【最新】六级阅读理解练习题

六级阅读理解CantheComputerLearnfromExperience计算机会总结经验吗Computershavebeentaughttoplaynotonlycheckers,butalsochampionshipchess,whichisafairlyaccurateyardstickformeasuringthecomputer'sprogressintheabilitytolearnfromexperience.Becausethegamerequireslogicalreasoning,chesswouldseemtobeperfectlysuitedtothecomputer.allaprogrammerhastodoisgivethecomputeraprogramevaluatingtheconsequencesofeverypossibleresponsetoeverypossiblemove,andthecomputerwillwineverytime.Intheorythisisasensibleapproach;inpracticeitisimpossible.Today,apowerfulcomputercananalyze40000movesasecond.Thatisanimpressivespeed.Butthereareanastronomicalnumberofpossiblemovesinchess—literallytrillions.Evenifsuchaprogramwerewritten(andintheoryitcouldbe,givenenoughpeopleandenoughtime),thereisnocomputercapableofholdingthatmuchdataTherefore,ifthecomputeristocompeteatchampionshiplevels,itmustbeprogrammedtofunctionwithlessthancompletedata.Itmustbeabletolearnfromexperience,tomodifyitsownprogramm,todealwitharelativelyunstructuredsituation—inaword,to“think”foritself.Infact,thiscanbedone.Chess-playingcomputershaveyettodefeatworldchampionchessplayers,butseveralhavebeatenhumanplayersofonlyslightlylowerranks.Thecomputershavehadprogramstocarrythemthroughtheearly,mechanicalstagesoftheirchessgames.Buttheyhavegoneonfromtheretoreasonandlearn,andsometimestowinthegame.Thereareotherproofsthatcomputerscanbeprogrammedtolearn,butthisexampleissufficienttodemonstratethepoint.Granted,winningagameofchessisnotanearthshakingeventevenwhenacomputerdoesit.Buttherearemanyserioushumanproblemswhichbanbefruitfullyapproachedasgames.TheDefenseDepartmentusescomputerstoplaywargamesandworkoutstrategiesfordealingwithinternationaltensions.Otherproblems—internationalandinterpersonalrelations,ecologyandeconomics,andtheever-increasingthreatofworldfamine—canperhapsbesolvedbythejointeffortsofhumanbeingsandtrulyintelligentcomputers.Notescheck:agameplayedonacheckerboardbytwoplayers,eachusing12piecesecology:therelationshipbetweenorganismsandtheirenvironment生态关系，生态学ReadingcomprehensionThepurposeofcreatingchess-playingcomputersisAtowintheworldchesschampionBtopavethewayforfurtherintelligentcomputersCtoworkoutstrategiesforinternationalwarsDtofindanaccurateyardstickformeasuringcomputerprogressToday,achess-playingcomputercanbeprogrammedtoAgivetrillionsofreponsesinasecondtoeachpossiblemoveandwinthegameBfunctionwithcompletedataandbeatthebestplayersClearnfromchess-playingintheearlystageandgoontowinthegameDevaluateeverypossiblemovebutmayfailtogivetherightresponseeachtimeForacomputerto“think”,itisnecessarytoAmangetoprocessasmuchdataaspossibleinasecondBprogramitsothatitcanlearnfromitsexperiencesCprepareitforchess-playingfirstDenableittodealwithunstructuredsituations4Theauthor'sattitudetowardstheDefenseDepartmentisAcriticalBunconcernedCpositiveDnegative5Intheauthor'sopinion,AwinningachessgameisanunimportanteventBserioushumanproblemsshouldn'tberegardedasplayingagameCecologicalproblemsaremoreurgenttobesolvedDthereishopeformoreintelligentcomputers1b2c3b4c5dYouCallThisaGoodEconomy这能称之为上佳经验Youhavetohavelivedinthe1950sand1960stohaveexperiencedagoodeconomy.Intheperiodbetween1950and1970itwastherule—ratherthantheexception—thatanordinaryfamily,withouthighereducation,couldsustainitselfdecentlyontheincomeofasinglebreadwinner（养家糊口的人）.In1955,whenIwas19andlivinginBrooklyn,N.Y.,myfather,whohadasixth-gradeeducation,maintainedourfamilyoffiveonawageof$82aweekasabookbinder.Mymothertaughtusfairnessandcompassion;myfather,disciplineandenterprise.TheU.S.economyinthoseyearswasgood.Thenwheredidthisgoodeconomygo?Itwasinflatedaway.Thepriceofgold,whichItakeasproxyforthepricesofallgoods,was$35anounceinthoseyears.Itisatroughlytentimesthatpricetoday.Thereisanotheranswer,though:inflationcausedtheentireworkforcetobemovedintohighertaxgroups,thusreducingafter-taxpurchasingpower.Thatis,myfather'sbinderyjobin1954paid$82aweek,with$80afterdeductions;today,at$820perweekthenetwouldbe$662.Toordinarypeople,theeconomydoesn'tlokoverygoodatall.After-taxincomescontinuetodecreaseinpurchasingpower.Thejobsofferedintheemploymentadspayonlyalittlemorethantheminimumwage,maybe$5anhour,which,afterpayrolldeductions,yields$4anhour.Comparethatwithminimum-wagejobsoftheearly1950s,when75centswasworthtoday's$7.50beforeandaftertaxes.NotesBrooklyn:adistrictofNewYorkcityinflate:通货膨胀proxy:theauthoritytoactforanotherpayroll:alistofemployeesandthewagesduetoeachReadingComprehensionIntheauthor'sopinion,agoodeconomy,toordinarypeoplecanbeexpressedintermsoftheamountofwageafter-taxincometheactualpurchasingpowertheminimumwageperhourIntheperiodbetween1950and1970,therewasnotmuchdifferenceinthelivingstandardsbetweenpeopleofhigherandlowereducationanordinaryfamilyoffivewithoutexceptioncouldliveononepersonincometheincomeofanordinaryfamilywasmorethanenoughforbuyingfoodforanaveragefamilytheincomewassufficienttosupportallthemembersTodayabookbinder'swageistentimesthatofthe1950'sbutitsincometaxratehasincreased50timesb.60timesc.70timesd.80timesTheworseningofabookbinder'slivelihoodresultsfromhisloweducationandtheamountofwagethehigh-taxationandtheincomedeductionsthehightaxationandcostoflivingthelowwageandhigherpricesThepassageimpliesthatwhilethecostoflivingisgettinghigherthevalueoflaboractuallyisshrinkingtheminimumwagelevelisincreasinglikewisetheincometaxrateisrisingalongtheemploymentadsnaturallyofferahigherminimumwageTheauthor'stoneinwritingthearticleisironicalb.subjectivec.high-soundingd.convincingthearticleaimstoa.helpcontroltherapidlyincreasingpricesgivesomeadvicetothepolicy-makersimpresstheyoungergenerationwithsomebasicfactscalluponthesocietysattentionagainstinflation1c2b3d4c5a6d7cAreExpertsAlwaysRight专家总是对的吗Theworldhasbecomesocomplicatedthatwe'velostconfidenceinourabilitytounderstandanddealwithit.Butcommonsenseisusefulnowasiteverwas.Noamountofexpertisesubstitutesforanintimateknowledgeofapersonorasituation.Attimesyoujusthavetotrustyourownjudgement.Italmostcostmemylifetolearnthat.Iwasreadingabookoneday,idlyscratchingthebackofmyhead,whenInoticedthat,inoneparticularspot,thescratchingechoedinsidemyheadlikefingernailsonanemptycardboardcarton,Irushedofftomydoctor.“Gotaholeinyourhead,haveyou?”heteased.“It'snothing—justoneofthoselittlescalpnervessoundingoff.”Twoyearsandfourdoctorslater,Iwasstillbeingtolditwasnothing.Tothefifthdoctor.Isaid,almostindesperation,”ButIliveintisbody.Iknowsomething'sdifferent.”“Ifyouwon'ttakemywordforit,I'lltakeanX-rayandproveittoyou,”hesaid.Well,thereitwas,ofcourse,thetumorthathadmadeaholeasbigasaneyesocketinthebackofmyskull.Aftertheoperation,ayoungresidentpausedbymybed.”It'sagoodthingyou'resosmart,”hesaid.”Mostpatientdieofthesetumorsbecausewedon'tknowthey'rethereuntilitistoolate.”I'mreallynotsosmart.AndI'mtoodocileinthefaceofauthority.Ishouldhavebeenmoreaggressivewiththosefirstfourdoctors.It'shardtoquestionopinionsdeliveredwithabsolutecertainty.Expertsalwayssoundsosure.NevileChamberlain,theBritishprimeminister,waspositive,justbeforethestartofWorldWarII,thattherewouldbe“peaceforourtime.”ProducerIrvingThalbergdidnothesitatetoadviseLouisB.MayeragainstbuyingtherightstoGoneWiththeWindbecause“noCivilWarpictureevermadeanickel.”EvenAbrahamLincolnsurelybelieveditwhenhesaidinhisGettysburgAddress:”Theworldwilllittlenote,norlongremember,whatwesayhere…■”Weshouldnot,therefore,beintimidatedbyexperts.Whenit'sanareawereallyknowabout—ourbodies,ourfamilies,ourhouses—let'slistentowhattheexpertssay,thenmakeupourownminds.Notescardboardcarton:aboxorcontainermadeofastiffpasteboardofpaperscalp:theskincoveringtheheadtumor:肿瘤eyesocket:theopeningorcavityinwhichtheeyefitsdocile:easilymanagedortaughtreadingcomprehension“It”in"…dealwithit”（para.1）refersto/r/plication2.“Expertise”inpara.1meanscommonsenseb.expertskillorknowledgec.unusualabilitytoappreciated.personalexperience3.Wehavetotrustourownjudgementsincenotallofushaveacquiredreliableexpertiseexpertsoftenlosetheircommonsenseexpertsmaysometimesfailtogivegoodadviceintimateknowledgeofapersonisnottobesubstitutedforbyexpertise“That”in“italmostcostmemylifetolearnthat”(para.2)referstoIcanlearntotrustmyjudgementIcanacquireanintimateknowledgeofmyselfcommonsenseisnotasusefulasknowedgeexpertisemaynotbereliableWhilereadingoneday,theauthorfoundaholeatthebackofhisheadheardascratchingsoundfromacartonnoticedsomeechofromhisheadwherehewasscratchingnoticedasoundcomingoutfromhishead“tease”inparagraph3meanstomakefunofb.tocomfortc.toreplyd.todisbelieve“ifyouwon'ttakemywordforit”inpara.5maybeparaphraseda.ifyoudon'tthinkmywordisworthanythingifyoudon'tlistentomyadviceifyoudon'tbelievemyjudgementifyoupreferactionstowords“Skull”inpara.6mostprobablymeansa.thebonyframeworkoftheheadthesurfaceskinoftheheadthenervesysteminsidetheheadthetoppartoftheheadTheauthordidn'tthinkhewassmart(para.7)becausea.hehadalreadysufferedfortwoyearshehadnotbeenabletoputupwiththepainhehadbelievedtoomuchinexpertisehehadformedtoostronganopinionofhimselfIthappensthattheexamplesgivenbytheauthora.allconcernwithwarsaretakenfrommodernAmericanhistoryhavebecomepopularthemesinmovieshaveAmericanCivilWarasthebackgroundInthelastparagraph,thework”intimidate”maymeandeceiveb.frightenc.maketimidd.encourageb2b3c4d5c6a7c8a9c10a11cJustCallMeMisterOncolddayspeopleinManhattanliketotaketheirchildrentoPlaySpace,anindoorplaygroundfullofwonderfulclimbingandslidingcontraptions.There'sjustoneirritatingdetail:whenyoupayyourmoney,thecashierpullsoutafelt-tripmarkerandanadhesivelapeltagandasksyouyourname.“Frum,”Isay.“No,yourfirstname.”“Whatdoyouneedmyfirstnamefor?”“Towriteonthetag,soallthechildrenandthestaffwillknowwhattocallyou.”Inthatcase,write‘Mr.FrumAtwhichIamshotalookasifIhadaskedtobecalledtoDukeofPlazaToro.Inencouragingfive-year-oldstoaddressgrownupsbytheirfirstnames,PlaySpaceisonlyslightlyaheadofthetimes.Asajournalist,Ifaithfullyreportthatthecustomofaddressingstrangersformallyisasdeadasthepracticeofleavingavisitingcard.There'shardlyasecretaryleftwhodoesnotreply,whenIgiveamessagefroherboss,“I'lltellhimyoucalled,David.”Orapublicrelationsagent,whetherinBangororBangkok,whodoesnotbeginhistelephonicspielwithacheerful“Hello,David!”Youdon'thavetobeajournalisttocollectamazingfirst-namestories.Placeacollectcall,andtheoperatorfirst-namesyou.Theteenagerbehindthecounteratafast-foodrestaurantasksa70-year-oldcustomerforhisfirstnamebeforetakinghisorder.Habitualfirst-namesclaimtheyaremotivatedbynothingworsethanuncontrollablyhigh-spiritedfriendliness.Idon'tbelieveit.IfIaskedthefast-foodorder-takerstolendme$50,theirfriendlinesswouldvanishinawhoosh.ThePRmandropsallhischeerfulnessthemomenthehearsIwon'tgoalongwithhisstoryidea.No,it'snotfriendlinessthatdrivesfirst-namers;it'saggression.ThePRagentswhocallmeDaviduninvitedwouldnever,iftheycouldsomehowgethimonthephone,addresspressbaronRupertMurdochthatway.ThewomanatthebankwhocalledmeDavidwouldneverfirst-namethebank'schairman.Likethemock-cheerystaffatPlaySpace,theyareengagedinasmiley-facedactofbelittlement,anassertionofpowerdisguisedasgoodcheer.Notes1contraptions:(informal)mechanicaldevices;gadgetsfelt-tipmarker:软笔尖的颜色笔adhesivelapeltag:不干胶标牌DukeofPlazaToro:Dukeisanoblemanwiththehighesthereditaryrank,especiallyinBritain.PlazaToraisSpanish,somethinglike“BullFightingRing”inEnglishBangor:CityofSouthcentralMaineBangkok:CapticalofThailand，曼谷spiel(slang)alengthy,usuallyextravagant,speechorargumentintendedtobepersuasivecollectcall:atelephonecallwithpaymenttobemadebythereceiver9pressbaron:Baronisthelowestmalerankofnobility,buthereitstandsforamanwithgreatpowerinpress10mock:simulated11cheery:cheerfulReadingcomprehensionTheauthorapparentlyregretsTheauthorapparentlyregretshavingtotakehischildrentoPlaySpacebeingfirst-namedbeingapproachedsofrequentlybyPRagentshavingtoputonanadhesivelapeltagPR”inparagraph6standsforpersonalrequestb.personalrespectc.publicrelationsd.publicreviewWhentheauthor,asajournalist,speaksonthephone___heisusuallyveryformalandfaithfulhedoesnotknowwhetheragrownuporachildisspeakingattheotherendhefindspeopleaddresseachotherformallyhefindsthesecretaryisoftenwillingtopassamessageHeoftenfindssecretariesirresponsibleinansweringphonecallstrustworthyinpassingmessagesnotonlyfriendlybutalsocarefulcallinghimDavidTheauthorthinksthataddressingastrangerbyhisfirstnameisbeinga.cheerfulb.friendlyc.disrespectfuld.light-hearted“Asdeadas”inparagraph3maybeparaphrasedasa.asfirmlyfixedasb.asuselessasc.asoutoffashionasd.asunmistakenlyasHabitualfirst-namers'claimamountstosayinga.there'snothingthatcanbeworsethanhigh-spiritedfriendlinesstheirattitudeshouldbeacceptabletheyaresometimestoohigh-spiritedtocontrolchemselvesd.oneshouldcontroloneselfwhilespeakingtoastrangerTheso-calledhigh-spiritedfriendliness(para.6)isactuallya.cheerfulnessinappearancebutmockeryinrealityoutandoutinsultawell-acceptedskillinpublicrelationsanactofoutwardwarmth“Inawhoosh”inparagraph6means/r/heendc.inasecondd.inreality“Iwon'tgoalongwith…”inparagraph6maybeparaphrasedasa.Iwon'tbelieveb.Iwon'tgoonlistening…c.Iwon'tagreewith….D.Iwon'tstickto…b2c3c4d5c6a7b8a9c10bTheDvelopmentofCivilizationThefirsttwostagesinthedevelopmentofcivilizedmanwereprobablytheinventionofprimitiveweaponsandthediscoveryoffire,althoughnobodyknowsexactlywhenheacquiredtheuseofthelatterTheoriginoflanguageisalsoobscure.NodoubtitbeganverygraduallyAnimalshaveafewcriesthatserveassignals,buteventhehighestapeshavenotbeenfoundabletopronouncewords,evenwiththemostintensiveprofessionalinstruction.Thesuperiorbrainofmanisapparentlyanecessityforthemasteringofspeech.Whenmanbecamesuffivientlyintelligent,wemustsupposethathefraduallyincreasedthenumberofcriesfordifferentpurposes.Itwasagreatdaywhenhediscoveredhatspeechcouldbeusedfornarrative.Therearethosewhothinkinthisrespectpicturelanguageprecededorallanguage.Amancoulddrawapictureonthewallofhiscavetoshowinwhichdirectionhehadgone,orwhatpreyhehopedtocatch.Probablypicturelanguageandorallanguagedevelopedsidebyside.Iaminclinedtothinkthatlanguagehasbeenthemostimportantsinglefactorinthedevelopmentofman.Twoimportantstagescamenotsolongbeforethedawnofwrittenhistory.Thefirstwasthedomesticationofanimals;thesecondwasagriculture.Agriculturewasastepinhumanprogresstowhichsubsequentlytherewasnothingcomparableuntilourownmachineage.Agriculturemadepossibleanimmenseincreaseinthenumberofthehumanspeciesintheregionswhereitcouldbesuccessfullypracticed.Thesewere,atfirst,onlythoseinwhichnaturefertilizedthesoilaftereachharvest.Agriculturemetwithviolentresistancefromthepastoralnomads,buttheagriculturalwayoflifeprevailedintheendbecauseofthephysicalcomfortsitprovided.Anotherfundamentaltechnicaladvancewaswriting,which,likespokenlanguage,developedoutofpictures,butassoonasithadreachedacertainstage,itwaspossibletokeeprecordsandtransmitinformationtopeoplewhowerenotpresentwhentheinformationwasgiven.Theseinventionsanddiscoveries—fire,speech,weapons,domesticanimals,agriculture,andwriting—madetheexistenceofcivilizedcommunitiespossible.Fromabout3000B.C.untilthebeginningoftheIndustrialRevolutionlessthantwohundredyearsagotherewasnotechnicaladvancecomparabletothese.Duringthislongperiodmanhadtimetobecomeaccustomedtohistechnique,andtodeveopthebeliefsandpoliticalorganizationsappropriatetoitTherewas,ofcourse,animmenseextensionintheareaofcivilizedlife.AtfirstithadbeenconfinedtotheNile,theEuphrates,theTigrisandtheIndus,butattheendoftheperiodinquestionitcoveredmuchthegreaterpartoftheinhabitableglobe.Idonotmeantosuggestthattherewasnotechnicalprogressduringthislongtime;therewasprogress—therewereeventwoinventionsofverygreatimportance,namelygunpowderandthemariner'scompass—butneitherofthesecanbecomparedintheirpowertosuchthingsasspeechandwritingandagriculture.Notesape:anymonkeynarrative:astoryordescriptionofactualorfictionalevents;tonarrateistogiveanaccountorcommentaryprey:ananimalhuntedorcaughtforfoodpastoral:oforpertainingtoshepherds,herdsmen,etc.nomad:oneofagroupofpeoplewhohavenopermanenthomeandmoveaboutfromplacetoplacetheNile:thelongestriverintheworldflowingthroughEastAfrica,尼罗河theTigris:riverofSouthwestAsia,joiningtheEuphratesinSouthIraqtheEuphrates:riverofSouthwestAsia,幼发拉底河theIndus:riverofSouthCentralAsia,risingfromSouthwestTibet,flowingthroughPakistantotheArabianSeaReadingComprehensionwhichoneofthefollowing,accordingtotheauthor,wasfirstdiscoveredorinventedinhumancivilization?writtenlanguageb.orallanguagec.fired.domesticationTheauthordoesnotstateclearlybutimpliesthatinthedevelopmentofman___

humanspeechdevelopedalongwithoth