第二语言习得入门 Unit 2课件

Unit2ReviewingBasesofSecondLanguageAcquisitionUnit2ReviewingBasesofSecon1UnitPreviewUnittopicfocus:

definitionoflanguagedifferentviewsaboutlanguagenatureoflearningmisconceptionsoflearningmysteryoffirstlanguageacquisitionUnitPreviewUnittopicfocus:Pre-learningTasksSearchtheinternettogetthedefinitionsoflanguageandlearningandexplainthemwithexamplestoyourclassmates.Reflectonyourownexperienceoflearningthemothertongue.Howdoyouunderstandtheactoflearning?Islanguagelearningsimilartoothertypesoflearning?Why?Pre-learningTasksSearchthei"Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication."(Wardhaugh1977).WhatisLanguage?2.1"LanguageisasystemofarbitBy"system"wemeantherecurringpatternsorarrangementsortheparticularwaysordesignsinwhichalanguageoperates.Allelementsinthesystemoflanguagearearrangedinaccordancewithcertainrules;theycannotbecombinedatwill.By

“arbitraryvocalsymbols”

itismeantthatanythingthatrepresentssomethingelseisasymbol,forexample,thedoveisthesymbolofpeace.Languageconsistsofanothertypeofsymbols,soundssymbolsorspeechsounds.Thesesymbolsarenotchosenforanyparticularreasonsbutatrandom.WhatisLanguage?2.1By"system"wemeantherecurr5Languageisusedforhumancommunication.Languageispossessedonlybyhumanbeings.Animalsalsohavecommunicationsystemssuchasthedanceofbeesandthebarkofdogs.Butnosystemofanimalcommunicationischaracterizedbyduality,andfewsystemsofanimalcommunicationusediscretearbitrarysymbols.WhatisLanguage?2.1Inshort,languageisauniquesystemofcommunication,anditisthecornerstoneofsociety.Languageisusedforhumancom6Theprimitiveviewlanguageisanorganism:growthandchangeareofmoreinterestthanthestaticformalrules.languageiswriting:thewrittenrecordofthelanguageisthe“purest”form.Speechissecondaryandtobedistrustedsinceitisephemeralanddegenerate.languageisconventional:languageisconventionalanditisnotonlyinvented,butinitsprogressiveadvancement,itvariesforthepurposesofpracticalconvenience.DifferentViewsaboutLanguage2.2Theprimitiveviewlanguageis7Viewsatthe-turn-of-the-centurylanguageisasystem:eachelementofthelanguagehasavalueonlyintermsoftherulesunderwhichitoperatesandinrelationtoallotherelements.languageisspeech:thewrittensystemisnomorethanacrudeapproximationtothespokenlanguage,secondaryandderivative.languageisconventional:languageispartlyrational,partlyirrationalandarbitrary.DifferentViewsaboutLanguage2.2Viewsatthe-turn-of-the-centuThestructuralists’viewintheearly20thcenturylanguageisspeech:Thestructuralistsdeclaredthatthespeechisthelanguage.Thewrittenrecordisbutasecondaryrepresentationofthelanguage.languageisastructuralsystem:languageisasystemofforms,elementsoritemsofwhicharecombinedincertainwaystocreatesentences.languageisanarbitrarysystem:thereisabsolutelynorelationshipbetweenthewordsandtheobjectstheyrepresent.DifferentViewsaboutLanguage2.2Thestructuralists’viewinthThementalists’viewrepresentedbyN.Chomskylanguageisasystemwhichrelatesmeaningtosubstance:itemphasizesmeaninginlinguisticdescription.

languageisamentalphenomenonandinnate:theinnatenessoflanguagesuggestsageneticallyimpartedabilityforlanguagelearning.languageisuniversal:allnormalchildrenacquireamothertongue.

Atahighlyabstractlevel,alllanguagesmustsharesomeuniversalcharacteristics.DifferentViewsaboutLanguage2.2Thementalists’viewrepresentThefunctionalists’viewrepresentedbyM.A.K.HallidayTheinstrumentalfunctionservestomanipulatetheenvironment.Theregulatoryfunctionisthecontrolofevents.Therepresentationalfunctionistheuseoflanguageto“represent”realityasoneseesit.Theinteractionalfunctionservestoensuresocialmaintenance.DifferentViewsaboutLanguage2.2Thefunctionalists’viewrepresThefunctionalists’viewrepresentedbyM.A.K.HallidayTheinterpersonalfunctionallowsaspeakertoexpressfeelings,emotionsandpersonality.Theinterpersonalfunctionallowsaspeakertoexpressfeelings,emotionsandpersonality.7)Theimaginativefunctionservestocreateimaginarysystemsorideas.DifferentViewsaboutLanguage2.2Thefunctionalists’viewrepres2.3NatureofLearningLearningis"acquiringorgettingofknowledgeofasubjectoraskillbystudy,experience,orinstruction"----LongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish

Learningisarelativelypermanentchangeinabehavioraltendencyandistheresultofreinforcedpractice.----Kimble&Garmezy,19632.3NatureofLearningLe132.3NatureofLearningLearningisacquisitionor"getting".2)Learningisretentionofknowledge,informationorskill.3)Retentionimpliesstoragesystems,memory,andcognitiveorganization.4)Learninginvolvesactive,consciousfocusonandactinguponeventsoutsideorinsidetheorganism.

Learningcontainsanumberofcharacteristicfeatures(Brown,1994):2.3NatureofLearningLearning142.3NatureofLearning5)Learningisrelativelypermanent,butsubjecttoforgetting.6)Learninginvolvessomeformofpractice,perhapsreinforcedpractice.7)Learningisachangeinbehavior.

Learningcontainsanumberofcharacteristicfeatures(Brown,1994):2.3NatureofLearning5)Learn152.4123Islearningachangeinbehavior?Islearningbiologicalgrowth/maturation?Islearningmentaldevelopment?MisconceptionsofLearning4Islearningequaltothinking?2.4123Islearningachangein162.41Islearningachangeinbehavior?MisconceptionsofLearningLearninginvolvesaparticularorpermanentkindofchangeinbehaviorandbrain.LearningreferstotheattainingofanewassociationthatisnotonlyestablishedjustbetweenexternalstimulusandresponserepresentedbySR.ItmayalsobringaboutmentalassociationbetweenexternalstimulusandinternalstimulusrepresentedbySs.Learning,ontheotherhand,isapurelyinternalevent,andcanbestoredinthebrainindefinitelyevenifitisneveractedoutinbehavior.2.41Islearningachangeinb172.42Islearningbiologicalgrowth/maturation?MisconceptionsofLearningLearningismorethanabiologicalprocessandincludesthosechangesthatresultfromexperience,andisacognitiveorpsychologicalone.Growthisapurelyphysicalorbiologicalprocess.Althoughmuchlearningdoesoccurinconnectionwithgrowth/maturation,growthormaturationandlearningarenotthesamething.Wecannotstopgrowthunlesswekillthechild.Butlearningcanbecontrolledbyhumanbeings.Wecanrefusetolearn.2.42Islearningbiologicalgr182.43Islearningmentaldevelopment?MisconceptionsofLearning

Learningisbothpositiveandnegativementaldevelopment.Onedistinctionbetweenlearningandintellectualdevelopmentisthatlearninginvolvestheacquisitionofeitherpositiveornegativeassociations.Butintellectualdevelopmentisalwaysapositiveprocess,evolvingfromalowerstagetoahigherone.Developmentmaybepartlybiological,dependentoninternalmaturationwhereaslearningispurelypsychological,dependentontheenvironment.2.43Islearningmentaldevelo192.44Islearningequaltothinking?MisconceptionsofLearningLearningisnotthesameasthinking,thoughthereisnodoubtthatthinkingcanleadtolearning.Learningmaybeovertorcovert.Thinkingisexclusivelycovertandunobservable.Covertthinkingandcovertlearningarenotthesamething.Thinkingonlyoccursinsidetheblackbox(process)andinvolvesactiveuseofwhathasbeenlearnedbefore,whereaslearninginvolvesnotonlytheblackbox(innerprocess)butalsothewholeinternalandexternalprocessfromSR.2.44Islearningequaltothin202.5Whatisfirstlanguageacquisition?MysteryofL1Acquisitiononorigin:thelanguage(s)onelearnedfirstthelanguage(s)inwhichonehasestablishedthefirstlong-lastingverbalcontacts.oninternalandexternalidentification:thelanguage(s)oneidentifieswith/asanativespeakerof/byothers.oncompetence:thelanguage(s)oneknowsbest.onfunction:thelanguage(s)oneusesmost.2.5Whatisfirstlanguageacq212.5MysteryofL1AcquisitionSomepeoplebelievethatL1isacquiredthroughimitationandpractice;othersarguethatitisacquiredthroughcreativehypothesis-testing.

Thetraditionalassumption:thechild’slanguagehasbeendependentonthemodelsofhisparents.ButChomskycontendedthatachilddoesnotlearnhisfirstlanguagebyimitationbutbycreativehypothesis-testingofthelinguisticinputintheLAD.Findingsinchildlanguageacquisitionmayhelpthrowimportantlightsonthedifficultquestionoftheoriginofhumanlanguage,andthecomplexprocessofsecondorforeignlanguagelearning.2.5MysteryofL1Acquisition22UnitWrap-up这里输入文本，这里输入文本，这里输入文本，这里输入文本，这里输入文本，这里输入文本，这里输入文本，这里输入文本，这里输入文本，这里输入文本，这里输入文本，这里输入文本，这里输入文本，这里输入文本，这里输入文本，这里输入文本。Definitionoflanguage:Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Definitionoflearning:learningisthe"acquiringorgettingofknowledgeofasubjectoraskillbystudy,experience,orinstruction.“Misconceptionsoflearning:learningismorethanbehavioralchange,biologicalmaturation,one-directionmentaldevelopment,andthinking.MysteryofL1acquisition:L1acquisitionisabiologically-based,naturalandhypothesis-testingprocess.ItisdifferentinsomewaysfromL2acquisition.UnitWrap-up这里输入文本，这里输入文本，这里输入23FurtherReadings这里输入文本，这里输入文本，这里输入文本，这里输入文本，这里输入文本，这里输入文本，这里输入文本，这里输入文本，这里输入文本，这里输入文本，这里输入文本，这里输入文本，这里输入文本，这里输入文本，这里输入文本，这里输入文本。KeesdeBot,WanderLowie&MarjolijnVerspoor,(2006).Secondlanguageacquisition:Anadvancedresourcebook,NewYork:Routledge.Susan,G.&JacquelynSchachter.2006.LinguisticsPerspectivesonSecondLanguageAcquisition.CambridgeUniversityPress.FurtherReadings这里输入文本，这里输入文本，24Thanks！Thanks！Unit2ReviewingBasesofSecondLanguageAcquisitionUnit2ReviewingBasesofSecon26UnitPreviewUnittopicfocus:

definitionoflanguagedifferentviewsaboutlanguagenatureoflearningmisconceptionsoflearningmysteryoffirstlanguageacquisitionUnitPreviewUnittopicfocus:Pre-learningTasksSearchtheinternettogetthedefinitionsoflanguageandlearningandexplainthemwithexamplestoyourclassmates.Reflectonyourownexperienceoflearningthemothertongue.Howdoyouunderstandtheactoflearning?Islanguagelearningsimilartoothertypesoflearning?Why?Pre-learningTasksSearchthei"Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication."(Wardhaugh1977).WhatisLanguage?2.1"LanguageisasystemofarbitBy"system"wemeantherecurringpatternsorarrangementsortheparticularwaysordesignsinwhichalanguageoperates.Allelementsinthesystemoflanguagearearrangedinaccordancewithcertainrules;theycannotbecombinedatwill.By

“arbitraryvocalsymbols”

itismeantthatanythingthatrepresentssomethingelseisasymbol,forexample,thedoveisthesymbolofpeace.Languageconsistsofanothertypeofsymbols,soundssymbolsorspeechsounds.Thesesymbolsarenotchosenforanyparticularreasonsbutatrandom.WhatisLanguage?2.1By"system"wemeantherecurr30Languageisusedforhumancommunication.Languageispossessedonlybyhumanbeings.Animalsalsohavecommunicationsystemssuchasthedanceofbeesandthebarkofdogs.Butnosystemofanimalcommunicationischaracterizedbyduality,andfewsystemsofanimalcommunicationusediscretearbitrarysymbols.WhatisLanguage?2.1Inshort,languageisauniquesystemofcommunication,anditisthecornerstoneofsociety.Languageisusedforhumancom31Theprimitiveviewlanguageisanorganism:growthandchangeareofmoreinterestthanthestaticformalrules.languageiswriting:thewrittenrecordofthelanguageisthe“purest”form.Speechissecondaryandtobedistrustedsinceitisephemeralanddegenerate.languageisconventional:languageisconventionalanditisnotonlyinvented,butinitsprogressiveadvancement,itvariesforthepurposesofpracticalconvenience.DifferentViewsaboutLanguage2.2Theprimitiveviewlanguageis32Viewsatthe-turn-of-the-centurylanguageisasystem:eachelementofthelanguagehasavalueonlyintermsoftherulesunderwhichitoperatesandinrelationtoallotherelements.languageisspeech:thewrittensystemisnomorethanacrudeapproximationtothespokenlanguage,secondaryandderivative.languageisconventional:languageispartlyrational,partlyirrationalandarbitrary.DifferentViewsaboutLanguage2.2Viewsatthe-turn-of-the-centuThestructuralists’viewintheearly20thcenturylanguageisspeech:Thestructuralistsdeclaredthatthespeechisthelanguage.Thewrittenrecordisbutasecondaryrepresentationofthelanguage.languageisastructuralsystem:languageisasystemofforms,elementsoritemsofwhicharecombinedincertainwaystocreatesentences.languageisanarbitrarysystem:thereisabsolutelynorelationshipbetweenthewordsandtheobjectstheyrepresent.DifferentViewsaboutLanguage2.2Thestructuralists’viewinthThementalists’viewrepresentedbyN.Chomskylanguageisasystemwhichrelatesmeaningtosubstance:itemphasizesmeaninginlinguisticdescription.

languageisamentalphenomenonandinnate:theinnatenessoflanguagesuggestsageneticallyimpartedabilityforlanguagelearning.languageisuniversal:allnormalchildrenacquireamothertongue.

Atahighlyabstractlevel,alllanguagesmustsharesomeuniversalcharacteristics.DifferentViewsaboutLanguage2.2Thementalists’viewrepresentThefunctionalists’viewrepresentedbyM.A.K.HallidayTheinstrumentalfunctionservestomanipulatetheenvironment.Theregulatoryfunctionisthecontrolofevents.Therepresentationalfunctionistheuseoflanguageto“represent”realityasoneseesit.Theinteractionalfunctionservestoensuresocialmaintenance.DifferentViewsaboutLanguage2.2Thefunctionalists’viewrepresThefunctionalists’viewrepresentedbyM.A.K.HallidayTheinterpersonalfunctionallowsaspeakertoexpressfeelings,emotionsandpersonality.Theinterpersonalfunctionallowsaspeakertoexpressfeelings,emotionsandpersonality.7)Theimaginativefunctionservestocreateimaginarysystemsorideas.DifferentViewsaboutLanguage2.2Thefunctionalists’viewrepres2.3NatureofLearningLearningis"acquiringorgettingofknowledgeofasubjectoraskillbystudy,experience,orinstruction"----LongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish

Learningisarelativelypermanentchangeinabehavioraltendencyandistheresultofreinforcedpractice.----Kimble&Garmezy,19632.3NatureofLearningLe382.3NatureofLearningLearningisacquisitionor"getting".2)Learningisretentionofknowledge,informationorskill.3)Retentionimpliesstoragesystems,memory,andcognitiveorganization.4)Learninginvolvesactive,consciousfocusonandactinguponeventsoutsideorinsidetheorganism.

Learningcontainsanumberofcharacteristicfeatures(Brown,1994):2.3NatureofLearningLearning392.3NatureofLearning5)Learningisrelativelypermanent,butsubjecttoforgetting.6)Learninginvolvessomeformofpractice,perhapsreinforcedpractice.7)Learningisachangeinbehavior.

Learningcontainsanumberofcharacteristicfeatures(Brown,1994):2.3NatureofLearning5)Learn402.4123Islearningachangeinbehavior?Islearningbiologicalgrowth/maturation?Islearningmentaldevelopment?MisconceptionsofLearning4Islearningequaltothinking?2.4123Islearningachangein412.41Islearningachangeinbehavior?MisconceptionsofLearningLearninginvolvesaparticularorpermanentkindofchangeinbehaviorandbrain.LearningreferstotheattainingofanewassociationthatisnotonlyestablishedjustbetweenexternalstimulusandresponserepresentedbySR.ItmayalsobringaboutmentalassociationbetweenexternalstimulusandinternalstimulusrepresentedbySs.Learning,ontheotherhand,isapurelyinternalevent,andcanbestoredinthebrainindefinitelyevenifitisneveractedoutinbehavior.2.41Islearningachangeinb422.42Islearningbiologicalgrowth/maturation?MisconceptionsofLearningLearningismorethanabiologicalprocessandincludesthosechangesthatresultfromexperience,andisacognitiveorpsychologicalone.Growthisapurelyphysicalorbiologicalprocess.Althoughmuchlearningdoesoccurinconnectionwithgrowth/maturation,growthormaturationandlearningarenotthesamething.Wecannotstopgrowthunlesswekillthechild.Butlearningcanbecontrolledbyhumanbeings.Wecanrefusetolearn.2.42Islearningbiologicalgr432.43Islearningmentaldevelopment?MisconceptionsofLearning

Learningisbothpositiveandnegativementaldevelopment.Onedistinctionbetweenlearningandintellectualdevelopmentisthatlearninginvolvestheacquisitionofeitherpositiveornegativeassociations.Butintellectualdevelopmentisalwaysapositiveprocess,evolvingfromalowerstagetoahigherone.Developmentmaybepartlybiological,dependentoninternalmaturationwhereaslearningispurelypsychological,dependentontheenvironment.2.43Islearningmentaldevelo442.44Islearningequaltothinking?MisconceptionsofLearningLearningisnotthesameasthinking,thoughthereisnodoubtthatthinkingcanleadtolearning.Learningmaybeovertorcovert.Thinkingisexclusivelycovertandunobservable.Covertthinkingandcovertlearningarenotthesamething.Thinkingonlyoccursinsidetheblackbox(process)andinvolvesactiveuseofwhathasbeenlearnedbefore,whereaslearninginvolvesnotonlytheblackbox(innerprocess)butalsothewholeinternalandexternalprocessfromSR.2.44Islearningequaltothin452.5Whatisfirstlanguageacquisition?MysteryofL1Acquisitiononorigin:thelanguage(s)onelearnedfirstthelanguage(s)inwhichonehasestablishedthefirstlong-lastingverba