大二下-.病原生物学-11introduction of medical microbiology and parasitology

MedicalMicrobiologyandParasitologyXiaoKuiGuo(郭晓奎),PhD.,&DistinguishedProfessorShanghaiJiaoTongUniversitySchoolofMedicine学习要点1001熟悉病原生物学的概念、研究范畴。1002描述各类病原体的主要特征。2003认识微生物和寄生虫与人类的关系。2004了解病原生物学的发展史、学习目的和意义。ThethreedomainsoflifeCharacteristicDomainsBacteriaArcheaeEukaryaMembraneenclosednucleusAbsentAbsentPresentMembraneenclosedorganellesFewAbsentManyPeptidoglycanincellwallPresentAbsentAbsentMembranelipidsEster-linkedEther-linked

Ester-linkedUnbranchedBranchedUnbranched

Ribosomes70S70S80SInitiatortRNAFormylmethionineMethionineMethionineOperonsYesYesRarePlasmidsYesYesRare

NumberofRNApolymerasesOneOneThreeRibosomessensitivetochloramphenicol/streptomycinYesNoNoRibosomessensitivetodiphtheriatoxinNoYesYesPathogen（病原）

Typicallythetermisusedtodescribeaninfectiousagentsuchasavirus,bacterium,prion,fungus,viroid,orparasitethatcausesdiseaseinitshost.Thehostmaybeahuman,ananimal,aplant,afungus,orevenanothermicro-organism。MedicalMicrobiologyandParasitology

（病原生物学）“MedicalmicrobiologyandParasitology“isabranchofmedicalscienceconcernedwiththeprevention,diagnosisandtreatmentofinfectiousdiseases.Inaddition,thisfieldofsciencestudiesvariousclinicalapplicationsofmicrobesfortheimprovementofhealth.Therearesixkindsoforganismsthatcauseinfectiousdisease:Viruses,Bacteria,Fungi,

Protozoa,Helminth,Arthropod.PathogensandlifeworldCategoryTypesofcellsDomainsPopularclassificationVirus/subvirusAcellularorganismsMicrobesPathogenicbacteriaProkaryoticcellsEubacteriaPathogenicfungiEukaryoticcellsEukaryaProtozoa,EukaryoticcellsParasitesHelminthMedicalArthropodKnownandEstimatedNumbersofBiologicSpeciesGroupKnownSpeciesEstimatedTotalSpeciesPercentageofKnownSpeciesViruses5,000130,0004Bacteria4,76040,00012Fungi69,0001,500,0005Algae40,00060,00067Protozoa30,800100,00031GeneralpropertiesofmicroorganismsTinyinsize1Simplestructure2Fastmetabolicrate3Rapidinproliferationrate4Mutateeasily5Widelydistributed6Dr.GuoXK10Thecomplexrelationshipofhumanbeingandmicrobes/parasitesParasitismSaprophytismSymbiosis:1.Commensalism,2.Dissymmetrymutualism3.SymmetrymutualismPathogenicBacteriaPathogenicbacteriaarebacteriathatcancauseinfection.PathogenicfungiPathogenicfungiarefungithatcausediseaseinhumansorotherorganisms.Thestudyofpathogenicfungiisreferredtoas"medicalmycology.“PathogenicVirus（病毒）HBV(乙型肝炎病毒)HIV(人类免疫缺陷病毒)Avirusisasmallinfectiousagentthatreplicatesonlyinsidethelivingcellsofotherorganisms.Virusescaninfectalltypesoflifeforms,fromanimalsandplantstomicroorganisms,includingbacteriaandarchaea.Protozoa（原虫）PlasmodiumAmebicprotozoaToxoplasmaLeishmaniaHelminth（蠕虫）nematode（线虫）trematode（吸虫）cestode（绦虫）Mosquito

(蚊)Fly

(蝇)Tick

(蜱)Mite(螨)Bug(臭虫)Flea(蚤)Lice(虱)Arthropod（节肢动物)prion（朊粒）PrPCisanormalproteinfoundonthemembranesofcells.Ithas209aminoacids(inhumans),onedisulfidebond,amolecularmassof35–36kDaandamainlyalpha-helicalstructure.ThehumanPRNPgeneislocatedontheshort(p)armofchromosome20betweentheend(terminus)ofthearmandposition12,frombasepair4,615,068tobasepair4,630,233.HistoryofMedicalMicrobiologyandParasitologyAntonvanLeeuwenhoek1674

-1stpersontoactuallyseelivingmicroorganisms

“weeanimalcules”（Leeuwenhoek）1632-172320Dr.GuoXKEdwardJennerVaccinatingaChild21Dr.GuoXKEdwardJenner1749-18231796EdwardJennerdevelopedavaccineforsmallpox1859LouisPasteur

(1822–1895)disprovedthespontaneousgenerationofmicroorganismsHotAiroven（干烤箱）Autoclave（高压锅）Anthraxvaccine（炭疽疫苗）Rabiesvaccine（狂犬病疫苗）BuiltthePasteurInstitute(巴斯德研究所)Dr.GuoXK22JosephLister1827∼19121865JosephListerintroducedantiseptictechniqueDr.GuoXK23RobertKoch1843-19101876RobertKochprovedthatspecificmicroorganismscausespecificdiseaseDr.GuoXK24Koch’sPostulates25Dr.GuoXKDmitriIosifovichIvanowski

1864-19201892DmitriIosifovichIvanowskidiscoveredvirusesDr.GuoXK261894PaulEhrlichusedarsphenamine(Salvarsan)totreatsyphilis:ChemotherapyPaulEhrlich1854-1915Arsphenamine(Salvarsan)-syphilisDr.GuoXK271929AlexanderFlemingDiscoveryofpenicillin

SirAlexanderFlemingErnstBorisChainSirHowardWalterFlorey28Dr.GuoXKWuLiande1879-1960Dr.GuoXK29Yu

He1903-1988Xie

Shaowen1903-1995Wei

Xi1903-1989Dr.GuoXK30TangFeifan

1897-1958TuYouyou1930-Thedesignoflearningprogrammes,

deliverymethodsandLearningobjectivesAutonomouslearningLecturebasedlearning(LBL)Casebasedlearning(CBL)ObjectivesExamination:Bacteria25%