2022年考研考博-考博英语-外交学院考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号47

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-外交学院考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题

WithsomuchfocusontheOhioenergyfirmwhoselapsesmayhavetriggeredtheblackoutof2003,it’sbeenhardtorememberthattherealquestionisnothowitstarted,butwhyitspreadsofarandsofast.Ratherthantacklethatquestionhead-on,mostcommentatorshavereachedfortheusualmetaphors:itwasachainreaction,acascadingfailuresdominoeffect.Alloftheseareborrowedfromthephysicalsciences.Maybeabetterwaytolookatitisinbiologicalterms.

Wealreadyusethelanguageofepidemiologywhenwespeakof“viruses”propagatingacrosstheInternet,“infecting”ourcomputer.Likewise,it’stemptingtoviewtheblackout,spreadingfromlinktolinkalongthepowergrid,asaperniciouskindofelectricalcontagion.Butthat’snotquitetherightmetaphor,either.Theblackoutwasnotcausedbyaninfectiouselectricaldisease;itwascausedbythegrid’simmuneresponsetothethreatofsuchadisease.Inotherwords,thegridsufferedaviolentallergicreaction,asortofanaphylacticshock.

Justasthesymptomsofasevereallergicreactionarecausednotbytheoffendingbeewhostingsitselfbutbytheoverzealousresponseofthebody’simmunesystemtoit,sotheblackoutwasaggravatedbythegrid’sattempttodefenditself,onepowerstationatatime.Threatenedbyatorrentofelectricalenergygoneberserkeroverwhelmedbythesuddenloadsplacedonit,eachpowerplantinturntrippeditscircuitbreakers,detachingitselffromthegrid.Thoughthisstrategyachieveditsdesiredaim-savingeachplant’sgeneratorfrombeingdamaged—itwastoomyopictoservethebestinterestsofthegridasawhole.

Whatisneededisamoresubtle,coordinatedmodeofresponse.Whenourownimmunesystemsareperformingattheirbest,theyorchestratetheirdefensesthroughcountlesschemicalconversationsamongT-cellsandantibodies,enablingthesedefenderstocalibratetheirresponsetopathogens.Inthesameway,thethousandsofpowerplantssubstationsinthegridneedtobeabletocommunicatewithoneanotherwhenanypartofthesystemisbreached,sotheycancollectivelydecidewhichcircuitbreakersshouldbetrippedandwhichcansafelyremainintact.

Thetechnologynecessarytoachievethishasexistedforaboutadecade.Itreliesoncomputer,sensorsandprotectivedevicestiedtogetherbyopticalfibersothatallpartsofthegridwouldbeabletotalktooneanotheratthespeedoflight-fastenoughtogetaheadofanonrushingblackoutandconfineit.

Thesensorswouldcontinuouslymonitorthevoltage,frequencyandotherimportantcharacteristicsoftheelectricitycoursingthroughthetransmissionlines.Whenalineappearedatriskofbeingoverloaded,acomputerwoulddecidewhethertoswitchonaprotectivedevice.Atpresent,suchdecisionsaremadepurelyparochially.Powerplantsdefendthemselvesfirst,anddon’tworryabouttheconsequencesforneighboringplantsonthegrid.Nordotheyconsideranypotentiallyhelpfulorharmfulactionsthatthoseneighborsmightbetakingatthesametime.

Inthenewapproach,eachplantwouldhavenearlyinstantaneousinformationaboutalltheotherplantsandpowerlinesinitsextendedneighborhood.Everyonewouldknowwhateveryoneelsewasdoingandthinking.Asthreatsarose(eitherfromrandomfailuresormaliciousattacks),thesensorswouldfireaflurryofwarningsignalsdowntheopticalfibers,andthenetworkedcomputerswoulddecidewhichprotectivedevicestoactivatetocontainthethreatmosteffectively.Thegridwouldthenberespondingasanintegratedentity,notasaragtagcollectionofselfishunits.Itwouldlookalotlikeanorganismdefendingitself.

Granted,suchadistributedcontrolsystemwouldcostbillionsofdollarsand,inthiseraofderegulation,therewouldbelittleincentiveforenergycompaniestojoinforcesandbuildit,especiallywhenthebigmoneyisinpowergeneration.Buttheconstructionofasystemwideimmunenetworkwouldbewellworththecost.Withoutit,ouroverburdenedgridislikelytofailmoreandmoreoften,andmightevencollapse,withcoststhatwouldbeincalculable,botheconomicallyandintermsofnationalsecurity.Stateandfederalgovernmentsneedtostepinandprovideincentivesforutilitiestodotherightthing.

Ofcourse,evenifthisnewkindofsmartdefensesystemweretobebuiltsomeday,onecanalreadyimagineaninsidiousdisorderthatmighteventuallyoutsmartitandafflictit,acatastrophicdisruptionoftheimmunesystemitself,ratherthanthegridit’ssupposedtoprotect.SuchathingwouldbethetechnologicalanalogofAIDS.

Agrimprospect,perhaps,butarealisticone.Weneedtostoppretendingthatthegridisevergoingtobeaperfectiblemachine.Justasbacteriaeventuallydevelopresistancetotheantibioticsusedtokillthem,thedefenseofthegridwillrequireever-moreinventivestrategiesonourpart.Weshouldrecognizethatthepowergridneedstoevolveandadapt,justlikeanyothersuccessfullivingcreature.

1.Intheauthor’sopinion,whichofthefollowingisanappropriatedescriptionforwhytheblackoutof2003spreadsofarandsofast?（）

2.Theauthor’sattitudetowardstheviewsmadebymostcommentatorsontheblackoutof2003is

（）.

3.Thearticlesaysthebestwaytopreventsuchablackoutfromhappeninginthefutureisto（）.

4.Settingupadistributedcontrolsystemforthegridwouldbe（）.

5.Thearticlepointsoutthattheproposedpreventivemeasuresagainstblackouts（）.

问题1选项

A.Acascadingfailure.

B.Anelectricalcontagion.

C.Asevereallergicreaction.

D.Anattackbyviruses.

问题2选项

A.positive

B.negative

C.neutral

D.sarcastic

问题3选项

A.developanewsystemtocoordinateallplants

B.buildabettersystemtomakeeachplantmoresensitive

C.makeeachplantmoreindependentofotherplants

D.suspendpowerwhenthesystemisoverloaded

问题4选项

A.welcomedbyallenergycompanies

B.unattractivetoenergycompanies

C.uselesstopreventsuchablackout

D.harmfultonationalsecurity

问题5选项

A.mustcauseacatastrophicdisruptionofthepowergrid

B.aregoingtobeperfectthroughrepeatedpractice

C.appeartoberealisticbutinfactarenotfeasible

D.areejectedtoimproveastimegoesby

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:B

第4题:B

第5题:C

【解析】1.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第一段“itwasachainreaction,acascadingfailuresdominoeffect.（这是一个连锁反应，一个连锁失败的多米诺骨牌效应。）”和第二段“Theblackoutwasnotcausedbyaninfectiouselectricaldisease;itwascausedbythegrid’simmuneresponsetothethreatofsuchadisease.Inotherwords,thegridsufferedaviolentallergicreaction,asortofanaphylacticshock.（这次停电并不是由传染性电疾病引起的；它是由网格对这种疾病威胁的免疫反应引起的。换句话说，电网遭受了剧烈的过敏反应，一种过敏性休克。）”由此可知这次停电是一次过敏反应。A选项“连锁故障”；B选项“电传染病”；D选项“病毒攻击”说法都不正确，只有C选项“严重的过敏反应”符合题意，因此C选项正确。

2.作者意图题。根据题干可定位到文章第一段“Ratherthantacklethatquestionhead-on,mostcommentatorshavereachedfortheusualmetaphors:itwasachainreaction,acascadingfailuresdominoeffect.（大多数评论家没有正面回答这个问题，而是用了一些常见的比喻：这是一个连锁反应，一个连锁失败的多米诺骨牌效应。）”以及第二段作者说到“Butthat’snotquitetherightmetaphor,either.（但这也不是一个正确的比喻。）”，由此可知作者并不认同多数评论家的比喻。A选项“积极的”不正确；B选项“消极的”正确；C选项“中立的”以及D选项“讽刺的”都不是作者的态度，因此B选项正确。

3.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第四段“Whatisneededisamoresubtle,coordinatedmodeofresponse.（现在需要的是一种更微妙、更协调的反应模式。）”。A选项“开发一个新的系统来协调所有的发电厂”；C选项“让每个发电厂独立于其他电厂”和D选项“系统过载时暂停供电”都不符合题意，只有B选项“建立一个更好的系统，使每个发电厂更加灵敏”符合题意，因此B选项正确。

4.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第八段“Granted,suchadistributedcontrolsystemwouldcostbillionsofdollarsand,inthiseraofderegulation,therewouldbelittleincentiveforenergycompaniestojoinforcesandbuildit,especiallywhenthebigmoneyisinpowergeneration.（诚然，这样一个分布式控制系统将花费数十亿美元，而且在这个放松管制的时代，能源公司将没有什么动力联合起来建设它，尤其是当最大的钱在发电上的时候。）”，由此可知该分布式控制系统并不受能源公司的欢迎。A选项“受到所有能源公司的欢迎”说法错误；B选项“对能源公司没有吸引力”说法正确；C选项“阻止这样的停电是没有用的”以及D选项“危害国家安全”文中均没有提到。因此B选项正确。

5.判断推理题。根据题干可定位到文章第十段“Agrimprospect,perhaps,butarealisticone.（也许前景黯淡，但却是现实的。）”，由此可知虽然该措施看起来可行，但是前景黯淡。A选项“一定会对电网造成灾难性的破坏”；B选项“通过反复的练习会变得完美”；D选项“随着时间的推移被逐出改善”都不符合题意，只有C选项“看似现实，实则不可行”符合题意，因此C选项正确。

2.单选题

Thesealaylikeanunbrokenmirrorallaroundthepine-girl,lonelyshoresofOrr’sIsland.Tall,kinglysprucesworetheirregalcrownsofconeshighinair,sparklingwithdiamondsofclearexudedgum;vastoldhemlocksofprimevalgrowthstooddarklingintheirforestshadows,theirbrancheshungwithlonghoarymoss;whilefeatherylarches,turnedtobrilliantgoldbyautumnfrosts,lightedupthedarkershadowsoftheevergreens.Itwasoneofthosehazy,calm,dissolvingdaysofIndiansummer,wheneverythingissoquietthatthefaintestkissoftheWaveonthebeachcanbeheard,andwhitecloudsseemtofaintintotheblueofthesky,andsoftswathingbandsofvioletvapormakeallearthlookdreamy,andgivetothesharp,clear-cutoutlinesofthenorthernlandscapeallthosemysteriesoflightandshadewhichimpartsuchtendernesstoItalianscenery.

Thefuneralwasover,thetreadofmanyfeet,bearingtheheavyburdenoftwobrokenlives,hadbeentothelonelygraveyard,andhadcomebackagain,eachfootsteplighterandmoreunconstrainedaseachonewenthiswayfromthegreatoldtragedyofDeathtothecommoncheerfulwalksoflife.

Thesolemnblackclockstoodswayingwithitseternal“tick-tock,tick-tock”inthekitchenofthebrownhouseonOrr’sIsland.Therewastherethatsenseofastillnessthatcanbefelt,suchassettlersdownonadwellingwhenanyofitsinmateshavepassedthroughitsdoorforthelasttime,togowhencetheyshallnotreturn.Thebestroomwasshutupanddarkened,withonlysomuchlightascouldfallthroughalittleheart-shapedholeinthewidow-shutter,forexceptonsolemnvisits,orprayer-meetings,orweddings,orfunerals,thatroomformednopartofthedailyfamilyscenery.

Thekitchenwascleanandample,withagreatopenfireplaceandwidestonehearth,andovenononeside,androwsofold-fashionedsplint-bottomedchairsagainstthewall.Atablescouredtosnowywhiteness,andalittlework-standwhereonlaytheBible,theMissionaryHerald,andtheWeeklyChristianMirror,beforenamed,formedtheprincipalfurniture.Onefeature,however,mustnotbeforgotten,agreatsea-chest,whichhadbeenthecompanionofZephaniahthroughallthecountriesoftheearth.Old,andbattered,andunsightlyityetreportsaidthattherewasgoodstorewithinofthatwhichmenforthemostpartrespectmorethananythingelse;andindeed,itprovedoftenwhenadeedofgracewastobedone,whenawomanwassuddenlymadeawidowinacoastgale,orafishing-smackwasrundowninthefrogsoffthebanks,leavinginsomeneighboringcottageafamilyoforphans,inallsuchcases,theopeningthissea-chestwasaneventofgoodomentothebereaved;forZephaniahhadalargeheartandalargehand,andwasapttotakeitoutfullofsilverdollarswhenonceitwentin.SotheArkoftheCovenantcouldnothavebeenlookedonwithmorereverencethantheneighborsusuallyshowedtoCaptainPennell’ssea-chest.

1.ThewriterdescribesOrr’sIslandina（）manner.

2.Accordingtothepassage,the“bestroom”（）

3.Fromthedescriptionofthekitchenwecaninferthatthehousebelongstopeoplewho（）.

4.Thepassageimpliesthat（）.

5.FromthedescriptionofZephaniahwecantellthathe（）

问题1选项

A.emotionallyappealing,imaginative

B.rational,logicallyprecise

C.factuallydetailed,objective

D.vague,uncertain

问题2选项

A.hasitsmanywindowsboardedup.

B.hashadthefurnitureremoved.

C.isusedonlyonformalandceremoniousoccasions.

D.isthebusiestroominthehouse.

问题3选项

A.neverhaveguests

B.likemodernreligious

C.probablyreligious

D.dislikehousework

问题4选项

A.fewpeopleattendedthefuneral

B.fishingisasecurevocation

C.theIslandisdenselypopulated

D.thehousebelongedtothedeceased

问题5选项

A.wasphysicallyaverybigman.

B.preferredthelonelylifeofasailor.

C.alwaysstayedathome.

D.wasfrugalandsavedalotofmoney.

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:C

第3题:C

第4题:D

第5题:B

【解析】1.判断推理题。文章第一段作者在描写奥尔岛及周围环境时，用了大量关乎情感色彩的形容词和动词加以述说，充分调动读者的想象，引起感官上的共鸣。A选项“情感上有吸引力，富有想象力”；B选项“理性的，逻辑上精确的”；C选项“事实详细的，客观的”；D选项“模糊不清的”。因此A选项正确。

2.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第三段“Thebestroomwasshutupanddarkened,withonlysomuchlightascouldfallthroughalittleheart-shapedholeinthewidow-shutter,forexceptonsolemnvisits,orprayer-meetings,orweddings,orfunerals,thatroomformednopartofthedailyfamilyscenery.（最好的一间屋子关得严严的，昏暗的，只有从百叶窗上一个心形的小洞透进来的光线，因为除了在庄严的拜访、祈祷会、婚礼或葬礼上，这间屋子是不构成家庭日常生活的一部分的。）”，由此可知A选项“它的许多窗户都用木板封住了”；B选项“已经把家具搬走了”以及D选项“是家里最忙的房间”都不正确，C选项“只在正式和隆重的场合使用”符合题意。因此C选项正确。

3.判断推理题。根据题干可定位到文章第四段“Atablescouredtosnowywhiteness,andalittlework-standwhereonlaytheBible,theMissionaryHerald,andtheWeeklyChristianMirror,beforenamed,formedtheprincipalfurniture.（一张擦得雪白的桌子，一个小针线架，上面放着事先提到的《圣经》《传教士传令报》和《基督教镜报》，构成了这里的主要陈设。）”，由此可推断出房子的主人可能是位宗教信徒。A选项“很少有客人”；B选项“喜欢现代宗教”；D选项“不喜欢做家务”说法都不够确切，C选项“可能是宗教信徒”符合题意，因此C选项正确。

4.判断推理题。联系全文，随处可见笔墨众多的环境静态描写，而描写房子时并未提到有人物活动的动态描写。因此可推断出该房子是死者的。A选项“很少有人参加葬礼”；B选项“捕鱼是一份有保障的职业”；C选项“这个岛人口密集”都不准确，只有D选项“该房子属于死者”符合题意，因此D选项正确。

5.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章最后一段“Onefeature,however,mustnotbeforgotten,agreatsea-chest,whichhadbeenthecompanionofZephaniahthroughallthecountriesoftheearth.（然而，有一件事不能忘记，那就是一个航海用的大箱子，这是西番雅周游世界的伙伴。）”，由此可推断出Zephaniah可能是个水手，且游历全球时只有一个从海底捞起来的箱子做伴，略显孤独。A选项“他身材魁梧”；C选项“总是待在家里”；D选项“他很节俭，省了很多钱”说法都不准确，B选项“宁愿过水手的孤独生活”准确，因此B选项正确。

3.单选题

China’sresponsetoNorthKorea’sshellingofYeonpyeongIslandtwoweeksagohasbeenremarkablyflaccid.

问题1选项

A.firm

B.shrewd

C.ambiguous

D.limp

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项firm“坚定的；牢固的；严格的；结实的；坚决的；牢牢控制的；坚挺的”；B选项shrewd“精明的；狡猾的；机灵的”；C选项ambiguous“模糊不清的，模棱两可的；不明确的，不明朗的；引起歧义的”；D选项limp“柔软的，无力的；软弱的”。句意：中国对朝鲜两周前炮击延坪岛的反应，一直表现得非常迟缓。flaccid“松弛的，软弱的；蔫软的；无活力的；不见成效的”，D选项与该词意思最相近，因此D选项正确。

4.单选题

Thenumberof500isa(n)（）numberfor498or503.

问题1选项

A.odd

B.round

C.long

D.even

【答案】B

【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项oddnumber“奇数”；B选项roundnumber“整数”；C选项longnumber“多位数”；D选项evennumber“偶数”。题干中需知道数字500与498和503的关系，句意：500是498或503的近似百位整数。因此B选项正确。

5.翻译题

17世纪后期至18世纪末，是中国清代的鼎盛时期，史称“康乾盛世”。那个时期，中国的工业产量位居世界前列。但正是在这个时候，欧洲诸国先后开始了近代资产阶级革命和产业革命，社会生产力迅速发展，后来居上。而中国当时的政治者对这一历史性大变革却茫然无知，仍沉迷于盲目自大之中，视西方科学技术为“奇技淫巧”。“康乾盛世”之后的100多年，中国的发展大大落后了，国际地位急剧衰落，沦为半殖民地，备受外强欺辱。

中华人民共和国成立后，中国人民掌握了自己的命运，民族的独立和解放使中国发生了翻天覆地的变化。但在20世纪60、70年代世界经济蓬勃发展和新科技革命浪潮兴起的时代，中国搞了长达10年的“文化大革命”，错失了又一次发展良机。值得欣慰的是，从70年代末开始，我们纠正了过去的错误，选择了改革开放的正确道路，对内实行改革，对外实行开放，开放也是改革。改革开放使我们抓住了新的历史机遇，实现了近30年的高速发展，综合国力显著增强，人民生活得到很大改善，国际地位不断上升。

【答案】Inthelate17centurytotheendof18thCentury,ChineseQingDynastywasinitsheyday,knownastheGoldenAgeof“KangxiandQianlong”.Duringthisperiod,China’sindustrialproductionhasbeenattheforefrontontheworldstage.ButitwasatthistimethatEuropeancountriesbeganthemodernbourgeoisrevolutionandindustrialrevolution,whichrockettherapiddevelopmentofsocialproductivityinthewesternworld,leavingtherestoftheworldoutofsightbehind.However,Chinesepoliticiansatthattimewerecompletelyignorantofthishistoricchange,andstillindulgedinblindarrogance,regardingwesternscienceandtechnologyas“diabolictricksandwickedcraft”.Duringthepast100yearsfromthattimeonward,Chinafellfarbehindindevelopment,sufferedasharpdeclineinitsinternationalstatus,wasreducedtoasemi-colonyandsubjectedtobullyingandhumiliationfromforeignpowers.

SincethefundingofthePeople’sRepublicofChina,accompanyingwiththenationalindependenceandliberation,Chinesepeoplehavebecomethemasteroftheirowndestiny.AllthishasbroughttremendouschangestoChina.However,inthe1960sand1970s,whentheworldeconomywasboomingandthenewwaveofscientificandtechnologicalrevolutionwasemerging,Chinaconductedthedecade-long“CulturalRevolution”andmissedanothergoodopportunityfordevelopment.Thegoodnewsisthatsincetheendof1970s,withtheimplementationofreformingdomesticallyandopening-uptotheworldwehavecorrectedthemistakesofthepast,directingthewholenationtotherightwayofreformandopening-up.Undertheguidanceofreformandopening-uppolicy,weseizedthenewhistoricalopportunitytopromotearapidsocialdevelopmentinthelast30years.Thispolicynotonlyheightenchina’scomprehensivepowersandpeople’slivingstandards,butalsothegrowinginternationalclout.

6.单选题

Howmanyreallysufferasaresultoflabormarketproblems?Thisisoneofthemostcriticalyetcontentioussocialpolicyquestions.Inmanyways,oursocialstatisticsexaggeratethedegreeofhardship.Unemploymentdoesnothavethesamedireconsequencestodayasitdidinthe1930’swhenmostoftheunemployedwereprimarybreadwinners,whenincomeandearningswereusuallymuchclosertothemarginofsubsistence,andwhentherewerenocountervailingsocialprogramsforthosefailinginthelabormarket.Increasingaffluence,theriseoffamilieswithmorethanonewageearner,thegrowingpredominanceofsecondaryearnersamongtheunemployed,andimprovedsocialwelfareprotectionhaveunquestionablymitigatedtheconsequencesofjoblessness.Earningsandincomedataalsooverstatethedimensionsofhardship.Amongthemillionswithhourlyearningsatorbelowtheminimumwagelevel,theoverwhelmingmajorityarefrommultiple-earner,relativelyaffluentfamilies.Mostofthosecountedbythepovertystatisticsareelderlyorhandicappedorhavefamilyresponsibilitieswhichkeepthemoutofthelaborforce,sothepovertystatisticsarebynomeansanaccurateindicatoroflabormarketpathologies.

Yettherearealsomanywaysoursocialstatisticsunderestimatethedegreeoflabor-market-relatedhardship.Theunemploymentcountsexcludethemillionsoffullyemployedworkerswhosewagesaresolowthattheirfamiliesremaininpoverty.Lowwagesandrepeatedorprolongedunemploymentfrequentlyinteracttounderminethecapacityforself-support.Sincethenumberexperiencingjoblessnessatsometimeduringtheyearisseveraltimesthenumberunemployedinanymonth,thosewhosufferasaresultofforcedidlenesscanequalorexceedaverageannualunemployment,eventhoughonlyaminorityofthejoblessinanymonthreallysuffer.Foreverypersoncountedinthemonthlyunemploymenttallies,thereisanotherworkingpart-timebecauseoftheinabilitytofindfull-timeworkorelseoutsidethelaborforcebutwantingajob.Finally,incometransfersinourcountryhavealwaysfocusedontheelderly,disabled,anddependent,neglectingtheneedsoftheworkingpoor,sothatthedramaticexpansionofcashandin-kindtransfersdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatthosefailinginthelabormarketareadequatelyprotected.

Asaresultofsuchcontradictoryevidence,itisuncertainwhetherthosesufferingseriouslyasaresultoflabormarketproblemsnumberinthehundredsofthousandsorthetensofmillions,and,hence,whetherhighlevelsofjoblessnesscanbetoleratedormustbecounteredbyjobcreationandeconomicstimulus.Thereisonlyoneareaofagreementinthisdebate—thattheexistingpoverty,employment,andearningsstatisticsareinadequatefortheirprimaryapplications,measuringtheconsequencesoflabormarketproblems.

1.Whichofthefollowingistheprincipaltopicofthepassage?

2.Theauthorcontraststhe1930’swiththepresentinordertoshowthat（）.

3.Whichofthefollowingproposalsbestrespondstotheissuesraisedbytheauthor?

4.Accordingtothepassage,onefactorthatcausesunemploymentandearningsfigurestoover-predicttheamountofeconomichardshipisthe（）.

5.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,isthebestcriticismoftheauthor’sargumentconcerningwhypovertystatisticscannotproperlybeusedtoshowtheeffectsofproblemsinthelabormarket?

问题1选项

A.Whatcauseslabormarketpathologiesthatresultinsuffering.

B.Whyincomemeasuresareimpreciseinmeasuringdegreesofpoverty.

C.Howsocialstatisticsgiveanunclearpicture/ofthedegreeofhardshipcausedbylowwagesandinsufficientemploymentopportunities.

D.Whichofthecurrentlyusedstatisticalproceduresarethebestforestimatingtheincidenceofhardshipthatisduetounemployment.

问题2选项

A.unemploymentnowhaslesssevereeffects

B.morepeoplewereunemployedinthe1930’s

C.povertyhasincreasedsincethe1930’s

D.socialprogramsaremoreneedednow

问题3选项

A.Newstatisticalindicesshouldbedevelopedtomeasurethedegreetowhichunemploymentandinadequatelypaidemploymentcausesuffering.

B.Considerationshouldbegiventothewaysinwhichstatisticscanactaspartialcausesofthephenomenathattheypurporttomeasure.

C.Thelaborforceshouldberestructuredsothatitcorrespondstotherangeofjobvacancies.

D.Innovativeprogramsusingmultipleapproachesshouldbesetuptoreducethelevelofunemployment.

问题4选项

A.recurrenceofperiodsofunemploymentforagroupoflow-wageworkers

B.possibilitythatearningsmaybereceivedfrommorethanonejobperworker

C.factthatunemploymentcountsdonotincludethosewhoworkforlowwagesandremainpoor

D.establishmentofasystemofrecord-keepingthatmakesitpossibletocompilepovertystatistics

问题5选项

A.Ashort-termincreaseinthenumberofthoseinpovertycanindicateashortageofjobsbecausethebasicnumberofthoseunabletoacceptemploymentremainsapproximatelyconstant.

B.Forthosewhoareinpovertyasaresultofjoblessness,therearesocialprogramsavailablethatprovideaminimumstandardofliving.

C.Povertystatisticsdonotconsistentlyagreewithearningsstatistics,wheneachistakenasameasureofhardshipresultingfromunemployment.

D.Theelderlyandhandicappedcategoriesincludemanywhopreviouslywereemployedinthelabormarket.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:D

【解析】1.主旨大意题。文章主要讨论的内容可由第一段结尾和第二段开头得知“…sothepovertystatisticsarebynomeansanaccurateindicatoroflabormarketpathologies.Yettherearealsomanywaysoursocialstatisticsunderestimatethedegreeoflabor-market-relatedhardship.（因此贫困统计绝不是劳动力市场病态的准确指标。然而，我们的社会统计数据也在很多方面低估了劳动力市场相关困难的程度。）”。由此可知文章主要讲述了为什么收入估算措施对于知晓贫困程度而言是不精确的。A选项“是什么导致了劳动力市场的病态，导致了痛苦”；B选项“为什么收入衡量在衡量贫困程度上不精确”；C选项“社会统计如何不清楚地说明低工资和就业机会不足所造成的困难程度”；D选项“目前使用的统计程序中，哪一种是估计失业造成的困难发生率的最佳方法”。因此B选项正确。

2.判断推理题。根据题干可定位到文章第一段的第四句“Unemploymentdoesnothavethesamedireconsequencestodayasitdidinthe1930’swhenmostoftheunemployedwereprimarybreadwinners（今天失业造成的影响不及20世纪30年代那般严重，那时失业的都是养家糊口的人）”，由此可推断出在那个时候失业对一个家庭而言就意味着吃住问题得不到解决，现在失业的影响比那时候小得多。A选项“失业现在的影响不那么严重了”正确；B选项“20世纪30年代，更多的人失业”；C选项“20世纪30年代以来贫困户增加了”；D选项“现在更需要社会项目”都不符合题意，因此A选项正确。

3.主旨大意题。联系71题可知作者提出的问题为“为什么收入估算措施对于知晓贫困程度而言是不精确的”，所以A选项“应该制定新的统计指标来衡量失业和报酬不足造成痛苦的程度”最能回应该问题；B选项“应该考虑到统计数据可以作为他们声称要测量的现象的部分原因的方法”；C选项“劳动力结构应调整，使其与职位空缺范围相适应”；D选项“应该建立使用多种方法的创新项目来降低失业水平”都不符合题意，因此A选项正确。

4.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第二段第二句话“Theunemploymentcountsexcludethemillionsoffullyemployedworkerswhosewagesaresolowthattheirfamiliesremaininpoverty.（失业率统计排除了数百万完全就业的工人，他们的工资太低，以至于他们的家庭仍然处于贫困之中。）”，由此可知失业统计不包括那些低工资工作和仍然贫穷的人的事实。A选项“一群低薪工人失业期的反复出现”；B选项“每个工人可能从多个工作中获得收入的可能性”；D选项“建立一个记录制度，使汇编贫困统计数字成为可能”都不符合题意，C选项“失业统计不包括那些低工资工作和仍然贫穷的人的事实”正确，因此C选项正确。

5.判断推理题。根据题干可定位到文章第一段的最后一句话“Mostofthosecountedbythepovertystatisticsareelderlyorhandicappedorhavefamilyresponsibilitieswhichkeepthemoutofthelaborforce,sothepovertystatisticsarebynomeansanaccurateindicatoroflabormarketpathologies.（贫困统计中统计的大多数人是老年人、残疾人或因家庭责任而无法进入劳动力市场的人，因此贫困统计绝不是劳动力市场病态的准确指标。）”。A选项“短期内贫困人口数量的增加可能意味着就业机会的短缺，因为无法接受就业的基本人数大致保持不变”；B选项“对于那些因失业而陷入贫困的人，有提供最低生活标准的社会项目”；C选项“贫穷统计数字与收入统计数字并不一致，因为每一项都被视为衡量失业造成的困难的指标”都不符合题意，没有表达作者的批评，D选项“老年人和残疾人类别包括许多以前在劳动力市场工作的人”符合题意，因此D选项正确。

7.单选题

MikeDevine,chieffinancialofficerofNewYork-headquarteredCoach,whichmakesluxuryhandbags,saidataconferencerecentlyamovewasinthepipeline.

问题1选项

A.inthejobs

B.intheworks

C.inthejob

D.inthework

【答案】B

【解析】考查短语辨析。A、C、D选项均表示“在工作中”；B选项intheworks“正在准备阶段；在进行中或准备中”。句意：总部位于纽约的奢侈品手袋制造商Coach的首席财务长迈克•迪瓦恩（MikeDevine）最近在一次会议上表示，正在酝酿一项举措。inthepipeline“在运输中；在进行中；在准备中”。B选项与该词意思最相近，因此B选项正确。

8.单选题

Square-jawed,withapastycomplexionandanathleticbutnotoverlybulked-upbuild,helookslikeamanmeanttohaveawhistlearoundhisneck.

问题1选项

A.sallow

B.vivid

C.pale

D.blushing

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项sallow“气色不好的；灰黄色的”；B选项vivid“生动的；鲜明的；鲜艳的”；C选项pale“苍白的；无力的；暗淡的”；D选项blushing“鲜红的；脸红的”。句意：他长着方下巴，脸色苍白，体格健壮但不太结实，看起来就像脖子上挂着个口哨的人。pasty“苍白的；面糊似的”，C选项与该词意思最相近，因此C选项正确。

9.单选题

Iamtoinformyou,thatyoumay,ifyouwish,attendtheinquiry,andattheinspectorsdiscretionstateyourcase（）orthroughanentrustedrepresentative.

问题1选项

A.indepth

B.insecret

C.inperson

D.inexcess

【答案】C

【解析】考查介词短语辨析。A选项indepth“深入地；全面地”；B选项insecret“秘密地；私下地”；C选项inperson“本人；亲自”；D选项turnup“出现；发生；开大；发现；卷起；使仰卧”。句意：我要通知你，如果你愿意，你可以参加调查，并根据调查人员的决定亲自或委托代表陈述你的情况。因此C选项正确。

10.单选题

Ajointcommunique,signedonAugust17,1982,arrestedtheprecipitousdeteriorationoftherelationsbetweenWashingtonandBeijingbutasalwaysseemedtopromisemorethanwouldbedelivered.

问题1选项

A.propitious

B.precipitant

C.propensitious

D.frivolous

【答案】B

【解析】考查近义形容词辨析。A选项propitious“适合的；吉利的；顺利的”；B选项precipitant“急促的；匆忙的；突如其来的；轻率的”；C选项propensitious不存在；D选项frivolous“无聊的；轻佻的；琐碎的”。句意：1982年8月17日签署的一份联合公报制止了华盛顿和北京之间关系的急剧恶化，但一如既往地似乎承诺了更多的东西。precipitous“险峻的；急躁的，鲁莽的”，B选项与该词词意最相近，因此B选项正确。

11.单选题

Pricetouchedsomethingnear（）bottomthisyear.

问题1选项

A.cap

B.water

C.rock

D.pot

【答案】C

【解析】考查固定短语搭配。A选项cap“盖；帽子；脱帽致意；覆盖；胜过；给……戴帽；加盖于”；B选项water“水；海水；雨水；海域，大片的水”；C选项rock“岩石；摇滚乐；暗礁；摇晃”；D选项pot“壶；盆；罐；把……装罐；射击；节略”。根据固定搭配rockbottom“最低点；受挫”可知该题选rock。句意：这一年物价接近低谷。因此C选项正确。

12.单选题

Youarenow（）thebenefitofyourformerthrift.

问题1选项

A.reaping

B.drawing

C.enjoying

D.gaining

【答案】D

【解析】考查固定短语搭配。A选项reaping“收获，获得；收割”；B选项drawing“画；拉；吸引”；C选项enjoying“欣赏，享受；喜爱；使过得快活”；D选项gaining“增加；利润；收获；获得；赚到”。根据固定搭配gainthebenefit“得到益处/好处”可知该题选gaining。句意：你现在正受益于你以前的节俭。因此D选项正确。

13.单选题

Thesailorrepliedinatoneasangrilyas（）,thathehadlosthislegabroadindefenseofthosewhodidnothingathome.

问题1选项

A.they

B.them

C.their

D.theirs

【答案】A

【解析】考查代词辨析。asangrilyasthey(replied)，其中replied被省略，that从句是replied的宾语，句意：水手用和他们一样愤怒的声调回答说，他在国外失去了一条腿，是为了保护那些在国内毫无作为的人。因此A选项正确。

14.单选题

Unenlightenedauthoritarianmanagersrarelyrecognizeacrucialreasonforthelowlevelsofseriousconflictamongmembersofdemocraticallyrunworkgroups:amodicumoftolerancefordissentoftenpreventsrift.

问题1选项

A.demur

B.division

C.compliance

D.discern

【答案】