril1815toDecember1818indicatefrostthroughoutthespringandsummerandsharpdecreasesincropandlivestockmarkets.Sincetherewasatimelagofseveralyearsbetweencauseandeffect,bythetimetheworldagriculturalcommoditycommunityhaddeteriorated,noonerealizedthecause.

Ecologiststodaywarnthatwefaceatwo-foldmenace.Theever-presentpossibilityofvolcaniceruptions,suchasthatofMr.St.HelensinWashington,addedtoman’spollutionoftheatmospherewithoil,gas,coal,andotherpollutingsubstances,maybringusincreasinglycolderweather.

41.Itisbelievedthattheearthgetscolderwhen______.

42.TheeffectsofTambora’seruptionwere______.

43.ThecauseofcoldweatherinEnglandfrom1815to1818was______.

44.Noonerealizedthecauseofthedeteriorationoftheworldagriculturalcommoditymarketbecause______.

45.If,assomescientistspredict,theworldendsinice,whatmightbethecause?

问题1选项

A.volcanoeserupt

B.theairispollutedbymodernman

C.theraysofthesunareturnedintospace

D.alloftheabove

问题2选项

A.feltmainlyintheDutchEastIndies

B.ofseveraldays’durationworldwide

C.evidenceofpollution’scoolingtheearth

D.immediatelyevidenttotheworld’sscientists

问题3选项

A.decreasedcropandlivestockproduction

B.volcanicashintheatmosphere

C.pollutioncausedbytheIndustrialRevolution

D.itsproximitytotheNorthSea

问题4选项

A.therewasalongdelaybetweencauseandeffect

B.theweatherisbeyondourcomprehension

C.weatherforecastswereinaccurate

D.ecologistsdidn’texistuntilmoderntimes

问题5选项

A.Modernman’spollutionoftheair.

B.Volcaniceruptions.

C.Obliterationofsolarradiation.

D.Alloftheabove.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:B

第4题:A

第5题:D

【解析】41.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“人们相信在……地球会变得更冷”。根据文章第一段首句Scientistsclaimthatairpollutioncausesadeclineintheworld’saverageairtemperature（科学家声称，空气污染导致世界平均气温下降）和最后一句Theysuspectthatvolcanoesaffectweatherchangesthataresimilartoairpollution.（科学家们怀疑火山对天气变化的影响类似于空气污染）可知，volcanoeserupt是改变天气的一个原因；第二段第四行提到Itseffectistoturnincomingsolarradiationintospaceandthuscooltheearth.（其作用是将入射的太阳辐射送入太空，从而使地球降温）可知，太阳辐射送入太空可以降低地球温度；第三段最后一句提到man’spollutionoftheatmospherewithoil,gas,coal,andotherpollutingsubstances,maybringusincreasinglycolderweather.（人们使用石油、天然气、煤炭和其他污染物质对大气的污染，可能会给我们带来越来越寒冷的天气）可知，空气污染也是天气变冷的一个原因；因此A项“火山爆发”，B项“现代人造成的空气污染”，C项“把太阳辐射送入太空”均正确，故该题选D项“以上都是”。

42.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】判断推理题。题干意思是“坦博拉火山爆发的影响是……”。根据第二段的第三句Theashfromavolcanospreadsworldwideinafewdaysandremainsintheairforyears.（坦博拉火山爆发喷出的火山灰在数天里扩散到了全球且这些火山灰长达数年地保留在空气中）和第二段最后一句Sincetherewasatimelagofseveralyearsbetweencauseandeffect,bythetimetheworldagriculturalcommoditycommunityhaddeteriorated,noonerealizedthecause.（由于原因与后果之间的长达数年的时差，所以当人们遭遇后果时候，往往不能认识到导致其的真正原因）可知A项“荷属东印度群岛才会感觉到这一影响”，B项“在世界范围内持续数天”，D项“立刻成为全世界科学家所关注的证据”都不符合。故该题C项“污染正在冷却地球的证据”正确。

43.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“1815到1818年英国冷天气的原因是由于……”。根据第二段的第三句Theashfromavolcanospreadsworldwideinafewdaysandremainsintheairforyears.Itseffectistoturnincomingsolarradiationintospaceandthuscooltheearth.（坦博拉火山爆发喷出的火山灰在数天里扩散到了全球且这些火山灰长达数年地保留在空气中;火山灰让太阳辐射转入太空，进而让地球温度下降）可知B项“大气中的火山灰”正确，A项“农作物和牲畜产量下降”是后果，不是原因；C项“工业革命造成的污染”和D项“靠近北海”在文中没有提及，因此B正确。

44.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“没有人认识到世界农产品市场恶化的原因是因为……”。根据第二段最后一句Sincetherewasatimelagofseveralyearsbetweencauseandeffect（由于因果之间有几年的时间差）可知A项“因果之间有一段长时间间隔”正确，B项“天气变化超出了人类理解力范围”，C项“天气预报不准确”，D项“到现代才出现生态学家”在文中没有提及，因此该题选A。

45.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】判断推理题。题干意思是“如果像一些科学家预测的那样，世界将在冰中终结，原因可能是什么?”。根据文中第二段中的第四句Itseffectistoturnincomingsolarradiationintospaceandthuscooltheearth.（火山灰让太阳福射转入太空，进而让地球温度下降）及最后一段的第二句Theever-presentpossibilityofvolcaniceruptions,suchasthatofMr.St.HelensinWashington,addedtoman’spollutionoftheatmospherewithoil,gas,coal,andotherpollutingsubstances,maybringusincreasinglycolderweather.（如华盛顿的St.Helens先生说的那样，火山爆发的可能性的始终存在和人类消耗石油、天然气、煤和其它污染物而带来的大气污染有可能为人类带来不断变冷的气候）可知A项“现代人类对空气的污染”，B项“火山爆发”，C项“太阳辐射的消失”均符合，因此该题选D项“以上都是”。

8.单选题

ChinatownhasbeenthecenterofSanFrancisco’sChinesecommunitysincethe1850s.Itsboundarieshaveexpandedsignificantlysincethe1960s,andtheneighborhoodsbuilttherearegenerallyaffluent.

问题1选项

A.plentiful

B.attractive

C.friendly

D.wealthy

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容词辨析。affluent表示“富裕的，丰富的”；A项plentiful“丰富的，许多的”，B项attractive“吸引人的”，C项friendly“友好的”，D项wealthy“富裕的”。句意：自19世纪50年代以来，唐人街一直是旧金山华人社区的中心。自20世纪60年代以来，它的疆界大幅扩张，在那里建造的社区一般都很富裕。根据句意该题选D。

9.单选题

Thedebateovertheenvironmentalcrisisisnotnew:anxietyaboutindustry’simpactontheenvironmenthasexistedforoveracentury.Whatisnewistheextremepolarizationofviews.Mountingevidenceofhumanity’scapacitytodamagetheenvironmentirreversiblycoupledwithsuspicionsthatgovernment,industry,andevensciencemightbeimpotenttopreventenvironmentaldestructionhaveprovokedaccusatorypolemicsonthepartofenvironmentalists.Inturn,thesepolemicshaveelicitedacorrespondingbacklashfromindustry.Thesadeffectofthispolarizationisthatitisnowevenmoredifficultforindustrythanitwasahundredyearsagotorespondappropriatelytoimpactanalysesthatdemandaction.

Unliketoday’sadversaries,earlierecologicalreformerssharedwithadvocatesofindustrialgrowthaconfidenceintimelycorrectiveaction.GeorgeP.Marsh’spioneeringconservationtractManandNature(1864)elicitedwideacclaimwithoutembittereddenials.ManandNaturecastigatedEarth’sdespoilersforheedlessgreed,declaringthathumanity“hasbroughtthefaceoftheEarthtodesolationalmostascompleteasthatoftheMoon.”ButnoentrepreneurorindustrialistsoughttorefuteMarsh’saccusationstodefendtheguttingofforestsortheslaughterofwildlifeaseconomicallyessentialortodismisshisecologicalwarningsashysterical.Tothecontrary,theygenerallyagreedwithhim.

Why?Marshandhisfollowerstookenvironmentalimprovementandeconomicprogressasgivens;theydisputednotthedesirabilityofconqueringnaturebutthebunglingwayinwhichtheconquestwascarriedout.Blamewasnotpersonalized.Marshdenouncedgeneralgreedratherthanparticularentrepreneurs,andthemediadidnothoundmalefactors.Further,correctivemeasuresseemedtoentailnosacrificetodemandnodraconianremedies.Self-interestunderwrotemostprescribedreforms.Marsh’semphasisonfuturestewardshipwasthenawidelyacceptedideal(ifnotpractice).HisecologicaladmonitionswereinkeepingwiththeEnlightenmentpremisethathumanity’smissionwastosubdueandtransformnature.

Notuntilthe1960sdidagloomierperspectivegainpopularground.FredericClements’equilibriummodelofecologydevelopedinthe1930sseemedconsistentwithmountingenvironmentaldisasters.Inthisview,naturewasmostfruitfulwhenleastaltered.Leftundisturbed,floraandfaunagraduallyattainedmaximumdiversityandstability.Despoliationthwartedtheculminationorshortenedthedurationofthisbeneficentclimax:technologydidnotimprovenaturebutdestroyedit.

Theequilibriummodelbecameanecologicalmystique:environmentalinterferencewasnowtaboo,wildernessadored.Natureasunfinishedfabricperfectedbyhumaningenuitygavewaytotheimagenaturedebasedandendangeredbytechnology.IncontrasttotheEnlightenmentvisionofnature,accordingtowhichrationalmanagersconstructanevermoreimprovedenvironment,twentieth-centuryreformers’visionofnaturecallsforareductionofhumaninterferenceinordertorestoreenvironmentalstability.

61.Whichoneofthefollowingmostaccuratelystatesthemainideaofthepassage?

62.Theauthorreferstotheequilibriummodelofecologyasan“ecologicalmystique”(line1,lastparagraph)mostlikelyinordertodowhichoneofthefollowing?

63.WhichoneofthefollowingpracticesismostclearlyanapplicationofFredericClements’equilibriummodelofecology?

64.ThepassagesuggeststheGeorgeP.Marshandtoday’secologicalreformerswouldbemostlikelytoagreewithwhichoneofthefollowingstatements?

65.Thepassageisprimarilyconcernedwithwhichoneofthefollowing?

问题1选项

A.Mountingevidenceofhumanity’scapacitytodamagetheenvironmentshouldmotivateactiontopreventfurtherdamage.

B.TheecologicalmystiqueidentifiedwithFredericClementshasbecomeareligiousconvictionamongecologicalreformers.

C.Theviewsofecologistsandindustrialgrowthadvocatesconcerningtheenvironmenthaveonlyrecentlybecomepolarized.

D.GeorgeP.Marsh’sideasaboutconservationandstewardshiphaveheavilyinfluencedthepresentdebateovertheenvironment.

问题2选项

A.Expressappreciationforhowplantsandanimalsattainmaximumdiversityandstabilitywhenleftalone.

B.Pointoutthattheequilibriummodelofecologyhasrecentlybeensupportedbyempiricalscientificresearch.

C.Underscorethefervorwithwhichtwentieth-centuryreformersadheretotheequilibriummodel.

D.Indicatethattheideasoftwentieth-centuryecologicalreformersareoftensotheoreticalastobedifficulttounderstand.

问题3选项

A.Introducingaspeciesintoanenvironmenttowhichitisnotnativetohelpcontrolthespreadofanotherspeciesthatnolongerhasanynaturalpredators.

B.Settingareasoflandasidetobemaintainedaswildernessfromwhichtheuseorextractionofnaturalresourcesisprohibited.

C.Usingscientificmethodstoincreasesthestabilityofplantsandanimalsinareaswherespeciesareindangerofbecomingextinct.

D.Developingincentivesforindustriestotakecorrectivemeasurestoprotecttheenvironment.

问题4选项

A.Regulatingindustriesinordertoprotecttheenvironmentdoesnotconflictwiththeself-interestofthoseindustries.

B.Solvingtheenvironmentalcrisisdoesnotrequiredrasticandcostlyremedies.

C.Environmentalimprovementandeconomicprogressareequallyimportantgoals.

D.HumandespoliationoftheEarthhascausedwidespreadenvironmentaldamage.

问题5选项

A.Outliningthebackgroundanddevelopmentofconflictingviewpointsinacurrentdebate.

B.Explaininghowconflictingviewpointsinacurrentdebateareequallyvalid.

C.Determiningwhichoftwoconflictingviewpointsinacurrentdebateismorepersuasive.

D.Providingexamplesofpossiblesolutionstoacurrentcrisis.

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:D

第3题:B

第4题:D

第5题:C

【解析】61.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】主旨大意题。题干的意思是“下列哪个选项最准确地陈述了文章的主要思想？”。文章第一段中指出Whatisnewistheextremepolarizationofviews.Mountingevidenceofhumanity’scapacitytodamagetheenvironmentirreversiblycoupledwithsuspicionsthatgovernment,industry,andevensciencemightbeimpotenttopreventenvironmentaldestructionhaveprovokedaccusatorypolemicsonthepartofenvironmentalists.（新出现的是观点的极端两极分化；越来越多的证据表明人类有能力不可逆转地破坏环境，再加上人们怀疑政府、工业甚至科学在防止环境破坏方面可能无能为力，这引起了环保主义者的指责性辩论），由此可知A项“越来越多的证据表明人类有能力破坏环境，应促使采取行动防止进一步的破坏”正确。B项“弗雷德里克•克莱门茨(FredericClements)所推崇的生态神秘感，已成为生态改革者的一种宗教信仰”，最后一段第一句提到Theequilibriummodelbecameanecologicalmystique:environmentalinterferencewasnowtaboo,wildernessadored.（生态平衡模式变成了一种生态的神秘性：环境干扰现在是荒野崇拜的禁忌），由此可知不是一种宗教信仰，B项错误；C项“生态学家和工业发展提倡者在环境问题上的观点只在最近才变得两极化”，only（只有）一词用的不恰当，C项错误；D项“GeorgeP.Marsh关于环境保护和管理的观点严重影响了目前关于环境的辩论”这只是一个例子，并不是通篇文章的主要意思，D项不选。因此该题选A。

62.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】推理判断题。题干的意思是“作者将生态学的平衡模型称为’生态的奥秘’(最后一段第一行)最有可能是为了做以下哪一种？”。根据题干定位到文章最后一段environmentalinterferencewasnowtaboo,wildernessadored.Natureasunfinishedfabricperfectedbyhumaningenuitygavewaytotheimagenaturedebasedandendangeredbytechnology.IncontrasttotheEnlightenmentvisionofnature,accordingtowhichrationalmanagersconstructanevermoreimprovedenvironment,twentieth-centuryreformers’visionofnaturecallsforareductionofhumaninterferenceinordertorestoreenvironmentalstability.（环境干扰现在是荒野崇拜的禁忌；自然就像一件未完工的织物，由人类的聪明才智加以完善，已经被技术所贬低和危及的自然形象所替代；启蒙运动的自然观认为，理性的管理者构建了一个更加美好的环境；与之相反，20世纪改革者的自然观要求减少人类的干预，以恢复环境的稳定。），由此可知，作者在这里指出有些改革太过于理论化而很难理解，所以D项“表明20世纪生态改革者的思想往往理论性太强，难以理解”正确。A项“对动植物在不受干扰的情况下如何获得最大程度的多样性和稳定性表示赞赏”，根据第四段最后一句Despoliationthwartedtheculminationorshortenedthedurationofthisbeneficentclimaxtechnologydidnotimprovenaturebutdestroyedit.（掠夺阻碍了这一高潮或缩短了这一有益的高潮的持续时间；技术并没有改善自然，而是破坏了它）可知，作者是对这一掠夺表示反对，对自然表示惋惜，A项内容理解错误；B项“指出生态学的平衡模型最近得到了实证科学研究的支持”，文中没有提到；C项“强调20世纪改革者对均衡模型的狂热”，文中内容没有提到改革者对均衡模型的狂热，C项不选。因此该题选D。

63.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】推理判断题。题干的意思是“以下哪一个实践是弗雷德里克•克莱门茨的生态平衡模型最明显地的应用？”。文章第四段中指出Inthisview,naturewasmostfruitfulwhenleastaltered.Leftundisturbed,floraandfaunagraduallyattainedmaximumdiversityandstability.Despoliationthwartedtheculminationorshortenedthedurationofthisbeneficentclimax:technologydidnotimprovenaturebutdestroyedit.（从这个观点来看，大自然最少改变的时候是最富有成效的；未受干扰的动植物群落逐渐获得了最大的多样性和稳定性；掠夺阻碍了这一高潮或缩短了这一有益的高潮的持续时间：技术并没有改善自然，而是破坏了它。），由此可以推断B项“把一些土地划出来作为荒野加以维护，禁止使用或开采自然资源”是这一生态平衡模型的应用；A项“将一个物种引入非本地物种的环境，以帮助控制另一个不再有天敌的物种的传播”，将物种引入其他环境算是对自然的一种干扰，和生态平衡模型内容不符合；C项“在物种濒临灭绝的地区，用科学的方法来增加动植物的稳定性”和D项“制定企业激励，采取纠正措施保护环境”也是人为的干扰，都不符合这一平衡模型的内容。因此该题选B。

64.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】推理判断题。题干的意思是“文章表明，GeorgeP.Marsh和今天的生态改革者最有可能同意下列哪一种说法？”。根据第二段最后两句话ButnoentrepreneurorindustrialistsoughttorefuteMarsh’saccusationstodefendtheguttingofforestsortheslaughterofwildlifeaseconomicallyessentialortodismisshisecologicalwarningsashysterical.（但没有企业家或实业家试图反驳马什的指控，他认为砍伐森林或屠杀野生动物在经济上是必要的，也没有人认为他的生态警告是歇斯底里的）可知A项“为了保护环境而规范工业与这些工业的自身利益并不冲突”有提到；根据文章第三段第四句Further,correctivemeasuresseemedtoentailnosacrificetodemandnodraconianremedies.（此外，纠正措施似乎不需要牺牲，不需要严厉的补救措施）可知B项“解决环境危机不需要激烈和昂贵的补救措施”有提到；根据文章第三段第一句Marshandhisfollowerstookenvironmentalimprovementandeconomicprogressasgivens（马什和他的追随者把环境改善和经济发展视为既定事实）可知C项“环境改善和经济发展是同样重要的目标”也有提到；D项“人类对地球的掠夺造成了广泛的环境破坏”，根据文章第二段第三句ManandNaturecastigatedEarthsdespoilersforheedlessgreed,declaringthathumanity“hasbroughtthefaceoftheEarthtodesolationalmostascompleteasthatoftheMoon.”（《人与自然》谴责了地球的掠夺者，因为他们肆无忌惮的贪婪，宣称人类“已经使地球表面像月球表面一样遭到了彻底的毁灭）和文章末段最后一句twentieth-centuryreformers’visionofnaturecallsforareductionofhumaninterferenceinordertorestoreenvironmentalstability.（20世纪改革者的自然观要求减少人类的干预，以恢复环境的稳定）可推断，Marsh和今天的生态改革者都同意人类的掠夺对自然造成破坏，所以D项符合，A、B、C选项都是Marsh那个时期的观点，并不是当今生态改革者的观点，所以A、B、C选项都不正确。因此该题选D。

65.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】主旨大意题。题干的意思是“这篇文章主要是关于下列哪一个？”。作者首段提到Thedebateovertheenvironmentalcrisisisnotnew:Anxietyaboutindustry’simpactontheenvironmenthasexistedforoveracentury.Whatisnewistheextremepolarizationofviews.（关于环境危机的争论并不新鲜：对工业对环境影响的担忧已经存在了一个多世纪。新出现的是观点的极端两极分化。），由此可知，文章开篇提到当今面对环境的争论出现了两极化，然后下文通过很多的例子说明，一种过于理论化的论述是不合乎逻辑的，C项“确定当前辩论中两个相互冲突的观点中哪一个更有说服力”符合题意。A项“概述当前辩论中相互冲突的观点的背景和发展”，概述背景和发展的目的是为了讨论出两个观点哪一个更有说服力，所以A项是一个论述过程，因此不选；B项“解释当前辩论中相互冲突的观点如何同样有效”也是讨论的一个过程，不是文章的主要讨论目的，B项不选；D项“为当前危机提供可能的解决方案”，文章并没有给出合适的解决方案，D项错误。因此该题选C。

10.单选题

InRomantimes,defeatedenemiesweregenerallyputtodeathascriminalsforhavingoffendedtheemperorofRome.Inthemiddleages,however,thepracticeofransoming,orreturningprisonersinexchangeformoney,becamecommon.Thoughsomesawthiscustomasasteptowardsamorehumanesociety,theprimaryreasonsbehinditwereeconomicratherthanhumanitarian.

Inthosetimes,rulershadonlyalimitedabilitytoraisetaxes.Theycouldneitherforcetheirsubjectstofightnorpaythemtodoso.Thepromiseofmaterialcompensationintheformofgoodsandransomwasthereforetheonlywayofinducingcombatantstoparticipateinawar.Inthemiddleages,thepredominantincentivefortheindividualsoldiertoparticipateinawarwastheexpectationofspoils.Althoughcollectingransomclearlybroughtfinancialgain,keepingaprisonerandarrangingforhisexchangehaditscosts.Consequently,severalproceduresweredevisedtoreducetransactioncosts.

Onesuchdevicewasaruleassertingthattheprisonerhadtoassesshisownvalue.Thiscompelledtheprisonertoestablishavaluewithoutmuchdistortion;indicatingtoolowavaluewouldincreasethecaptive’schancesofbeingkilled,whileindicatingtoohighavaluewouldeitherrushhimfinanciallyorcreateaprohibitivelyexpensiveransomthatwouldalsoresultindeath.

Asecondmeansofreducingcostswasthepracticeofreleasingaprisoneronhiswordofhonor.Thisprocedurewasadvantageoustobothpartiessincethecaptorwasrelievedoftheexpenseofkeepingtheprisonerwhilethecaptivehadfreedomofmovement.Thecaptoralsobenefitedfinanciallybyhavinghiscaptiveraisetheransomhimself.This“parole”wasaviablepracticesincethereleasedprisonerriskedrecaptureorretaliationagainsthisfamily.Moreover,inmedievalsociety,breakingone’swordhadseriousconsequences.When,forexample,KingFrancoisIbrokehiswordtotheEmperorCharlesVin1525,hisreputationsufferedimmensely.

Afindmethodofreducingcostswastheuseofspecializedinstitutionstoestablishcontactbetweenthetwoparties.Twotypesofinstitutionsemerged:professionaldealerswhoactedasbrokers,andmembersofreligiousorderswhoactedasneutralintermediaries.Dealersadvancedmoneyfortheransomandchargedinterestontheloan.TwoofthereligiousordersthatbecameintermediariesweretheMercedariansandtheTrinitarians,whobetweenthemarrangedtheransomofnearlyonemillionprisoners.

61.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto______.

62.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatamedievalsoldier______.

63.Intheauthor’sopinion,asoldier’sdecisiontospareanadversary’slifebelinkedhistoricallyto______.

64.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheprocessofarrangingransomsduringmedievaltimeswas______.

65.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthepassage?

问题1选项

A.discusstheeconomicbasisofthemedievalpracticeofexchangingprisonersforransom

B.examinethehistoryofthetreatmentofprisonersofwar

C.emphasizetheimportanceofawarrior’swordofhonorduringtheMiddleAges

D.explorethreewaysofreducingthecostsofransom

问题2选项

A.hadfeweconomicoptionsandchosetofightbecauseitwastheonlywayto

B.wassimilartoa20th-centuryterroristinthatheoperatedonabasicallyindependentlevelandwasmotivatedsolelybyeconomicincentives

C.waslesslikelytokillcapturedmembersofopposingarmiesthanwasasoldieroftheRomanEmpire

D.wasmotivatedtospareprisonerslivesbyhumanitarianratherthaneconomicideals

问题3选项

A.theeconomicrelationshipofthewarringstates

B.theeconomicgainfromtakinganenemyprisonerratherthankillinghimincombat

C.thecasewithwhichasoldiercouldcaptureandsubsequentlyimprisonhisenemy

D.technologicaladvancesinweaponry

问题4选项

A.morelucrativeformedievalsoldiersandkingsthanthewinningofspoils

B.aproceduresocostlythatitwasnoteconomicallyworthwhileforthecaptors

C.futileforthecaptivesincelieriskedrecaptureevenafterhisransomwaspaid

D.apotentialsourceofincomeforothersasidefromthecaptorsoftheprisoners

问题5选项

A.Anassertionismade,brieflyexplained,andthenseveralexamplesthatrefutetheassertionaregiven.

B.Ahistoricalanalysisismadeofaphenomenonandsupportingdetailsareoffered.

C.Ahypothesisisoffered,carefullyqualified,andthensupportingdataisanalyzed.

D.Agenerallyacceptedhistoricalviewpointispresentedinordertointroducediscussionofitsstrengthsandlimitations.

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:C

第3题:B

第4题:D

第5题:B

【解析】61.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】主旨大意题