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住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国政法大学考试名师押题精选卷I(带答案详解)(图片可根据实际调整大小)题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题
Viewingyouraccountbalancesanytimeyouwant,youcantransfermoneyaccountsatyourconvenience.
问题1选项
A.to
B.between
C.from
D.with
【答案】B
【解析】考查介词用法。A项to“向……”,B项between“在……之间”,C项from“从,来自……”,D项with“和……”;句意:任何时候您都可以查看您的账户余额,也可以方便的时候在账户间相互转账。transfer一般是指两个事物之间的转移,所以B选项符合题意。
2.单选题
He______youunlessyouhadspokenslowly.
问题1选项
A.didn’tunderstand
B.wouldn’tunderstand
C.wouldn’thaveunderstood
D.hadn’tunderstood
【答案】C
【解析】考查条件句。连词unless意为“除非……如果不……,除了……”,一般用来引导一个否定意义的真实条件句,有时也可引导非真实条件句,相当于ifnot。从句表示对过去事实的否定,主句应该用wouldhavedone;A项和D项缺少情态动词would,故不选;B项缺少have。句意:他不理解,除非你说慢点。根据句意和语法,正确答案为C。
3.单选题
Publicgeneralhospitalsoriginatedinthealmshouseinfirmariesestablishedasearlyascolonialtimesbylocalgovernmentstocareforthepoor.Later,inthelateeighteenthandearlynineteenthcenturies,theinfirmaryseparatedfromthealmshouseandbecameanindependentinstitutionsupportedbylocaltaxmoney.Atthesametime,privatecharityhospitalsbegantodevelop.Bothprivateandpublichospitalsprovidedmainlyfoodandshelterfortheimpoverishedsick,sincetherewaslittlethatmedicinecouldactuallydotocureillness,andthemiddleclasswastreatedathomebyprivatephysicians.
Lateinthenineteenthcentury,theprivatecharityhospitalbegantryingtoattractmiddle-classpatients.Althoughthedepressionof1890stimulatedthegrowthofcharitableinstitutionsandanexpandingurbanpopulationbecamedependentonassistance,therewasadeclineinprivatecontributionstotheseorganizationswhichforcedthemtolooktolocalgovernmentforfinancialsupport.Sinceprivateinstitutionshadalsolostbenefactors;theybegantochargepatients.Inordertoattractmiddle-classpatients,privateinstitutionsprovidedservicesandamenitiesthatdistinguishedbetweenpayingandnon-payingpatientsandmadethehospitaladesirableplaceforprivatephysicianstotreattheirownpatients.Aspayingpatientsbecamemorenecessarytothesurvivaloftheprivatehospital,thepublichospitalsslowlybecametheonlyplaceforthepoortogettreatment.Bytheendofthenineteenthcentury,citieswerereimbursingprivatehospitalsfortheircareofindigentpatientsandthepublichospitalsremaineddependentonthetaxdollars.
Theadventofprivatehospitalhealthinsurance,whichprovidedmiddle-classpatientswiththepurchasingpowertopayforprivatehospitalservices,guaranteedtheprivatehospitalaregularsourceofincome.Privatehospitalsrestrictedthemselvestorevenue-generatingpatients,leavingthepublichospitalstocareforfilepoor.Althoughpublichospitalscontinuedtoprovideservicesforpatientswithcommunicablediseasesand-outpatientandemergencyservices,theBlueCrossplansdevelopedaroundtheneedsoftheprivatehospitalsandtheinpatientstheyserved.Thus,reimbursementforambulatorycarehasbeenminimalundermostBlueCrossplans,andprovisionofoutpatientcarehasnotbeenamajorfunctionoftheprivatehospital,inpartbecauseprivatepatientscanaffordtopayfortheservicesofprivatephysicians.Additionally,sinceWorldWarII,therehasbeenatremendousinfluxoffederalmoneyintoprivatemedicalschoolsandthehospitalsassociatedwiththem.Further,largeprivatemedicalcenterswithexpensiveresearchequipmentandprogramshaveattractedthebestadministrators,physicians,andresearchers.Asaresultofthegreaterresourcesavailabletotheprivatemedicalcenters,publichospitalshaveincreasingproblemsattractinghighlyqualifiedresearchandmedicalpersonnel.Withthemainstreamofhealthcarefirmlyestablishedintheprivatemedicalsector,thepublichospitalhasbecomea“dumpingground.”
56.Accordingtothepassage,theveryfirstprivatehospitals______.
57.Itcanbeinferredthattheauthorbelievesthedifferencesthatcurrentlyexistbetweenpublicandprivatehospitalsareprimarilytheresultof______.
58.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethemostlogicaltopicfortheauthortointroduceinthenextparagraph?
59.Theauthor’sprimaryconcernisto______.
60.Theauthor’sattitudetowardpublichospitalscanbestbedescribedas______.
问题1选项
A.developedfromalmshouseinfirmaries
B.wereestablishedmainlytoservicethepoor
C.weresupportedbygovernmentrevenues
D.providedbettercarethanpublicinfirmaries
问题2选项
A.politicalconsiderations
B.legislativerequirements
C.economicfactors
D.ethicalconcerns
问题3选项
A.Aplantoimprovethequalityofpublichospitals.
B.Ananalysisoftheprofitstructureofhealthinsurancecompanies.
C.Aproposaltoraisetaxesonthemiddleclass.
D.Adiscussionofrecentdevelopmentsinmedicaltechnology.
问题4选项
A.describethefinancialstructureofthehealthcareindustry
B.demonstratetheimportanceofgovernmentsupportforhealth-careinstitutions
C.criticizewealthyinstitutionsforrefusingtoprovideservicestothepoor
D.identifythehistoricalcausesofthedivisionbetweenprivateandpublichospitals
问题5选项
A.contemptuousandprejudiced
B.enthusiasticandsupportive
C.apprehensiveanddistrustful
D.concernedandunderstanding
【答案】第1题:B
第2题:C
第3题:A
第4题:D
第5题:D
【解析】56.【试题答案】B
【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“根据文章,最早的私立医院……”。文章第一段说到Publicgeneralhospitalsoriginatedinthealmshouseinfirmariesestablishedasearlyascolonialtimesbylocalgovernmentstocareforthepoor.(公立综合医院起源于殖民地时期地方政府为照顾穷人而建立的救济院医务室),由此可知由救济院医务室发展来的是公立医院,而不是私人医院,所以A项“由救济院医务室发展而来”错误;根据第一段最后一句Bothprivateandpublichospitalsprovidedmainlyfoodandshelterfortheimpoverishedsick(私立医院和公立医院主要为贫困病人提供食物和住所)可知,最开始公立医院和私立医院都是为穷人提供服务的,因此B项“主要是为穷人服务而建立的”符合题意;C项“由政府收入支持”文中未提及;D项“提供比公立医院更好的护理”,最初的公立医院和私立医院都是为穷人服务,没有好坏之分,因此D项错误。故该题选B。
57.【试题答案】C
【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“可以推断,作者认为目前公立医院与私立医院之间存在的差异,主要是由于……”。根据文章第二段Sinceprivateinstitutionshadalsolostbenefactors;theybegantochargepatients.Inordertoattractmiddle-classpatients,privateinstitutionsprovidedservicesandamenitiesthatdistinguishedbetweenpayingandnon-payingpatientsandmadethehospitaladesirableplaceforprivatephysicianstotreattheirownpatients.Aspayingpatientsbecamemorenecessarytothesurvivaloftheprivatehospital,thepublichospitalsslowlybecametheonlyplaceforthepoortogettreatment.Bytheendofthenineteenthcentury,citieswerereimbursingprivatehospitalsfortheircareofindigentpatientsandthepublichospitalsremaineddependentonthetaxdollars.(因为私人机构也失去了捐助者;他们开始向病人收费。为了吸引中产阶级患者,私人机构提供了区分付费和非付费患者的服务和设施,使医院成为私人医生治疗自己患者的理想场所。随着付费病人对私立医院的生存变得更加必要,公立医院慢慢成为穷人获得治疗的唯一场所。到19世纪末,城市开始偿还私立医院对贫困病人的护理费用,而公立医院仍然依靠纳税人的钱),这一段详细阐述了私立医院是如何从不收费到收费,并且因为资金的慢慢累积而变得更好,而公立医院一直都依赖于政府的税收,很难发展。所以这是经济因素导致两者的差异,而不是政治,立法或者伦理原因。故A项“政治上的考虑”,B项“立法要求”和D项“伦理关怀”错误,C项“经济因素”符合题意。故该题选C。
58.【试题答案】A
【试题解析】判断推理题。题干意思是“下面哪一项会是作者在下一段中引入的最符合逻辑的主题?”。文章最后两句话说到Asaresultofthegreaterresourcesavailabletotheprivatemedicalcenters,publichospitalshaveincreasingproblemsattractinghighlyqualifiedresearchandmedicalpersonnel.Withthemainstreamofhealthcarefirmlyestablishedintheprivatemedicalsector,thepublichospitalhasbecomea“dumpingground.”(由于私人医疗中心拥有更多的资源,公立医院在吸引高素质的研究人员和医务人员方面面临越来越多的问题。随着主流医疗保健在私营医疗部门的牢固建立,公立医院已成为一个“垃圾场”),根据最后一段讲述了公立医院因为缺少资金找不高素质的医疗研究人员,导致其变成了一个垃圾场,根据逻辑推理,在接下来的文章中,作者极可能就此问题进行分析,并给出如何改进这一问题的方案,所以选择A项“提高公立医院质量的计划”;B项“健康保险公司利润结构分析”,C项“提高中产阶级税收的提案”和D项“对医学技术最近发展的讨论”都与改善公立医院无关。故该题选A。
59.【试题答案】D
【试题解析】主旨大意题。题干意思是“作者主要关心的是什么”。全文作者一开始就讲述了公立医院与私立医院的历史发展与变化和直到今天各自如此不同的各种原因,所以D项“找出私立医院和公立医院分离的历史原因”更能概括作者的意图。A项“描述医疗保健行业的财务结构”,过于片面,这只是说了私立医院与公立医院不同的一个方面,不够全面,故不选;B项“证明政府支持保健机构的重要性”,文中作者也没有说过政府支持对医院的重要性,所以B项错误;C项“批评富裕的机构拒绝为穷人提供服务”,作者整个态度是中立的,并没有批评哪一方面的意思,所以C项不选。故该题选D。
60.【试题答案】D
【试题解析】作者态度题。题干意思是“作者对公立医院的态度最好的描述是什么”。作者在全文中对于公立医院的来源于发展都是保持一种客观描述的态度,对公立医院今时今日的处境也表示理解与关心。所以选D项“关心和理解”更符合题意。文中作者并没有表示任何轻蔑或是十分热衷,所以A项“轻蔑和偏见”和B项“热情和支持”均不选;C项“不安和不信任”,文中针对公立医院的服务质量作者没有多做描述,不存在不信任或怀疑;因此该项也不选。故该题选D。
4.单选题
Theringsinacrosssectionofapinetreerevealboththeageofthetreeand______.
问题1选项
A.istheclimaticchangesundergoing
B.theclimaticchangesithasundergone
C.undergoestheclimaticchanges
D.ithasundergoneclimaticchanges
【答案】B
【解析】考查句子结构。both…and是一个表示并列的连词,连接的前后成分在语法上必须一致,and之前接的是一个名词结构,做句子的宾语,所以我们也要选择一个名词结构,A项不符合语法;C项undergo是动词;D项是一个句子不符合语法;句意:松树横截面上的年轮既揭示了松树的年龄,也揭示了它所经历的气候变化。根据语法和句意,正确答案为B。
5.单选题
Wantaglimpseofthefutureofhealthcare?Takealookatthewaythevariousnetworksofpeopleinvolvedinpatientcarearebeingconnectedtooneanother:andhowthisnewconnectivityisbeingexploitedtodelivermedicinetothepatient—nomatterwhereheorshemaybe.
Onlinedoctorsofferingadvicebasedonstandardizedsymptomsarethemostobviousexample.Increasingly,however,remotediagnosis(telemedicine)willbebasedonrealphysiologicaldatafromtheactualpatient.AgroupfromtheUniversityofKentuckyhasshownthatbyusinganoff-the-shelfPDA(personaldataassistance)suchasaPalmPilotplusamobilephone,itisperfectlyfeasibletotransmitapatient’svitalsignsoverthetelephone.Withthiskindofequipmentinafirst-aidkit,thecryaskingwhethertherewasadoctorinthehousecouldwellbeathingofthepast.
Othermedicaltechnologygroupsareworkingonapplyingtelemedicinetoruralcare.Andatleastoneteamwantstousetelemedicineasatoolfordisasterresponse—especiallyafterearthquakes.Overall,thetrendistowardsprovidingglobalaccesstomedicaldataandexpertise.
Butthereisoneproblem.BandwidthisthelimitingfactorfortransmittingcomplexmedicalimagesaroundtheworldCTscansbeingoneofthebiggestbandwidthconsumers.Communicationssatellitesmaybeabletocopewiththeshort-termneedsduringdisasterssuchasearthquakes,warsorfamines.Butmedicineislookingtowardsboththesecond-generationInternetandthird-generationmobilephonesforthefutureofdistributedmedicalintelligence.
Doctorshavemettodiscusscomputer-basedtoolsformedicaldiagnosis,trainingandtelemedicine.Withthefallingpriceofbroadbandcommunications,thenewtechnologiesshouldusherinanerawhentelemedicineandthesharingofmedicalinformation,expertopinionanddiagnosisarecommon.
46.Thebasisofremotediagnosiswillbe______.
47.TheSentence“thecryaskingwhethertherewasadoctorinthehousecouldwellbeathingofthepast”means______.
48.Allthefollowingstatementsaretrueexceptthat______.
49.Theword“problem”inthefourthparagraphreferstothefactthat______.
50.Apropertitleforthepassagemaybe______.
问题1选项
A.standardizedsymptomsofapatient
B.personaldataassistance
C.transmittedcomplexmedicalimages
D.realphysiologicaldatafromapatient
问题2选项
A.nowpeopleprobablywouldnotaskifthereisadoctorinthehouse
B.patientsusedtocryandaskiftherewasadoctorinthehouse
C.inthepastpeopleoftencriedandaskediftherewasadoctorinthehouse
D.patientsarenowstillaskingifthereisadoctorinthehouse
问题3选项
A.itisnowfeasibletotransmitapatient’svitalsignsovertelephone
B.floodisnotamongthedisastersmentionedinthepassage
C.thetrendinapplyingtelemedicineistowardprovidingglobalaccesstomedicaldata
D.telemedicineisbeingusedbymanymedicalteamsasatoolfordisasterresponse
问题4选项
A.therearenotenoughmobilephonesfordistributingmedicalintelligence
B.CTscansareoneofthebiggestbandwidthconsumers
C.bandwidthisnotadequatetotransmitcomplexmedicalimagesaroundtheworld
D.communicationssatellitescanonlycopewiththeshort-termneedsduringdisasters
问题5选项
A.ImprovementinCommunications
B.TheInlineDoctorIsIn
C.ApplicationofTelemedicine
D.HowtoMakeRemoteDiagnosis
【答案】第1题:D
第2题:A
第3题:D
第4题:C
第5题:C
【解析】46.【试题答案】D
【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“远程诊断的基础将是……”。第二段的第二句话提到Increasingly,however,remotediagnosis(telemedicine)willbebasedonrealphysiologicaldatafromtheactualpatient.(然而,越来越多的远程诊断(远程医疗)将基于实际患者的真实生理数据),由此可知,远程诊断的基础是患者的真实生理数据,因此D项“病人真实的生理数据”正确;A项“病人的标准化症状”,第二段第一句话提到Onlinedoctorsofferingadvicebasedonstandardizedsymptomsarethemostobviousexample.(网上医生根据标准化症状提供建议就是最明显的例子),由此可知根据病人标准化症状诊断的是网上医生,而不是远程医疗;B项“个人数据辅助设备”,第二段第三句提到AgroupfromtheUniversityofKentuckyhasshownthatbyusinganoff-the-shelfPDA(personaldataassistance)suchasaPalmPilotplusamobilephone,itisperfectlyfeasibletotransmitapatient’svitalsignsoverthetelephone(肯塔基大学的一个研究小组已经证明,通过使用现成的PDA(个人数据辅助设备),如掌上电脑和移动电话,通过电话传输病人的生命体征是完全可行的),由此可知,个人数据辅助设备是用来传输病人生命体征,只是一种传输途径而已,这与题干的问题没有干系;C项“传输复杂的医学图像”,倒数第二段第二句提到BandwidthisthelimitingfactorfortransmittingcomplexmedicalimagesaroundtheworldCTscansbeingoneofthebiggestbandwidthconsumers.(带宽是在世界各地传输复杂医学图像的限制因素,CT扫描是最大的带宽消耗之一),这里只是提到了带宽限制了传输复杂医学图像,没有提到传输复杂医学图是远程医疗的基础,所以不选。故该题选D。
47.【试题答案】A
【试题解析】主旨大意题。题干意思是“thecryaskingwhethertherewasadoctorinthehousecouldwellbeathingofthepast这句话的意思是……”。根据题干定位到文章第二段AgroupfromtheUniversityofKentuckyhasshownthatbyusinganoff-the-shelfPDA(personaldataassistance)suchasaPalmPilotplusamobilephone,itisperfectlyfeasibletotransmitapatient’svitalsignsoverthetelephone.Withthiskindofequipmentinafirst-aidkit,thecryaskingwhethertherewasadoctorinthehousecouldwellbeathingofthepast.(肯塔基大学的一个研究小组已经证明,通过使用现成的PDA(个人数据辅助设备),如掌上电脑和移动电话,通过电话传输病人的生命体征是完全可行的。由于急救箱里有这样的设备,家里是否有医生的要求可能已经成为过去。),由此可知,随着远程医药的应用,医生和病人不需要在同一个地方才能进行医学救治,因此要求医生在现场已经成为了过去式;我们这里的cry表示“需求,要求”。A项“现在人们可能不会问家里有没有医生”符合题意;B项“病人常常哭着问家里有没有医生”和C项“在过去,人们经常哭着问家里有没有医生”中,cry理解错误;D项“病人现在还在问房子里是否有医生”,原文已经提到要求医生在场是过去式了,所以该项错误。故该题选A。
48.【试题答案】D
【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“下面所有的陈述都是正确的,除了……”。A项“现在通过电话传送病人的生命体征是可行的”,文中第二段第三句提到itisperfectlyfeasibletotransmitapatient’svitalsignsoverthetelephone(通过电话传输病人的生命体征是完全可行的),因此A项正确。B项“洪水不在文中提到的灾难之列”,第四段第三句提到Communicationssatellitesmaybeabletocopewiththeshort-termneedsduringdisasterssuchasearthquakes,warsorfamines.(通信卫星可能能够应付诸如地震、战争或饥荒等灾害期间的短期需求),由此可知,文中只是提及了震后,战争和灾荒的应急,确实没有发洪水,因此B项正确。C项“应用远程医疗的趋势是提供医疗数据的全球访问”,第三段最后一句提到Overall,thetrendistowardsprovidingglobalaccesstomedicaldataandexpertise.(总的来说,趋势是向全球提供医疗数据和专业知识),由此可知C项也正确。D项“许多医疗小组正在使用远程医疗作为灾害应对的一种工具”,根据第三段第二句Andatleastoneteamwantstousetelemedicineasatoolfordisasterresponse—especiallyafterearthquakes.(至少有一个团队希望将远程医疗作为一种灾难应对工具——尤其是在地震之后)可知,文中只是说有医学小组在尝试这一举动,而非成熟到可以被应用,所以该项错误。故该题选D。
49.【试题答案】C
【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“第四段中的‘problem’指的是一个……事实”。根据题干定位到第四段前两句Butthereisoneproblem.BandwidthisthelimitingfactorfortransmittingcomplexmedicalimagesaroundtheworldCTscansbeingoneofthebiggestbandwidthconsumers.(但有一个问题。带宽是在世界各地传输复杂医学图像的限制因素,CT扫描是最大的带宽消耗之一),由此可知这个问题指的是带宽限制了传输复杂医学图像;所以C项“带宽不足以在全世界传输复杂的医学图像”符合题意;A项“没有足够的移动电话来分发医疗情报”没有提到;B项“CT扫描是最大的带宽消耗之一”,这只是带宽的限制性因素之一,不够全面,所以B项不选;D项“通信卫星只能应付灾害期间的短期需求”,这只是讲述现在的实际情况,而不是问题,所以该项不选。故该题选C。
50.【试题答案】C
【试题解析】主旨大意题。题干意思是“这篇文章恰当的标题会是……”。全文讲述的主要是远程医疗将取代过去医生和病人必须同时在场的方式成为新的保健医疗的方式,并介绍了远程医疗的具体应用和前景;因此C项“远程医疗的应用”符合题意。A项“改善通信”,这只是远程医疗应用的一部分;所以不选;B项“在线医生”,文章不是讨论在线医生,所以不选;D项“如何远程诊断”,这也只是远程医疗应用的一部分,比较片面,故不选。因此,该题选C。
6.单选题
Signsystemsingeneralare______:iconicorconventional.
问题1选项
A.twotypes
B.oftwotypes
C.thetwotypes
D.ofthetwotypes
【答案】B
【解析】考查语法。“beof+名词”可用来说明句子主语在度量,大小,颜色,类别等方面的特征,这类名词有age,size,height,weight,shape,type,kind等,排除A项和C项,D项多了定冠词the,因此B项符合题意。句意:符号系统一般有两种类型:标志性的或传统的。因此B项正确。
7.单选题
Theextentofanation’spoweroveritscoastalecosystemsandthenaturalresourcesinitscoastalwatershasbeendefinedbytwointernationallawdoctrines:freedomoftheseasandadjacentstatesovereignty.Untilthemid-twentiethcentury,mostnationsfavoredapplicationofbroadopen-seasfreedomsandlimitedsovereignrightsovercoastalwaters.Anationhadtherighttoincludewithinitsterritorialdominiononlyaverynarrowbandofcoastalwaters(generallyextendingthreemilesfromtheshoreline),withinwhichithadtheauthority,butnottheresponsibility,toregulateallactivities.But,becausethisareaofterritorialdominionwassolimited,mostnationsdidnotestablishrulesformanagementorprotectionoftheirterritorialwaters.
Regardlessofwhetherornotnationsenforcedregulationsintheirterritorialwaters,largeoceanareasremainedfreeofcontrolsorrestrictions.Thecitizensofallnationshadtherighttousetheseunrestrictedoceanareasforanyinnocentpurpose,includingnavigationandfishing.Exceptforcontrolsoveritsowncitizens,nonationhadtheresponsibility,letalonetheunilateralauthority,tocontrolsuchactivitiesininternationalwaters.And,sincetherewerefewstandardsofconductthatappliedonthe“openseas”,therewerefewjurisdictionalconflictsbetweennations.
Thelackofstandardsistraceabletopopularperceptionsheldbeforethemiddleofthiscentury.Byandlarge,marinepollutionwasnotperceivedasasignificantproblem,inpartbecausetheadverseeffectofcoastalactivitiesonoceanecosystemswasnotwidelyrecognized,andpollutioncausedbyhumanactivitieswasgenerallybelievedtobelimitedtothatcausedbynavigation.Moreover,thefreedomtofish,oroverfish,wasanessentialelementofthetraditionallegaldoctrineoffreedomoftheseasthatnomaritimecountrywishedtoseelimited.Andfinally,thetechnologythatlaterallowedexploitationofotheroceanresources,suchas,oil,didnotyetexist.
Todate,controllingpollutionandregulatingoceanresourceshavestillnotbeencomprehensivelyaddressedbylaw,butinternationallaw-establishedthroughthecustomsandpracticesofnations-doesnotprecludesuchefforts.Andtworecentdevelopmentsmayactuallyleadtofutureinternationalrulesprovidingforecosystemmanagement.First,theestablishmentofextensivefisheryzones,extendingterritorialauthorityasfaras200milesoutfromacountry’scoast,hasprovidedtheopportunityfornationsindividuallytomanagelargerecosystems.Thisopportunity,combinedwithnationalself-interestinmaintainingfishpopulations,couldleadnationstoreevaluatepoliciesformanagementoftheirfisheriesandtoaddresstheproblemofpollutioninterritorialwaters.Second,theinternationalcommunityisbeginningtounderstandtheimportanceofpreservingtheresourcesandecologyofinternationalwatersandtoshowsignsofacceptingresponsibilityfordoingso.Asaninternationalconsensusregardingtheneedforcomprehensivemanagementofoceanresourcesdevelops,itwillbecomemorelikelythatinternationalstandardsandpoliciesforbroaderregulationofhumanactivitiesthataffectoceanecosystemswillbeadoptedandimplemented.
61.Accordingtothepassage,untilthemid-twentiethcenturytherewerefewjurisdictionaldisputesoverinternationalwatersbecause______.
62.Accordingtheinternationallawdoctrinesapplicablebeforethemid-twentiethcentury,ifcommercialactivitywithinaparticularnation’sterritorialwatersthreatenedallmarinelifeinthosewaters,thenationwouldhavebeen______.
63.Theauthorsuggeststhatbeforethemid-twentiethcentury,mostnations’actionswithrespecttoterritorialandinternationalwatersindicatedthat______.
64.Theauthorciteswhichoneofthefollowingasaneffectoftheextensionofterritorialwatersbeyondthethreemileslimit?
65.Thepassageasawholecanbestbedescribedas______.
问题1选项
A.fewcontrolsorrestrictionsappliedtooceanareas
B.theoceanareaswereusedforonlyinnocentpurposes
C.thefreedomoftheseasdoctrinesettledallclaimsconcerningnavigationandfishing
D.broadauthorityoverinternationalwaterswassharedequallyamongallnations
问题2选项
A.formallycensuredbyaninternationalorganizationfornotproperlyregulatingmarineactivities
B.calleduponbyothernationstoestablishrulestoprotectitsterritorialwaters
C.ablebutnotrequiredtoplacelegallimitsonsuchcommercialactivities
D.allowedtoresolvetheproblematitsowndiscretionprovidingitcouldcontainthethreattoitsownterritorialwaters
问题3选项
A.managingecosystemsineitherterritorialorinternationalwaterswasgiverlowpriority
B.unlimitedresourcesininternationalwatersresultedinlittleinterestinterritorialwaters
C.nationsconsideredittheirresponsibilitytoprotectterritorialbutnotinternationalwaters
D.althoughnationscouldextendtheirterritorialdominionbeyondthreemilesfromtheirshoreline,mostchosenottodoso
问题4选项
A.Increasedpoliticalpressureonindividualnationstoestablishcomprehensivelawsregulatingoceanresources.
B.Agreaternumberofjurisdictionaldisputesamongnationsovertheregulationoffishingontheopenseas.
C.Theopportunityforsomenationstomanagelargeoceanecosystems.
D.Apoliticalincentiveforsmallernationstosolvetheproblemsofpollutionintheircoastalwaters.
问题5选项
A.achronologyoftheeventsthathaveleduptoapresent-daycrisis
B.alegalinquiryintotheabuseofexistinglawsandthelikelihoodofreform
C.apoliticalanalysisoftheproblemsinherentindirectingnationalattentiontoaninternationalissue
D.ahistoricalanalysisofaproblemthatrequiresinternationalattention
【答案】第1题:A
第2题:D
第3题:A
第4题:C
第5题:D
【解析】61.【试题答案】A
【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“根据这篇文章,直到20世纪中叶,国际水域的管辖权争议很少,因为……”。由第二段第四句And,sincetherewerefewstandardsofconductthatappliedonthe“openseas”,therewerefewjurisdictionalconflictsbetweennations.(因为在几乎没有任何行为标准被用到‘公海’上,所以国家间几乎没有管辖权的冲突)可知,国际水域的管辖权争议很少,是因为几乎没有任何行为标准被用到‘公海’上,这里的“openseas”就相当于题干中的“internationalwaters”,因此A项“几乎没有控制或限制使用到海洋领域”正确。B项“海洋领域仅用于没有恶意的行为”没有提到;C项“海洋自由化的条例解决了所有有关航海及捕鱼的纷争”文中没有提到,且C项太绝对;D项“各国平等地享有公海使用权”,这不是管辖权争议少的原因。故该题选A。
62.【试题答案】D
【试题解析】判断推理题。题干意思是“根据20世纪中叶以前适用的国际法理论,如果某一国家领水内的商业活动威胁到该水域内的所有海洋生物,那么该国应……”。根据第一段第三句withinwhichithadtheauthority,butnottheresponsibility,toregulateallactivities(在这一范围内它有权但没有责任管理所有活动)和第二段第三句Exceptforcontrolsoveritsowncitizens,nonationhadtheresponsibility,letalonetheunilateralauthority,tocontrolsuchactivitiesininternationalwaters.(除了对其本国公民的控制外,没有任何国家有责任控制国际水域内的这种活动,更不用说单方面的权力了)可推断,如果某一国家领水内的商业活动威胁到该水域内的所有海洋生物,该国可以根据自身情况自行解决,因此可知D项“被允许自行决定解决这个问题,只要它能够遏制对自己领海的威胁”符合题意。A项“因未能适当管理海洋活动而受到国际组织的正式谴责”和B项“被其他国家呼吁建立保护其领海的规则”在文中没有提到;C项“能够但无须对此类商业活动做出法律限制”,根据第一段最后一句提到becausethisareaofterritorialdominionwassolimited,mostnationsdidnotestablishrulesformanagementorprotectionoftheirterritorialwaters.(由于这一领土范围非常有限,大多数国家没有建立管理或保护其领海的规则)可推断,大多数国家对领海保护方面没有建立相应的法律规定,因此C项不对。故该题选D。
63.【试题答案】A
【试题解析】判断推理题。题干意思是“作者认为,在二十世纪中叶以前,大多数国家在领海和国际水域方面的行动表明了……”。由第三段第二句Byandlarge,marinepollutionwasnotperceivedasasignificantproblem,inpartbecausetheadverseeffectofcoastalactivitiesonoceanecosystemswasnotwidelyrecognized,andpollutioncausedbyhumanactivitieswasgenerallybelievedtobelimitedtothatcausedbynavigation.(总的来说,海洋污染不被认为是一个重大问题,部分原因是沿海活动对海洋生态系统的不利影响没有得到广泛认识,而人类活动造成的污染一般被认为仅限于航海造成的污染)可推断,大多数国家对领海和国际水域的生态管理不重视,因此A项“无论是领海还是国际水域的生态系统管理都没有得到足够的重视”符合题意。B项“国际水域的无限资源导致对领海的兴趣不大”和D项“虽然这些国家可以把领土延伸到海岸线三英里以外,但大多数国家选择不这么做”文中没有提到;C项“各国认为他们有责任保护领海,而不是国际水域”,文章只在第一段提到各国有权但没责任管理领海的活动,所以各国没有责任保护领海,C项不正确,故该题选A。
64.【试题答案】C
【试题解析】细节推理题。题干意思是“作者引用下列哪一项作为领海延伸超过三英里界限的影响?”。由第四段第三句中extendingterritorialauthorityasfaras200milesoutfromacountry’scoast,hasprovidedtheopportunityfornationsindividuallytomanagelargerecosystems(将领土权力扩展到一个国家海岸外200英里的地方,为各国单独管理更大的生态系统提供了机会)可知,C项“这是一些国家管理大型海洋生态系统的机会”正确。A项“对个别国家施加更大的政治压力,要求它们制定管理海洋资源的全面法律”,B项“各国之间在公海渔业管理方面有更多的管辖权争端”和D项“这是小国家解决沿海污染问题的政治动机”在文中都未提及,故该题选C。
65.【试题答案】D
【试题解析】主旨大意题。题干意思是“总的来说这篇文章作为……来描述最好”。A项“导致当今危机的一系列事件的年表”,B项“对现行法律滥用和改革可能性的法律调查”,C项“对国家关注国际问题所固有问题的政治分析”,D项“对一个需要国际关注的问题的历史分析”。文章的主要内容是对海洋污染和生态系统遭到破坏的历史原因和现状的分析,指出国际标准和政策才能更广泛地管制影响海洋生态系统的人类活动,因此根据文章内容,该题D项符合题意。
8.单选题
Causeandeffectrelationshipsareoftenexpressedwithoutanyovertmarkers.
问题1选项
A.masked
B.evident
C.circular
D.inoperable
【答案】B
【解析】考查词义辨析。overt表示“明显的,外显的”;A项masked“戴面具的,潜伏的”,B项evident“明显的,明白的”,C项circular“循环的,圆形的”,D项inoperable“不实用的”。句意:因果关系的表达往往没有任何明显的标记。因此B项正确。
9.单选题
Inordertoexplainthesocioeconomicachievement,inthefaceofdisadvantagesduetoracialdiscriminationofChineseandJapaneseimmigrantstotheUnitedStatesandtheirdescendants,sociologistshavetypicallyappliedeitherculturallybasedorstructurallybasedtheories—butneverbothtogether.Touseaneconomicmetaphor,culturallybasedexplanationsasserttheimportanceofthesupplysideofthelabormarket,emphasizingthequalitiesimmigrantgroupsbringwiththemforcompetitionintheUnitedStateslabormarket.Suchexplanationsreflectahuman-capitalperspectiveinwhichstatusattainmentisseenasaresultofindividuals’abilitytogenerateresources.Structurallybasedexplanations,ontheotherhand,examinethemarketconditionoftheimmigrants’hostsociety,particularlyitsdiscriminatorypracticesandtheirimpactonthestatusattainmentprocessofimmigrantgroups.Intheeconomicmetaphor,structuralexplanationsasserttheimportanceofthedemandsideofthelabormarket.
InordertounderstandthesocioeconomicmobilityofChineseandJapaneseimmigrantsandtheirdescendants,onlyananalysisofsupply-sideanddemand-sidefactorstogether,inthecontextofhistoricalevents,willsuffice.Ontheculturalorsupplyside,differencesinimmigrationpatternandfamilyformationresultedindifferentratesofsocioeconomicachievementforChineseandJapaneseimmigrants.Forvariousreasons,Chineseimmigrantsremainedsojournersanddidnot(exceptforurbanmerchants)establishfamilies.Theywerealsohamperedbyethnicconflictinthelabormarket.Japaneseimmigrants,ontheotherhand,werelessconstrained,madethetransitionfromsojournertosettlerwithinthefirsttwodecadesofimmigration,andleftlow-wagelabortoestablishsmallbusinessesbasedonahouseholdmodeofproduction.Chinesesojournerswithoutfamiliesweremorevulnerabletodemoralization,whereasJapaneseimmigrantsfacedsocietalhostilitywiththeemotionalresourcesprovidedbyastablefamilylife.OnceChineseimmigrantsbegantoestablishnuclearfamiliesandproduceasecondgeneration,institutinghouseholdproductionsimilartothatestablishedbyJapaneseimmigrants,theirsocioeconomicattainmentsoonparalleledthatofJapaneseimmigrantsandtheirdescendants.
Onthestructuralordemandside,changesininstitutionalconstraints,immigrationlaws,labormarkets,andsocietalhostilitywererootedinthedynamicsofcapitalisteconomicdevelopment.Earlycapitalist
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