94-99年考研英语真题

1994年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionIStructureandVt)cabularyPartADirections:Beneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],|C]and[D].Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebrackets.(5points)BythetimeyouarriveinLondon,weinEuropefortwoweeks.[D]havebeenstaying[A]shallstay [B]havestayed [C]willhavestayed[D]havebeenstayingIappreciatedtheopportunitytostudyabroadtwoyearsago.havingbeengivenhavinggiventohavebeengiven [D]tohavegivenhavingbeengivenhavinggiventohavebeengiven [D]tohavegivenLivinginthecentralAustraliandeserthasitsproblems,obtainingwaterisnottheleast.[D]whose[D]whose[D]nomore[D]InviewofTheheartisintelligentthanthestomach,fortheyarebothcontrolledbythebrain.[A]notso [B]notmuch [C]muchmorethefactthathisinitialexperimentshadfailed.Prof.Whitepersistedinhisresearch.[A]Becauseof [B]Asto [C]InspiteofJeanWagner'smostenduringcontributiontothestudyofAfro-Americanpoetryishisinsistencethatitinareligious,aswellasworldly,frameofreference.[A]istobeanalyzed [B]hasbeenanalyzed [C]beanalyzed [D]shouldhavebeenanalyzedThemillionsofcalculationsinvolved,hadtheybeendonebyhand,allpracticalvaluebythetimetheywerefinished.[A]couldlose [B]wouldhavelost [C]mightlose [D]oughttohavelostNobreadeatenbymanissosweetasearnedbyhisownlabour.[A]one IB]that [C]such [D]whatItisn'tcoldenoughforthereafrosttonight,soIcanleaveJim'scaroutquitesafely.[A]wouldbe [B]being [C]was [D]tobeScientistsgenerallyagreethattheEarth'sclimatewillwarmupoverthenext50to100yearsithaswarmedinthe20,000yearssincetheIceAge.[A]aslongasPartB|B]asmuchasyearssincetheIceAge.[A]aslongasPartB|B]asmuchas[C]assoonas[D]aswellasDirections:Eachofthefollowingsentenceshasfourunderlinedpartsmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].IdentifythepartofthesentencethatisincorrectandmarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebrackets.(5points)TOC\o"1-5"\h\zSimilarelementsintheprehistoricremainsfrombothareassuggestthatIndiansandtheirneighbourshadmaintaineddistantbutA B Crealconnectionseverbefore1500B.C.DItsoonbecameobviouslythatinsteadofbeingtrainedtosingshewouldbetrainedastheastronomer'sassistant.A B CDHealsoconceivedthatthesolarsystemandtheuniversewouldcomeintoexistencebyanaturalprocessandwoulddisapoearA B C Doneday.Themoonhasamassthatisnearlyonehundredtimeslessthantheearth;inconsequence,theforceofgravityatthemoon'sABC Dsurfaceisonlyone-sixthofthatattheearth'ssurface.“TheBunsenburnerissonamedbecauseitisthoughttobeinventedbyRobertBunsen,whowasGermanbybirth.A B C DMuchalthoughIhavetraveled,Ihaveneverseenanyonetoequalherinthoroughness,whateverthejob.A B CDTheweedsandtallgrassinthatyardmakesthehouselookasifithadbeenvacantforquitesometime.A BCDIfonlythenatureoftheagingprocessisbetterunderstood,thepossibilityofdiscoveringamedicinethatcanblocktheA B Cfundamentalprocessofagingseemsveryremote.DWhenIconsiderhowtalentedheisasaDainter,Icannothelpbutbelievingthatthepublicwillappreciatehisgift.A B C DAllenhasstatedthathehasalwayshadagreatinterestandadmirationfortheworkoftheBritisheconomistKeynes.A B C DPartCDirections:Beneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoicesmarked|A),|B|,|C]and|D|.Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)21.Pleasedonotbebyhisbadmannerssinceheismerelytryingtoattractattention.[A]disregarded |B]distorted [C]irritated [D]intervenedCraigassuredhisbossthathewouldallhisenergiesindoingthisnewjob.[A]callforth [B]callat [C]callon [D]calloffTbomuchtoX-rayscancauseskinbums,cancerorotherdamagetothebody.[A]disclosure |B]exhibition [C]contact [D]exposureWhenconfrontedwithsuchquestions,mymindgoes,andIcanhardlyremembermyowndateofbirth.[A]dim [B]blank [C]faint [D]vainItiswellknownthatknowledgeisthatconditionfbrexpansionofmind.[A]incompatible [B]incredible [C]indefinite [D] indispensableMorethantwohundredyearsagotheUnitedStatesfromtheBritishEmpireandbecomeanindependentcountry.[A]gotoff [B]pulleddown [C]brokeaway [D] dropped offCareshouldbetakentodecreasethelengthoftimethatoneisloudcontinuousnoise.[A]subjectedto [B]filledwith [C]associatedwith [D] attached toSomeofthemostimportantconceptsinphysicstheirsuccesstothesemathematicalsystems.[A]oblige [B]owe [C]contribute [D] attributeAsyourinstructoradvised,yououghttospendyourtimeonsomethingresearchinginto.[A]precious [B]worth [C]worthy [D]valuableAsadefenseagainstair-pollutiondamage,manyplantsandanimalsasubstancetoabsorbharmfulchemicals.[A]relieve [B]release [C]dismiss [D]discardWithoutthefrictionbetweentheirfeetandtheground,peoplewouldbeabletowalk.[A]innotime [B]byallmeans [C]innoway [D]onanyaccountWhiletyping,Helenhasahabitofstoppingtogiveherlongandflowinghairasmooth.[A]occasionally (B]simultaneously [C]eventually [D]promptlyOnereasonfbrthesuccessesofAsianimmigrantsintheU.S.isthattheyhavetakengreattoeducatetheirchildren.[A]efforts [B]pains [C]attempts [D]endeavoursIfanymanheredoesnotagreewithme,heshouldhisownplanforimprovingthelivingconditionsofthesepeople.[A]puton [B]putout [C]putin [D]putforwardIsupportyourdecision,butIshouldalsomakeitclearthatIamnotgoingtobetoit.[A]connected [B]fastened [C]bound [D]stuckTheEnglishlanguagecontainsa(n)ofwordswhicharecomparativelyseldomusedinordinaryconversation.[A]altitude [B]latitude [C]multitude [D]attitudeInmyopinion,youcanwidentheoftheseimprovementsthroughyouractiveparticipation.[A]dimension [B]volume [C]magnitude [D]scope\burimproperwordswillgivetodoubtsconcerningyourtrueintentions.[A]rise [B]reason [C]suspicion [D]impulseThenewsitemaboutthefireisfollowedbyadetailedreportmade.[A]onthespot |B]onthesite |CJonthelocation |D]onthegroundTheremarkableoflifeontheGalapagosIslandsinspiredCharlesDarwintoestablishhistheoryofevolution.[A]classification [B]variety [C]density [D]diversionSectionIIClozelestDirections:Foreachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassage,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)Thefirstandsmallestunitthatcanbediscussedinrelationtolanguageistheword.Inspeaking,thechoiceofwordsis41theutmostimportance.Properselectionwilleliminateonesourceof42breakdowninthecommunicationcycle.Tbooften,carelessuseofwords43ameetingofthemindsofthespeakerandlistener.Thewordsusedbythespeakermay44unfavorablereactionsinthelistener45interferewithhiscomprehension;hence,thetransmission-receptionsystembreaksdown.46 ,inaccurateorindefinitewordsmaymake47difficultforthelistenertounderstandthe48whichisbeingtransmittedtohim.Thespeakerwhodoesnothavespecificwordsinhisworkingvocabularymaybe49toexplainordescribeina50thatcanbeunderstoodbyhislisteners.41.of [C]backupat [D]stirupfor 45.[A]whoon [B]as42.inaccessible [C]whichtimely [D]whatlikely 46.[A]Moreoverinvalid [B]However43.encourages [C]Preliminarilyprevents [D]Unexpectedly[C]destroys 47.[A]thatID]offers |B]it44.passout [C]sotakeaway [D]this

[A]speech[A]speech|B|sense[C]message[D]meaning[A]obscure[B]difficult|D|unable50.[A]casemeansmethodwaySectionIIIReadingComprehensionDirections:Eachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestiontherearefouranswersmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.ThenmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(40points)Text1TheAmericaneconomicsystemisorganizedaroundabasicallyprivate-enterprise,market-orientedeconomyinwhichconsumerslargelydeterminewhatshallbeproducedbyspendingtheirmoneyinthemarketplaceforthosegoodsandservicesthattheywantmost.Privatebusinessmen,strivingtomakeprofits,producethesegoodsandservicesincompetitionwithotherbusinessmen;andtheprofitmotive,operatingundercompetitivepressures,largelydetermineshowthesegoodsandservicesareproduced.Thus,intheAmericaneconomicsystemitisthedemandofindividualconsumers,coupledwiththedesireofbusinessmentomaximizeprofitsandthedesireofindividualstomaximizetheirincomes,thattogetherdeterminewhatshallbeproducedandhowresourcesareusedtoproduceit.Animportantfactorinamarket-orientedeconomyisthemechanismbywhichconsumerdemandscanbeexpressedandrespondedtobyproducers.IntheAmericaneconomy,thismechanismisprovidedbyapricesystem,aprocessinwhichpricesriseandfallinresponsetorelativedemandsofconsumersandsuppliesofferedbyseiler-producers.Iftheproductisinshortsupplyrelativetothedemand,thepricewillbebidupandsomeconsumerswillbeeliminatedfromthemarket.If,ontheotherhand,producingmoreofacommodityresultsinreducingitscost,thiswilltendtoincreasethesupplyofferedbyseller-producers,whichinturnwilllowerthepriceandpermitmoreconsumerstobuytheproduct.Thus,priceistheregulatingmechanismintheAmericaneconomicsystem.Theimportantfactorinaprivate-enterpriseeconomyisthatindividualsareallowedtoownproductiveresources(privateproperty),andtheyarepermittedtohirelabor,gaincontrolovernaturalresources,andproducegoodsandservicesfbrsaleataprofit.IntheAmericaneconomy,theconceptofprivatepropertyembracesnotonlytheownershipofproductiveresourcesbutalsocertainrights,includingtherighttodeterminethepriceofaproductortomakeafreecontractwithanotherprivateindividual.InLine8,Paragraph1,“thedesireofindividualstomaximizetheirincomes"means.AmericansareneversatisfiedwiththeirincomesAmericanstendtooverstatetheirincomesAmericanswanttohavetheirincomesincreased|D]AmericanswanttoincreasethepurchasingpoweroftheirincomesTducerscansatisfytheconsumersbymechanizedproduction(B|consumerscanexpresstheirdemandsthroughproducersproducersdecidethepricesofproductssupplyanddemandregulatepricesAccordingtothepassage,aprivate-enterpriseeconomyischaracterizedby.privatepropertyandrightsconcernedmanpowerandnaturalresourcescontrolownershipofproductiveresourcesfreecontractsandpricesThepassageismainlyabout.IA]howAmericangoodsareproducedhowAmericanconsumersbuytheirgoodshowAmericaneconomicsystemworks[DIhowAmericanbusinessmenmaketheirprofitsText2OnehundredandthirteenmillionAmericanshaveatleastonebank-issuedcreditcard.Theygivetheirownersautomaticcreditinstores,restaurants,andhotels,athome,acrossthecountry,andevenabroad,andtheymakemanybankingservicesavailableaswell.Moreandmoreofthesecreditcardscanbereadautomatically,makingitpossibletowithdrawordepositmoneyinscatteredlocations,whetherornotthelocalbranchbankisopen.Formanyofusthe“cashlesssociety"isnotonthehorizon—it'salreadyhere.Whilecomputersoffertheseconveniencestoconsumers,theyhavemanyadvantagesforsellerstoo.Electroniccashregisterscandomuchmorethansimplyringupsales.Theycankeepawiderangeofrecords,includingwhosoldwhat,when,andtowhom.Thisinformationallowsbusinessmentokeeptrackoftheirlistofgoodsbyshowingwhichitemsarebeingsoldandhowfasttheyaremoving.Decisionstoreorderorreturngoodstosupplierscanthenbemade.Atthesametimethesecomputersrecordwhichhoursarebusiestandwhichemployeesarethemostefficient,allowingpersonnelandstaffingassignmentstobemadeaccordingly.Andtheyalsoidentifypreferredcustomersforpromotionalcampaigns.Computersarereliedonbymanufacturersfbrsimilarreasons.Computer-analyzedmarketingreportscanhelptodecidewhichproductstoemphasizenow,whichtodevelopfbrthefuture,andwhichtodrop.Computerskeeptrackofgoodsinstock,ofrawmaterialsonhand,andevenoftheproductionprocessitself.Numerousothercommercialenterprises,fromtheaterstomagazinepublishers,fromgasandelectricutilitiestomilkprocessors,bringbetterandmoreefficientservicestoconsumersthroughtheuseofcomputers.Accordingtothepassage,thecreditcardenablesitsownerto.withdrawasmuchmoneyfromthebankashewishesobtainmoreconvenientservicesthanotherpeopledo|CJenjoygreatertrustfromthestorekeepercashmoneywhereverhewishestoFromthelastsentenceofthefirstparagraphwelearnthat.|A]inthefuturealltheAmericanswillusecreditcardscreditcardsaremainlyusedintheUnitedStatestodaynowadaysmanyAmericansdonotpayincash|D|itisnowmoreconvenienttousecreditcardsthanbeforeThephrase“ringupsales''(Line3,Para.2)mostprobablymeans"|A]makeanorderofgoods|B]recordsalesonacashregister[C]callthesalesmanager|D]keeptrackofthegoodsinstockWhatisthispassagemainlyabout?[A]Approachestothecommercialuseofcomputers.|B]Conveniencesbroughtaboutbycomputersinbusiness.|C]Significanceofautomationincommercialenterprises.[D]Advantagesofcreditcardsinbusiness.Text3Exceptionalchildrenaredifferentinsomesignificantwayfromothersofthesameage.Forthesechildrentodeveloptotheirfulladultpotential,theireducationmustbeadaptedtothosedifferences.Althoughwefocusontheneedsofexceptionalchildren,wefindourselvesdescribingtheirenvironmentaswell.Whiletheleadingactoronthestagecapturesourattention,weareawareoftheimportanceofthesupportingplayersandthesceneryoftheplayitself.Boththefamilyandthesocietyinwhichexceptionalchildrenliveareoftenthekeytotheirgrowthanddevelopment.Anditisinthepublicschoolsthatwefindthefullexpressionofsociety'sunderstanding-theknowledge,hopes,andfearsthatarepassedontothenextgeneration.Educationinanysocietyisamirrorofthatsociety.Inthatmirrorwecanseethestrengths,theweaknesses,thehopes,theprejudices,andthecentralvaluesofthecultureitself.Thegreatinterestinexceptionalchildrenshowninpubliceducationoverthepastthreedecadesindicatesthestrongfeelinginoursocietythatallcitizens,whatevertheirspecialconditions,deservetheopportunitytofullydeveloptheircapabilities.“Allmenarecreatedequal/'We'vehearditmanytimes,butitstillhasimportantmeaningforeducationinademocraticsociety.Althoughthephrasewasusedbythiscountry'sfounderstodenoteequalitybeforethelaw,ithasalsobeeninterpretedtomeanequalityofopportunity.Thatconceptimplieseducationalopportunityforallchildren—therightofeachchildtoreceivehelpinlearningtothelimitsofhisorhercapacity,whetherthatcapacitybesmallorgreat.Recentcourtdecisionshaveconfirmedtherightofallchildren—disabledornot-toanappropriateeducation,andhaveorderedthatpublicschoolstakethenecessarystepstoprovidethateducation.Inresponse,schoolsaremodifyingtheirprograms,adaptinginstructiontochildrenwhoareexceptional,tothosewhocannotprofitsubstantiallyfromregularprograms.InParagraph2,theauthorcitestheexampleoftheleadingactoronthestagetoshowthat.thegrowthofexceptionalchildrenhasmuchtodowiththeirfamilyandthesociety|B]exceptionalchildrenaremoreinfluencedbytheirfamiliesthannormalchildrenareexceptionalchildrenarethekeyinterestofthefamilyandsocietytheneedsofthesocietyweighmuchheavierthantheneedsoftheexceptionalchildrenThereasonthattheexceptionalchildrenreceivesomuchconcernineducationisthat.theyareexpectedtobeleadersofthesocietytheymightbecomeaburdenofthesociety|C]theyshouldfullydeveloptheirpotentialdisabledchildrendeservespecialconsiderationThispassagemainlydealswith.|A]thedifferencesofchildrenintheirlearningcapabilitiesthedefinitionofexceptionalchildreninmodemsocietythespecialeducationalprogramsforexceptionalchildren|D]thenecessityofadaptingeducationtoexceptionalchildrenFromthispassagewelearnthattheeducationalconcernforexceptionalchildren.isnowenjoyinglegalsupportdisagreeswiththetraditionofthecountry|C]wasclearlystatedbythecountry'sfounders[D]willexertgreatinfluenceovercourtdecisionsText4“Ihavegreatconfidencethatbytheendofthedecadewe'llknowinvastdetailhowcancercellsarise,"saysmicrobiologistRobertWeinberg,anexpertoncancer."But,"hecautions,"somepeoplehavetheideathatonceoneunderstandsthecauses,thecurewillrapidlyfollow.ConsiderPasteur,hediscoveredthecausesofmanykindsofinfections,butitwasfiftyorsixtyyearsbeforecureswereavailable."Thisyear,50percentofthe910,000peoplewhosufferfromcancerwillsurviveatleastfiveyears.Intheyear2000,theNationalCancerInstituteestimates,thatfigurewillbe75percent.Forsomeskincancers,thefive-yearsurvivalrateisashighas90percent.Butothersurvivalstatisticsarestilldiscouraging-13percentforlungcancer,and2percentforcancerofthepancreas（胰腺）.Withasmanyas120varietiesinexistence,discoveringhowcancerworksisnoteasy.Theresearchersmadegreatprogressintheearly1970s,whentheydiscoveredthatoncogenes,whicharecancer-causinggenes（基因），areinactiveinnormalcells.Anythingfromcosmicraystoradiationtodietmayactivateadormantoncogene,buthowremainsunknown.Ifseveraloncogenesaredrivenintoaction,thecell,unabletoturnthemoff,becomescancerous.Theexactmechanismsinvolvedarestillmysterious,butthelikelihoodthatmanycancersareinitiatedatthelevelofgenessuggeststhatwewillneverpreventallcancers."Changesareanormalpartoftheevolutionaryprocess,"saysoncologistWilliamHayward.Environmentalfactorscanneverbetotallyeliminated;asHaywardpointsout,"Wecan'tprepareamedicineagainstcosmicrays.”Theprospectsforcure,thoughstilldistant,arebrighter.“rirst,weneedtounderstandhowthenormalcellcontrolsitself.Second,wehavetodeterminewhethertherearealimitednumberofgenesincellswhicharealwaysresponsibleforatleastpartofthetrouble.Ifwecanunderstandhowcancerworks,wecancounteractitsaction."TheexampleofPasteurinthepassageisusedto.predictthatthesecretofcancerwillbedisclosedinadecade|B]indicatethattheprospectsforcuringcancerarebright|C]provethatcancerwillbecuredinfiftytosixtyyearswarnthatthereisstillalongwaytogobeforecancercanbeconquered64.Theauthorimpliesthatbytheyear2000,.therewillbeadrasticriseinthefive-yearsurvivalrateofskin-cancerpatients90percentoftheskin-cancerpatientstodaywillstillbelivingthesurvivalstatisticswillbefairlyevenamongpatientswithvariouscancerstherewon'tbeadrasticincreaseofsurvivalrateofallcancerpatients65.Oncogenesarecancer-causinggenes.|A]thatarealwaysinoperationinahealthypersonwhichremainunharmfulsolongastheyarenotactivatedthatcanbedrivenoutofnonnalcellswhichnormalcellscan'tturnoffTheword"dormant"inthethirdparagraphmostprobablymeans.dead|B]ever-presentinactivepotentialText5Discoveriesinscienceandtechnologyarethoughtby"untaughtminds"tocomeinblindingflashesorastheresultofdramaticaccidents.SirAlexanderFlemingdidnot,aslegendwouldhaveit,lookatthemold（霉）onapieceofcheeseandgettheideaforpenicillinthereandthen.Heexperimentedwithantibacterialsubstancesfornineyearsbeforehemadehisdiscovery.Inventionsandinnovationsalmostalwayscomeoutoflaborioustrialanderror.Innovationislikesoccer;eventhebestplayersmissthegoalandhavetheirshotsblockedmuchmorefrequentlythantheyscore.Thepointisthattheplayerswhoscoremostaretheoneswhotakemostshotsatthegoal—andsoitgoeswithinnovationinanyfieldofactivity.Theprimedifferencebetweeninnovatorsandothersisoneofapproach.Everybodygetsideas,butinnovatorsworkconsciouslyontheirs,andtheyfollowthemthroughuntiltheyprovepracticableorotherwise.Whatordinarypeopleseeasfancifulabstractions,professionalinnovatorsseeassolidpossibilities.“Creativethinkingmaymeansimplytherealizationthatthere'snoparticularvirtueindoingthingsthewaytheyhavealwaysbeendone,"wroteRudolphFlesch,alanguageauthority.Thisaccountsforourreactiontoseeminglysimpleinnovationslikeplasticgarbagebagsandsuitcasesonwheelsthatmakelifemoreconvenient:"Howcomenobodythoughtofthatbefore?"Thecreativeapproachbeginswiththepropositionthatnothingisasitappears.Innovatorswillnotacceptthatthereisonlyonewaytodoanything.FacedwithgettingfromAtoB.theaveragepersonwillautomaticallysetoutonthebest-knownandapparentlysimplestroute.Theinnovatorwillsearchforalternatecourses,whichmayproveeasierinthelongrunandareboundtobemoreinterestingandchallengingeveniftheyleadtodeadends.Highlycreativeindividualsreallydomarchtoadifferentdrummer.Whatdoestheauthorprobablymeanby“untaughtmind“inthefirstparagraph?|A]Apersonignorantofthehardworkinvolvedinexperimentation.Acitizenofasocietythatrestrictspersonalcreativity.Apersonwhohashadnoeducation.|D|Anindividualwhooftencomesupwithnewideasbyaccident.Accordingtotheauthor,whatdistinguishesinnovatorsfromnon-innovators?Thevarietyofideastheyhave.|B|Theintelligencetheypossess.Thewaytheydealwithproblems.Thewaytheypresenttheirfindings.TheauthorquotesRudolphFleschinParagraph3because.RudolphFleschisthebest-knownexpertinthestudyofhumancreativitythequotationstrengthenstheassertionthatcreativeindividualslookfornewwaysofdoingthings[C|thereaderisfamiliarwithRudolphFlesch'spointofviewthequotationaddsanewideatotheinformationpreviouslypresentedThephrase"marchtoadifferentdrummed'(thelastlineofthepassage)suggeststhathighlycreativeindividualsare.|A]diligentinpursuingtheirgoalsreluctanttofollowcommonwaysofdoingthings|C]devotedtotheprogressofsociety|D]concernedabouttheadvanceofsocietySectionIVEnglish-ChineseTranslationDirections:ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.YburtranslationmustbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)Accordingtothenewschoolofscientists,technologyisanoverlookedforceinexpandingthehorizonsofscientificknowledge.(71)Sciencemovesforward,theysay,notsomuchthroughtheinsightsofgreatmenofgeniusasbecauseofmor