2021届新高考版高考英语一轮复习第3部分题型七 概要写作

题型七概要写作考法帮解题能力提升Writing1[2019浙江6月]高考真题考法帮解题能力提升Writing1[2019浙江6月]高考真题阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。①Parentseverywherepraisetheirkids.②JennBerman,authorofTheAtoZGuidetoRaisingHappyandConfidentKids,says,"We'vegonetotheoppositeextremeofafewdecadesagowhenparentstendedtobemorestrict."③Bygivingkidsalotofpraise,parentsthinkthey'rebuildingtheirchildren'sconfidence,④when,infact,itmaybejusttheopposite.⑤Toomuchpraisecanbackfireand,whengiveninawaythat'sinsincere,makekidsafraidtotrynewthingsortakeariskforfearofnotbeingabletostayontopwheretheirparents'praisehasputthem第一段为整个语篇的"起”,⑤表达了作者的真实意图,即本段的主旨"Toomuchpraisecanmakekidsafraidtotrynewthingsortakearisk."。①Still,don'tgotoofarintheotherdirection.②Notgivingenoughpraisecanbejustasdamagingasgivingtoomuch.③Kidswillfeellikethey'renotgoodenoughorthatyoudon'tcareand,asaresult,mayseenopointintryinghardfortheiraccomplishments.第二段为第一段的"转"指出另一个极端的危害"Notgivingenoughpraisecanbedamaging."。①Sowhatistherightamountofpraise?②Expertssaythatthequalityofpraiseismoreimportantthanthequantity.③Ifpraiseissincereandfocusedontheeffortnottheoutcome,you"Weshould"Weshouldespeciallyrecognizeourchildren'seffortstopushthemselvesandworkhardtoachieveagoaJ"saysDonahue,authorofParentingWithoutFear：LettingGoofWorryandFocusingonWhatReallyMatters.⑤"Onethingtorememberisthatit'stheprocessnottheendproductthatmatters."第三段为前两段的"承",也是整个语篇的"合",提出了作者的观点"It'stheprocessnottheendproductthatmatters.",即"Praiseshouldbefocusedontheeffortnottheoutcome."。①Yoursonmaynotbethebestbasketballplayeronhisteam.②Butifhe'soutthereeverydayandplayinghard,youshouldpraisehiseffortregardlessofwhetherhisteamwinsorloses.③Praisingtheeffortandnottheoutcomecanalsomeanrecognizingyourchildwhenshehasworkedhardtocleantheyard,cookdinner,orfinishabookreport.④Butwhateveritis,praiseshouldbegivenonacase-by-casebasisandbeproportionate（相称的）totheamountofeffortyourchildhasputintoit.第四段为第三段的"承"，用例子支撑作者的观点。本段主题句是④。写作指导Para.1①作本段的"起"，描述现象;②作"承"，引入专家的观点;③作"承"，分析出现该现象的原因;④作"转"，引出作者的观点;⑤作第一段的"合"指出"Toomuchpraise"的后果。Para.2①作上一段的"承"和本段后文内容的"起"指出不要走向另一个极端;②作"承"指出"Notgivingenoughpraise"的危害;③作"承",分析其原因,且本句本身也呈现出因果关系。Para.3①作前两段的"承",也作本段的"起",起过渡作用;②是对上一句的回答，引出专家的观点;③是对上一句的进一步解释;④弓I用了专家的说法;⑤作本段的"合"，与②相呼应。Para.4①作上一段的"承"和本段第一个例子的"起";②作上一句的"转"，呈现作者的真实意图;③作前两句的"承"，是第二个例子;④作本段的"合"，对前面两个例子进行总结，回归主题。【命题分析】本篇阅读材料是一篇典型的议论文。文章指出,父母对孩子的表扬要专注于孩子的努力过程而不是结果,其语言难度适中,表现出很好的区分度,体现了高考"立德树人、服务选拔、导向教学"的命题原则。具体特点归纳如下:语篇结构特征:过多的表扬f危害及原因描述表扬孩子的现象j两个极端｛f正确的表扬f用例子支撑论点过少的表扬f危害及原因这种行文结构是考生非常熟悉的议论文的语篇结构,易于被广大考生理解,体现了高考的基础性和公平性原则。段内句群之间呈现出严谨的因果关系和转折关系等,考生应注意理顺这些逻辑关系。每一段都有长难句（画线部分）,考生只有抓住关键信息、充分运用语言能力,才能理解这些句子。【思路点拨】写概要时,首先要注意每段的主题句和关键词,通过词汇替换、句式转变等多种方式改写要点,注意一定要用自己的语言,不可以完全照搬原文;然后,添加衔接词,使各要点之间的衔接更顺畅;最后要注意单词拼写不要出现错误,也要注意大小写和标点符号,同时还要注意控制词数,不要少于40或多于80。本文的要点可以归纳如下:要点1,如今,父母总是给孩子相当多的赞扬,希望建立他们的自信心,但是这可能会产生相反的效果;要点2,父母对孩子表扬不够同样有损孩子的自信心;要点3,专家认为,父母应该因为努力过程而赞扬孩子,而不是因为事情的结果;要点4,孩子如果很努力,确实值得被赞扬。总之,父母给孩子的赞扬的多少取决于孩子的努力程度。【范文展示】Nowadays,parentstendtoofferconsiderablepraisetotheirchildren,hopingtobuildtheirconfidence,butitmayproducetheoppositeeffect.（要点一）However,notenoughpraisefromparentsalsodoesharmtochildren'sself-confidence.（要点二［Therefore,expertsclaimthatsincerepraiseshouldbegivenfortheprocessnotfortheresult.（要点三）Meanwhile,kidsdodeservepraiseiftheymakegreateffort.Anyway,theamountofpraiseparentsgiveshoulddependonhowhardtheirkidswork.（要点四）【亮点点评】范文准确把握了每一段的要点,且各要点之间的逻辑关系清晰,行文顺畅、连贯。各要点之间使用了恰当的衔接词，如:but,However,Therefore,Meanwhile,Anyway等。3作者在写作中也特意转换了一些原文中的关键词汇:toomuchfconsiderable;bejusttheoppositefproducetheoppositeeffect;sayfclaim等。酩习思用•过关检测十Writing1［2018浙江11月］阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。It'sareallygoodideatovisitcollegesbeforeyouapplybecausetheirwebsitescanallstarttolookandsoundthesame.Nothingwillgiveyouthesenseofwhatitwillactuallybeliketoliveonacollegecampus（校园）likevisitingandseeingforyourselfthedorms,classroomsandathleticequipmentand,ofcourse,thestudents.Itseemsalittlecrazyoncesenioryearhitstofindthetimetovisitcollegecampuses,anditcanalsobepriceyiftheschoolsyouareapplyingtohappentobemorethanacarrideaway.Butkeepinmindthatyouaremakingadecisionaboutthenextfouryearsofyourlife,anddoalltheresearchyoucantomakesureyouaremakingtherightone.There'snoexcusenottovisittheschoolsinyourlocalarea.Infact,alotofcollegeapplicationsevenaskifyouhavevisitedcampus,andobviously,ifyouliveacrossthecountrythatwon'tbeasmuchofapossibility,butifyoulivenearby,gocheckitout!Ifcampusvisitsaren'tgoingtohappenbeforeyouapply,attheveryleastyoushouldfindsometimebetweenapplyingandgettingyouracceptanceletterstovisittheschoolsyou'dliketoattend.Itcansaveyoualotofheartacheifyouruleoutnowthethingsthatyoudon'tlikeaboutcertaincampuses,thingsthatyouwouldn'tknowunlessyouactuallyvisit.Now,iftimeandmoneyaremakingitimpossible,thencheckouttheonlinecollegefairsatCollegeWeekLive.It'sachancetochatonlinewithadmissionsofficers,students,andcollegecounselors（顾问），anditwon'tcostyouapenny!Youcanregisterforitsonlinecollegefairat/r/.Whilevisitinganonlinecollegefaircan'ttaketheplaceofanactualcampusvisit,itcanbeaveryusefultoolthatalongwithallyourotherresearchwillhelpyoumakeaninformeddecisionaboutwhichcollegesoruniversitiesyou'dliketoattend.Writing2阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Withtheincreasinglygrowingpopularityofdistanceeducation,studentsarenowabletostudyathomebythemselves.Someexpertsineducationareadvocatesoftheindividualwayoflearning,whileothereducationalistsstronglyopposeit,claimingthatthisnewapproachmayleadtopooracademicperformance.Inmyopinion,groupstudy（studyingasagroup）hasmanymoretooffer,andthereforeweshouldalwaysputgroupstudyfirst.Itistruethatweshouldvalueindividualism,pridingourselvesonourindependenceandourabilitytomakeupourownminds.This,however,doesnotnecessarilymeanthat,withself-relianceinmind,wecanalwaysstartacoursethatleadstosuccess,nomatterwhatwedo.Afterall,sometimesthingsgotheotherwayround.Letusbeginbyhavingacloseexaminationofstudying,whichmightinvolveinteractionbetweenteachersandstudentsatfirstthought.Butdoescommunicationamonglearnerscount?Theanswerisabsolutely"Yes".Byexchangingthoughtswithourstudypartners,wecanhaveawiderrangeofknowledgeofthesubjectandoftenatadeeperlevel;bycomparingourselveswithotherstudents,wecangetaclearideaofwherewearesothatwemaybemotivatedtoworkhardtokeeppacewithothersifwelagbehindothers.Itisknowntoallthathumansare"gregarious（群居的）animals".Notonlydowestudyorplaytogether,butalsoweworkingroups.Almostallmembersofoursocietyneedtogainsocialskillsinpreparationfortheircareers,andstudyingwithotherpeopleoffersthegreatestopportunitytolearnhowtocommunicateandcooperatewithothers.Peoplewhostudyallbythemselvesmayprovetheirlearningability,buttheymaynotsurviveinthecompetitivejobmarket,fortheylackrelevantsocialskills.Whileweshouldencouragestudentstodeveloptheirownmindset,theimportantroleplayedbygroupstudyshouldneverbeundervalued.Allinall,studentswhostudyindependentlymightneedtochangetheirstudyinghabitsinordertoachievesuccessinthefuture.Writing3阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Areyoutryingtomakeabigdecisionwhileyou'realsopreparingforastressfulpresentation?Youmightwanttoholdoffthat.Feelingstressfulchangeshowpeopleweighriskandreward.AnarticlepublishedinCurrentDirectionsinPsychologicalSciencesuggestspeopleunderstresspaymoreattentiontothepositivesidesofapossibleoutcome.It'sabitsurprisingthatstressmakespeoplefocusonthewaythingscouldgoright,saysMaraMatherfromtheUniversityofSouthernCalifornia.Sheco-wrotethereviewpaperwithNicholeR.Lighthall."Thisissortofnotwhatpeoplewouldthink,"Mathersays."Stressisusuallyassociatedwithnegativeexperiences,soyou'dthink‘MaybeI'mgoingtobemorefocusedonthenegativeoutcomes'."Butresearchershavefoundthatwhenpeopleareunderstress,theystartpayingmoreattentiontopositiveinformationanddiscountingnegativeinformation."Stressseemstohelppeoplelearnfrompositivefeedbackandimpair（削弱）theirlearningfromnegativefeedback,"Mathersays.Whenpeopleunderstressaremakingadifficultdecision,theymaypaymoreattentiontothegoodsidesofthealternativesthey'reconsideringandlesstotheproblems.Sosomeonewho'sthinkingwhethertotakeanewjobandisfeelingstressfulaboutitmightfocusontheincreaseinsalarymorethanthelongercommute（上下班路程）.Theincreasedfocusonthepositivesalsohelpsexplainwhystressplaysaroleinevokingaddictions.Peopleunderstresshaveahardertimecontrollingtheirurges."Thecompulsiontogettherewardcomesstrongerandthey'relessabletoresistit,"Mathersays.Stressalsoincreasesthedifferencesinhowmenandwomenthinkaboutrisks.Whenmenareunderstress,theybecomeevenmorewillingtotakerisks;whenwomenarestressful,theygetmoreconservative.Previousresearchbacksthisup—atdifficulttimes,mentendtowardsthefight-or-flightresponse,whilewomentrytobondmorewithothersandimprovetheirrelationships.Writing4阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Somepeopledoubttheaccuracyandreliabilityofthefacialrecognitiontechnology.Theyneednot,becausethetechnologyishighlyadvanced.Itcandistinguishahumanfacewithorwithoutglasses.Testsshowithasaprecisionrateofmorethan99percent.Somearguethatthefingerprintoriris（虹膜）recognitionsystemisperhapsmoreaccuratethanthefacialrecognitionsystem.True,butforirisrecognition,apersonhastoholdhisorherheadstillandlookatthecamera,whichistime-consumingandthusnotsuitableforpublicspacessuchassubwaystations.Andthefingerprintrecognitionsystemisnotsosecure,assomepeoplecancheatthesystembycopyingandusingthefingerprintsofotherpeopletoenterorexitastation.Thefacialrecognitionsystemisrathermature.Itcollectspeople'sfacialimagesfromdifferentangles,insteadofone,andthereforeminimizesthechanceofcheating.Actually,itisalreadybeingappliedtomanyfieldssuchasunlockingsmartphonesandcomputers.Besides,thefacialrecognitiontechnologycanalsohelpthepolicetohuntescapedcriminalsinpublicspaces.However,thelawsaysacitizen'sphotoshouldnotbecollectedforcommercialusewithouthis/herpermission.Toavoidsuchlegalrisks,somemeasuresshouldbetakenbeforethecollectionofpassengerinformation.First,companiesmustensurethecollectedfacialimagesareonlyforpublicconvenience,andwillneverbeusedforcommercialpurposes,suchasadvertising.Second,companiesmusttakenecessarymeasurestomakesurenotevenasingleoneisleakedorsoldtoanythirdpartywithoutthepassenger'spermission.Generally,advancedtechnologiescanbeusedinpublicspaces,butpeople'srightsmustberespected,atleasttoavoidlegalrisks.Writing5阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Environmentalproblemsarebecomingmoreandmoreseriousallovertheworld.Forexample,carshavemadetheairunhealthyforpeopletobreatheandpoisonousgasisgivenoffbyfactories.Treesonthehillshavebeencutdownandwastewaterisbeingpouredcontinuouslyintorivers.Furthermore,whereverwegotoday,wecanfindrubbishdisposed（处理）carelessly.Therearedifferentkindsofpollutants,eachofwhichcomesfromdifferentsources.Itisnecessarytoidentifythesourceofpollutants,inordertomakeapolicytogetridofthem.Differentproducts,processesandactivitiesofourindustrializedworldtogetherformthemajorsourceofpollutants.Theformsofpollutioncanbemainlydividedintothreekinds—solids,liquidsandgases.Thesepollutantshavegreatlydamagedourplanetandcontinuetodoso.Infact,pollutionisthreateningourexistence.Thewholeecologicalbalanceoftheearthischanging.Massivedestructionoftheenvironmenthasbroughtaboutnegativeeffectsandevenposedagreatthreattoman'sexistence.Wemustfacethesituationthatexistsandtakeactiontosolveourenvironmentalproblems.Forinstance,newlawsmustbepassedtoplacestrictcontroloverindustrialpollution;thepublicmustreceivetheeducationaboutthedangerofpollutionandraisetheirawarenessofprotectingtheenvironmentandsoon.Theearthisourhomeandwehavethedutytotakecareofitforourselvesandourlatergenerations.Fortunately,moreandmorepeoplehaverealizedtheseproblems.Measureshavebeentakentodealwiththesituationbythegovernment.Andlawshavebeenpassedtostoppollution.Ihopetheproblemswillbesolvedinthenearfutureandthatourhomewillbecomebetterandbetter.Writing1【写作思路】核心内容:本文是一篇说明文。在申请大学之前,最好能够先去了解即将报考的大学的相关情况,特别是你家附近的大学,可以去里面走一走,如果时间和钱不允许,也可以上网查询相关情况。写作分析:（1）抓住主旨,理清结构关系。原文第一段提出了主题,即在申请大学之前去参观一下是一个很好的主意;第二、三、四段讲述了具体的措施。（2）确立语篇主题,合理重组结构。原文第一段首先表明了文章的中心，可概括为"You'dbettersparethetimetovisitcampusestoexamineallaspectsofyourdreamcollegestoensureabrilliantcollegelife,evenifitmaybecostly"要点1）;第二段交代了了解大学的方式之一,可概括为"Ifyoulivenearby,besuretocheckitoutbeforeyouapply"（要点2）;第三段交代了了解大学的方式之二可概括为"Evenaftersubmittingapplications,avisitcanhelpavoidmuchtrouble"（要点3）;第四段交代了了解大学的方式之三，可概括为"VisitingtheonlinecollegefairsatCollegeWeekLive,ifit'simpossibletoseeforyourselfforlackoftimeandmoney,willbebeneficial"（要点4）。通过以上分析，我们可以发现原文的论述结构:提出文章中心（要点1）——展开论述（要点2—4）。在写概要的时候,考生应先确定采取何种表达顺序来完成对原文要点的表述。【参考范文】You'dbettersparethetimetovisitcampusestoexamineallaspectsofyourdreamcollegestoensureabrilliantcollegelife,evenifitmaybecostly.（要点1）Ifyoulivenearby,besuretocheckitoutbeforeyouapply.（要点2）Evenaftersubmittingapplications,avisitcanhelpavoidmuchtrouble.（要点3）VisitingtheonlinecollegefairsatCollegeWeekLive,ifit'simpossibletoseeforyourselfforlackoftimeandmoney,willbebeneficial.（要点4）Writing2【文章大意】Paragraph1:随着远程教育的日益流行,现在学生可以在家自己学习。教育领域的一些专家支持独立的学习方式,而其他教育家强烈反对这种学习方式。作者认为小组学习有更多的优点,所以我们应该把小组学习放在第一位。Paragraph2:我们应该重视个人主义,为自己的独立和自主能力感到自豪,但这未必意味着在自我独立的情况下,不管做什么我们总能开启一条通往成功的路。学习者之间的交流沟通是很重要的,通过与学习伙伴交流想法,我们可以更广泛地加深对某一问题的认识,通过与学习伙伴的对比,我们也可以了解自己当前的学习水平,从而与他人齐步前进。Paragraph3:众所周知,人类是群居动物。小组学习给学习者提供了绝好的机会来学习如何与他人沟通与合作,这有利于人们在充满竞争的就业市场中胜出。Paragraph4:虽然我们应该鼓励学生发展自己的思维方式,但绝不应低估小组学习的重要作用。总而言之,独立学习的学生可能需要改变他们的学习习惯,以便在未来取得成功。【范文展示】Despitethepopularityofindependentlearning,Iholdthebeliefthatgroupstudycanbenefitusmore.（要点1）Interactionwithpeersisnolessimportantthanindependenceinachievingsuccess.（要点2）Meanwhile,socialskillsthatplayasignificantroleinpeople'scareerscanbelearnedfromgroupstudy.（要点3）Toconclude,theimportanceofgroupstudyshouldnotbeundervaluedifwewanttobesuccessfulinthefuture.（要点4）Writing3【文章大意】Paragraph1:压力会改变人们如何权衡风险和回报。一篇发表在《心理科学近期趋势》上的文章表明,处于压力下的人更加关注可能出现的结果的积极方面。Paragraph2:研究者发现当人们处于压力下时,他们开始更加关注积极的信息。Paragraph3:换工作和上瘾两件事说明压力对我们做决定有一定的影响。Paragraph4:面对风险,处于压力之下的男性与女性反应不同。当男性处于压力之下时,他们更愿意冒险;当女性感到有压力时,她们会变得更加保守。【范文展示】Stresscanaffectdecision-making,andfeelingstressfulmayleadpeopletobemoreoptimistic.（要点1）Surprisingasitmaysound,stresscanreallymakepeopleconcentratemoreonpositivethingsandlessonnegativeones.（要点2）Bothjob-hoppingandaddictionscanwellexplaintheinfluenceofstressondecision-making.（要点3）Nevertheless,menandwomenunderstressrespondquitedifferentlyinthefaceofrisks.（要点4）Writing4【文章大意】Parag