温因子的生态作用及生物的适应

第I部分个体生态学(autecology)Chap2.TemperatureasanecologicalfactorMacroclimateinteractswiththelocallandscapetoproducemicroclimate.MostspeciesperformbestinafairlynarrowrangeoftemperatureManyorganismshaveevolvewaystocompensateforvariationsinenvironmentbyregulatingbodytemperatureManyorganismssurviveextremetemeraturesbyenteringarestingstage第一页，共四十九页。Case1.MicroclimatesMacroclimate

iswhatweatherstationsreport.

Microclimate

isclimatevariationonasmallscale.

Vegetationonnorth–andsouth-facingslopes第二页，共四十九页。Plantheight,canopysize,andcoveraffectmicroclimate

Desertshrubsandmicroclimate第三页，共四十九页。第四页，共四十九页。WhitesandBlacksandColoroftheGround第五页，共四十九页。PresenceofBouldersandBurrows

Microclimatesunderstones第六页，共四十九页。AquaticTempPhysicsofwater,riparianvegetationMicroclimateinaquaticenvironmentsriffle:浅滩reed：芦苇第七页，共四十九页。Case2：TemperatureandperformanceoforganismsEnzymeactivity(a)TemperatureandperformanceatthemolecularlevelEnzyme-substrateaffinity(亲和力）乙酰胆碱酯酶鲑鱼第八页，共四十九页。(b)Extremetemperatureandphotosynthesis第九页，共四十九页。（C）Developmentand

TemperatureAnlinearrelationshipisexhibitedbetweenratesofgrowth

and

developmentofwholeorganismsandtemperatureinmostofectotherms.AprotistEggofabeetle第十页，共四十九页。Eggtoadultdevelopmentinamite24.22days8.18daysOrganismsrequireacombinationoftimeandtemperature–‘physiologicaltime’tocompleteacertainstageofdevelopment.K＝N（T–C）K－积温常数(daydegrees);N－Developmenttime(day);T－Temperature(℃);C－Threshold发育起点（阈值）温度(℃);

有效积温法则－变温动物完成一定发育时期所需热量是一个常数第十一页，共四十九页。公式假定：Assumptionsoftheequation（1）Thereisalinearrelationshipbetweendevelopmentrateandtemperature;（2）Developmentisonlyaffectedbytemperature；（3）Temperatureisconstant.Applicationsoftheequation:（1）Predictingpotentialdistributionoforganisms.（2）Predictingemergenceofacertainstageoforganisms第十二页，共四十九页。Temperature-sizeruleTheratesofgrowthanddevelopmentdeterminethefinalsizeofanorganism.Iftheresponsesofgrowthanddevelopmenttovariationsintemperaturearenotthesame,temperaturewillaffectfinalsize.Infact,developmentusuallyincreasesmorerapidlywithtemperaturethandoesgrowth,suchthatfinalsizetendstodecreasewithrearingtemperature,forawiderangeoforganisms.RatestemperatureDevelopmentGrowthsize第十三页，共四十九页。Blackbeanaphidat15℃Blackbeanaphidsat30℃第十四页，共四十九页。（D）AdaptationstotemperatureAcclimation:Physiologicalchangesinresponsetoenvironmentalconditions

最佳温度相差8℃Pearcy(1977)collectedcuttings(插条)ofaplantfromtheDeathValley,California,andplantedthemundertwodifferenttemperatures.Growingtemperatureandoptimaltempforphotosynthesis第十五页，共四十九页。TemperatureandBacterialactivityTemperatureandpopulationgrowthbyanantarcticbacterium（南极）（Morita，1975）Temperatureandpopulationgrowthbyahotspringbacterium（黄石公园温泉）（Brock(1978)第十六页，共四十九页。CaseIII：Regulatingbodytemperature(A)BodytemperatureequationK.Schmidt-Nielsen(1983)：Hs＝Hm±Hcd±Hcv±Hr－HeHs－storage总热量；Hm－metabolic新陈代谢；Hcd－conduct传导；Hcv－convection对流；Hr－radiation辐射；He－evaporation蒸发

Manyorganismshaveevolvewaystocompensateforvariationsinenvironmentbyregulatingbodytemperature第十七页，共四十九页。生物与环境的热交换传导对流代谢辐射辐射蒸发第十八页，共四十九页。(B)植物的温度调节

沙漠植物-如何降温？

HeatexchangebyadesertplantHs＝Hm±Hcd±Hcv±Hr－

He第十九页，共四十九页。北极和高山垫状植物的热交换北极和高山植物——如何保温？Hs=Hm+Hcd+Hcv+Hr－

He第二十页，共四十九页。第二十一页，共四十九页。斯堪蒂纳维亚植物体热收支Growthformandtemperature(datafromFitterandHay,1987)第二十二页，共四十九页。TropicalAlpinePlants

Littleannualvariationbutwidedailyfluctuationintemperature.Adaptation:1）Giantrosette(莲座)growthform；2）Retainingdeadleaves；3）Densepubescence(绒毛）4)Retainingalargeamountoffluid.a.非洲Kilimajaro山上的千里光，b.南美Andes山第二十三页，共四十九页。(C）TemperatureregulationbyectothermicanimalsTemperatureregulationbyalizardinthehighAndesLizard蜥蜴

—Afteranhourofsunbasking,asairtemperaturerisestoabout1.5℃,thebodytemperaturerisestoabout33℃,over30℃abovethatofthesurroundingair.Thevastmajorityofanimalsuseexternalsourcesofenergytoregulatebodytemperature.第二十四页，共四十九页。蝗虫Grasshopperstakethesunbaskingforheat,andprobablymore?

Bodytemperature(38-40℃)>airtemperature?透翅蝗CamnulapellucidaInArizonamountains第二十五页，共四十九页。Currathurs’sstudy（续）Question：Canthegrasshopperincreasethebodytemperature?

Experiment:twogroupsofinsectswereraisedattwodifferenttemperatures.Thebodytemperaturewasmeasured,andcompared.第二十六页，共四十九页。Currathurs’sstudy（续）温度与虫霉菌种群增长真菌数量（μlDoesthehighbodytemperaturesuppresspathogens?TemperatureandpopulationgrowthofEntomophagagrylli第二十七页，共四十九页。Whatisthelimitationofthisstudy?

Howdoestemperatureaffectthepathogeninthefield?Exposureto40℃temperatureforasfewas4hourseachdaysignificantlyreducedthenumberofgrasshoppersdyingofEntomophagainfections.

第二十八页，共四十九页。(e)TemperatureregulationbyendothermicanimalsEnvironmentaltemperatureandmetabolicrates

Whentheenvironmentaltemperatureisbeyondthethermalneutralzone,themetabolicratewillrapidlyincreasetotwo-threetimesrestingmetabolism.中温区（thermalneutralzone):therangeofenvironmentaltemperatureoverwhichthemetabolicrateofahomeothermic(恒温）animaldoesnotchange.指恒温动物代谢速率保持恒定时的温度范围。第二十九页，共四十九页。温度与北极和热带哺乳动物的中温区Twogroupsofanimalsaredefinedbythedifferenceintheneutralthermalzones:tropicalspeciesandarcticspecies.

Sharedrange第三十页，共四十九页。AquaticbirdsandMammals水生鸟和水生哺乳动物

So,howtokeepheataswellasgetoxygenforendotherms?1）Usingair-breathingtogetoxygen,insteadofgill-breathing2）Bearingathicklayeroffatorfur.Appendages(附肢）areoutfittedwithcountercurrentheatexchangers(逆流交换系统)

toreduceheatloss。1）Thecapacityofwatertoabsorbheatwithoutchangingtemperatureisca.3000timesthatofair；2）Butconductiveandconvectiveheatlosstowateraremuchmorerapidthantoair:over20timesfasterinstillwaterandupto100timesfasterinmovingwater.第三十一页，共四十九页。Countercurrentheatexchanger第三十二页，共四十九页。金枪鱼体侧肌肉中的逆流交换器WarmingtheSwimmingMusclesoflargemarineFish动脉静脉第三十三页，共四十九页。Watertemperatureandbodytemperatureofabluefintuna第三十四页，共四十九页。WarmingInsectFlightMuscles昆虫飞行肌加热机制Doessphinxmothsregulationbodytemperaturethroughchangingmetabolicrate?(Adams&Heath,1964)第三十五页，共四十九页。HawkmothHeinrichdidnotfindchangingofthemetabolicrateinresponsetovariationsintemperature.So,heproposedahypothesisthatsphinxmothsregulatebodytemperaturebychangingtheirratesofheatlosstotheenvironment.

第三十六页，共四十九页。烟草天蛾的体温调节和血液循环第三十七页，共四十九页。思考题1蝴蝶是变温动物，白天活动，从赤道雨林到北极都有分布，它们以晒太阳的方式提高体温。那么，随纬度的不同，它们用于晒太阳和飞行的时间比例会如何变化？蝴蝶晒太阳的时间会随着每天温度的变化而改变吗？2有人在新疆塔城的严冬雪地里发现一种会飞的蛾子，你分析它的体色是什么颜色？为什么？为什么能在零下20多度的冬天飞翔？第三十八页，共四十九页。东方臭甘蓝－恒温植物肉穗花序苞片主根(D)Temperatureregulationbythermogenicplants产热植物

第三十九页，共四十九页。气温与东方臭甘蓝的代谢速率代谢率（用耗氧率表示）第四十页，共四十九页。ManyorganismssurviveextremetemperaturesbyenteringarestingstageCaseIV：SurvivingExtremetemperature(a)InactivityTigerbeetle第四十一页，共四十九页。（B)ReducingMetabolicRateWhentouseTorpor蛰伏?Torporisastateoflowmetabolicrateandloweredbodytemperature.“Routinehypothesis”or“Emergency-onlyHypo”Howtotestthehypotheses?Hummingbird第四十二页，共四十九页。Howtoknowwhetherhummingbirdsgointotorporatnight?Byweightinghummingbirdsjustbeforetheywenttotheirnightroosts(鸟窝),andthenagainintheearlymorning.第四十三页，共四十九页。花蜜食物量与蛰伏状态的关系Calder’sobservationsupportedthe‘Emergency-onlyHypothesis’.Hummingbirdsgointotorporwhen:(1)flowersarenotabundant；(2)foo