考研考博-英语-宁夏师范学院押题密卷附带答案详解篇2

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-宁夏师范学院押题密卷附带答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第壹套一.全考点押题密卷-综合训练(共50题)1.单选题

Neonisanelementwhichdoesnotcombinereadilywithanyotherelement;becauseofthisproperty,itiscalledan（

）element.

问题1选项

A.expensive

B.adjacent

C.active

D.inactive

【答案】D

【解析】expensive昂贵的；adjacent邻近的；active积极的，活跃的；inactive不活跃的，怠惰的。句意：氖是一种不易与其他元素化合的元素；由于这个属性，它被称为不活跃元素。选项D符合句意。

2.单选题

Duringrecoveryperiodsthesesystemsbuildtogreaterlevelsto______forthestressthatyouhaveapplied.

问题1选项

A.commence

B.compromise

C.compensate

D.compliment

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项commence“开始；着手”；B选项compromise“妥协；折中”；C选项compensate“补偿；抵消”；D选项compliment“恭维；问候”。句意：在恢复期，这些系统建立到更高的水平来______你施加的压力。根据语境，C选项compensate“抵消”搭配stress“压力”比较合理，意思指系统因为水平提升，从而可以抵消压力。因此C选项正确。

3.单选题

Inthenextfewyears,theterm"bigdata"willcometoseemnaive,likewhen"informationsuperhighway"gavewayto"theinternet"in1995.

We'reenteringanageofpersonalbigdataanditsimpactonourliveswillsurpassthatoftheinternet.Datawillanswerquestionswecouldneverbeforeanswerwithcertainty---everydayquestionslikewhetherthatdressactuallymakesyoulookfat,orprofoundquestionsaboutpreciselyhowlongyouwilllive.

Every20yearsorso,apowerfultechnologymovesfromtherealmofbackroomexpertiseandintothehandsofthemasses.Inthelate1970s,computingmadethattransition---frommainframesinglass-enclosedroomstopersonalcomputerondesks.Inthelate1990s,thefirstwebbrowsersmadenetworks,whichhadbeenforsciencelabsandthemilitary,accessibletoanyofus,givingbirthtothemoderninternet.

Eachtransitiontouchedoffanexplosionofinnovationandreshapedworkandleisure.In1975,50,000PCswereinuseworldwide.Twentyyearslater,225million.Thenumberofinternetusersin1995hit16million.Todayit'smorethan3billion.Inmuchoftheworld,it'shardtoimaginelifewithoutconstantaccesstobothcomputingandnetworks.

The2010swillbethecoming-outpartyfordata.Gathering,accessingandgleaninginsightsfromvastanddeepdatahasbeenacapabilitylockedinsideenterpriseslongenough.Cloudcomputingandmobiledevicesnowmakeitpossibletostandinabathroomlineatabaseballgamewhiletappingintomassivecomputingpoweranddatabases.Ontheotherhand,connecteddevicessuchastheNestthermostatorFitbithealthmonitorandappsonsmartphonesincreasinglycollectnewkindsofinformationabouteverydaypersonalactionsandhabits,turningitintodataaboutourselves.

ThattheworldisawashindatamaybeasobviousassayingLadyGagadressesfunny.Butthegamechangerusheringintheneweraistheabilitytomakesenseofdatainwaysthatletnon-techhumansinteractwithit,learnfromitanduseit.

Morethan80percentofdatatodayisunstructured:tanglesofYouTubevideos,newsstories,academicpapers,socialnetworkcomments.Unstructureddatahasbeenalmostimpossibletosearchfor,analyzeandmixwithotherdata.Anewgenerationofcomputers-cognitivecomputingsystemsthatlearnfromdata-willreadtweetsore-booksorwatchvideoandcomprehenditscontent.Somewhatlikebrains,thesesystemscanlinkdiversebitsofdatatocomeupwithrealanswers,notjustsearchresults.

1.Whatcausedtheappearanceofmoderninternet?

2.Whatdoesthephrase"tappinginto"(paragraph5)probablymeaninthetext?

3.Inwhichwaycanwegetdataaboutourselves?

4.Whatistheessentialdifferencebetweentraditionalcomputersandcognitivecomputersystems?

5.Whatcanbeinferredfromthetext?

问题1选项

A.Bigdata

B.Informationsuperhighway

C.Cloudcomputing

D.Browsers

问题2选项

A.Stickinginto.

B.Beatingsoftly

C.Makinguseof

D.Investing

问题3选项

A.Fromeverydaypersonalactions.

B.Fromconnecteddevices.

C.Fromeverydaypersonalhabits.

D.Fromdatabase.

问题4选项

A.Cognitivecomputersystemsworkfasterthantraditionalcomputers

B.Cognitivecomputersystemsworkmoreaccurately.

C.Cognitivecomputersystemcanworklikehumanbrains.

D.Cognitivecomputersystemscansearchresults.

问题5选项

A.Computingwasintherealmofbackroomexpertisebefore1970s.

B.Theworldisfloodedintoomuchconfuseddata.

C.In1975,50,000PCswereinuseworldwide.

D.Datawillanswerquestionswecouldneverbeforeanswerwithcertainty.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:B

第4题:C

第5题:B

【解析】1.细节事实题。由文章第三段中的Inthelate1990s,thefirstwebbrowsersmadenetworks,whichhadbeenforsciencelabsandthemilitary,accessibletoanyofus,givingbirthtothemoderninternet.（在20世纪90年代后期，第一批网络浏览器使网络可以为我们所用，从而出现了现代的互联网，这些网络曾是专为科学实验室和军队所用）可知选D。

2.词义题。stickinginto意为“坚持，粘入”；beatingsoftly意为“轻拍”；makinguseof意为“利用”；investing意为“投资，花费”。根据“tappinginto”在Cloudcomputingandmobiledevicesnowmakeitpossibletostandinabathroomlineatabaseballgamewhiletappingintomassivecomputingpoweranddatabases.（现在云计算和移动设备可以……巨大的计算能力和数据库使站在浴室里篮球赛成为可能）中前后的句意，可知C选项最符合语境。

3.细节事实题。由文章倒数第三段中的Ontheotherhand,connecteddevices...increasinglycollectnewkindsofinformationabouteverydaypersonalactionsandhabits,turningitintodataaboutourselves.（另一方面，连接的设备……越来越多地收集有关日常个人行为和习惯的新信息，将其转化为有关自己的数据）可知选B。

4.细节事实题。由文章最后一段中的Anewgenerationofcomputers—cognitivecomputingsystemsthatlearnfromdata—willreadtweetsore-booksorwatchvideoandcomprehenditscontent.（新一代计算机——从数据中学习的认知计算系统——能阅读推特或电子书或观看视频，能并理解其内容）可知选C。

5.推理判断题。由文章倒数第二段中ThattheworldisawashindatamaybeasobviousassayingLadyGagadressesfunny.（世界上充斥着大量的数据，这可能和说LadyGaga的服装很有趣一样显而易见）和最后一段中的Morethan80percentofdatatodayisunstructured:tanglesofYouTubevideos,newsstories,academicpapers,socialnetworkcomments.Unstructureddatahasbeenalmostimpossibletosearchfor,analyzeandmixwithotherdata.（今天超过80%的数据是非结构化的：视频、新闻报道、学术论文、社交网络评论。非结构化数据几乎不可能搜索、分析和与其他数据混合）可知B选项“世界上充斥着太多令人困惑的数据”符合题意。

4.单选题

Sadly,asspendingonprivategardenshas（）,spendingonpublicparkshasgenerallydeclined.

问题1选项

A.heightened

B.lifted

C.flown

D.soared

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项heightened“提高”；B选项lifted“举起”；C选项flown“飞行”；D选项soared“飙升”。句意：遗憾的是，在私人花园的花费飙升的同时，公共公园的花费却普遍下降。本句表示花费飙升，因此D选项正确。

5.单选题

8.

问题1选项

A.Shewillgetsomeadvicefromthedesk.

B.Shewillundergosomelabtests.

C.Shewillarrangeanappointment.

D.Shewillgetthetextresults.

【答案】C

【解析】M:Takethesliptothefrontdeskandthenarrangeanappointmentforthetests.

W:Thankyou,doctor!Haveaniceday!

Q:Whatwillthewomando?

【解析】细节题。男士对女士说：Takethesliptothefrontdeskandthenarrangeanappointmentforthetests（把小条拿到前台去做检查预约）。

6.单选题

Wehadbeenwantingtoexpandourchildren’shorizonsbytakingthemtoaplacethatwasunlikeanythingwe’dbeenexposedtoduringourtravelsinEuropeandtheUnitedStates.InthinkingaboutwhatwaspossiblefromGeneva,wherewearebased,wedecidedonatriptoIstanbul,atwo-hourplaneridefromZurich.

Weenvisionedthetripasapreludetomoreexoticones,perhapstoNewDelhiorBangkoklaterthisyear,butthoughtour11-and13-year-oldsneededafirststepawayfrommanicuredboulevardsandpristinemonuments.

Whatwedidn’tforeseewasthereactionoffriends,whowarnedthatwewereputtingourchildren“indanger,”referringvaguely,andmostincorrectly,todisease,terrorismorjusttheunknown.TohelpusgetacquaintedwiththepeculiaritiesofIstanbulandtogiveourchildrenachancetochoosewhattheywereparticularlyinterestedinseeing,weboughtanexcellentguidebookandreaditthoroughlybeforeleaving.

Friendlywarningsdidn’tchangeourplanning,althoughwemighthavemoreprudentlycheckedwiththeU.S.StateDepartment’slistoftroublespots.Wedidn’tseealotofchildrenamongtheforeignvisitorsduringoursix-daystayinIstanbul,butwefoundthetouristareasquitesafe,veryinterestingandvariedenougheventosuitourson,whoseoft-repeatedrequestisthatwenotsee“everysingle”churchandmuseuminagivencity.

Vaccinationsweren’tneededforthecity,butwewereconcernedaboutadaptingtothewaterforashortstay.Soweusedbottledwaterfordrinkingandbrushingourteeth,aprecautionthatmayseemexcessive,butweallstayedhealthy.

Takingtheadviceofafriend,webookedahotela20-minutewalkfrommostofIstanbul’smajortouristsites.Thisnotonlygotussomemorningexercise,strollingovertheKarakoyBridge,buttookuspastacolorfulassortmentoffishermen,vendorsandshoeshiners.

Fromateenagerandpre-teen’sview,Istanbulstreetlifeisfascinatingsincealmosteverythingcanbeboughtoutdoors.TheywereatagoodagetospendtimewanderingthelabyrinthoftheSpiceBazaar,whereshopsdisplaymoundsofpungentherbsinsacks.Doingthiswithyoungerchildrenwouldbehardersimplybecausethestreetsaresopackedwithpeople;itwouldbeeasytogetlost.Forourtwo,whosebuyingexperienceconsistedofdepartmentstoresandshoppingmallboutiques,itwasamazingtodiscoverthatyoucouldbargainoverpriceandperhapsendupwithtwoofsomethingforthepriceofone.TheyalsolearnedtofigureouttherelativevalueoftheTurkishlira,notasmallmatterwithitsmanyzeros.

BeingexposedtoIslamwasanimportantpartofourtrip.Visitingthemosques,especiallytheenormousBlueMosque,wasourfirstglimpseintohowthismajorreligionispracticed.Ourchildren’scuriosityalreadyhadbeenpiquedbythefivedailycallstoprayeroverloudspeakersineverycomerofthecity,andthescarvescoveringtheheadsofmanywomen.

Navigatingmealscanbetroublesomewithchildren,butakebab,boughtonthestreetorinrestaurants,wasunfailinglypopular.Sincewehaddecidedthistripwasnotforgourmets,kebabssparedustheagonyoftryingtofindarestauranteachdaythatwouldsuittheadults*desiretotrysomethingnewamidchildren’sinsistencethatthefoodbeservedimmediately.Gradually,webranchedouttotrysomeotherTurkishspecialties.

AlthoughoursonhadstudiedIslambriefly,itisimpossibletobepreparedforeveryawkwardquestionthatmightcomeup,suchasduringourvisitstotheTopkapiSarayi,theOttomanSultans'palace.Noguideswereavailablesoitwasdo-it-yourself,usingourguidebook,whichcheatedusofalotofinterestinghistoryandanecdotesthataprofessionalguidecouldprovide.Nexttime,weresolvedtomakesucharrangementsinadvance.

Onthistrip,wewanderedthroughthemagnificentcomplex,withitsimperialtreasures,itscourtyardsanditsharem.Thelastrequiredabitofexplanationthatwewouldhavehappilylefttoalearnedthirdparty.

1.ThecouplechoseIstanbulastheirholidaydestinationmainlybecause（

）.

2.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisINCORRECT?

3.Welearnfromthecouple’sshoppingexperiencebackhomethat

（

）.

4.ThelasttwoparagraphssuggestthattovisitplacesofinterestinIstanbul

（

）.

5.ThefamilyhaveseenorvisitedallthefollowinginIstanbulEXCEPT（

）.

问题1选项

A.thecityisnottoofarawayfromwheretheylived.

B.thecityisnotonthelistoftheU.S.StateDepartment.

C.thecityisbetweenthefamiliarandtheexotic.

D.thecityismorefamiliarthanexotic.

问题2选项

A.Thefamilyfoundthecitywasexactlywhattheyhadexpected.

B.Theirfriendswereopposedtotheirholidayplan.

C.Theycouldhavebeenmorecautiousaboutbringingkidsalong.

D.Theywereabitcautiousaboutthequalityofwaterinthecity.

问题3选项

A.theywereusedtobargainingoverprice.

B.theypreferredtobuythingsoutdoors.

C.streetmarketsweretheirfavorites.

D.theypreferredfashionandbrandnames.

问题4选项

A.guidebooksareveryuseful.

B.aprofessionalguideisamust.

C.onehastobepreparedforquestions.

D.onehastomakearrangementsinadvance.

问题5选项

A.religiousprayers.

B.historicalbuildings.

C.local-stylemarkets.

D.shoppingmallboutiques.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:D

【解析】1.细节事实题。本题是问这对夫妻选择伊斯坦布尔作为它们的度假目的地的主要原因。从第一段内容与第二段开头“Weenvisionedthetripasapreludetomoreexoticones,perhapstoNewDelhiorBangkoklaterthisyear.我们把这次旅行想象成更多异国情调之旅的前奏，也许今年晚些时候会去新德里或曼谷”一句可以知道这家人打算选择一个较为陌生但又与家较近的地方作为旅游目的地。C选项‘这个城市介于熟悉和陌生之间’正确。

2.细节事实题。本题是问选项中哪一项叙述是错误的。由文章第四段中的“...butwefoundthetouristareasquitesafe,veryinterestingandvariedenougheventosuitourson.但是我们发现旅游区非常安全，非常有趣，而且种类繁多，甚至适合我们的儿子。”一句可知当他们到达伊斯坦布尔旅行之后才发现这里和旅行之前所了解到的信息是不一样的，所以A选项“这家人发现这个城市和他们设想中的是一样的”错误，符合题意。

3.细节事实题。本题是问我们可以从这对夫妻的购物经历中了解到什么。由文章第七段中的“Forourtwo,whosebuyingexperienceconsistedofdepartmentstoresandshoppingmallboutiques,itwasamazingtodiscoverthatyoucouldbargainoverpriceandperhapsendupwithtwoofsomethingforthepriceofone.对于我们两个人来说，他们的购物经验包括百货公司和购物中心的精品店，当你发现你可以讨价还价的时候，你可能会以一件东西的价格买到两件东西，这让我很惊讶。”一句可知D选项‘在自己国内的购物习惯更倾向于选择流行时尚和知名品牌’正确。

4.推理判断题。本题是问最后两段内容表明在伊斯坦布尔游览名胜的情况…。由文章倒数第二段第二句“Noguideswereavailablesoitwasdo-it-yourself,usingourguidebook,whichcheatedusofalotofinterestinghistoryandanecdotesthataprofessionalguidecouldprovide.没有导游，所以只能自己动手，用我们的导游手册，这让我们错过了很多专业导游能提供的有趣的历史和轶事。”B选项‘专业的指南是必不可少的’正确。

5.推理判断题。本题是问在伊斯坦布尔，除…外，这家人在伊斯坦布尔见过或参观过以下所有地方。综合上下文，A选项在倒数第四段提及，B,C选项在第六，七段提及，而从文章第七段中的“Forourtwo,whosebuyingexperienceconsistedofdepartmentstoresandshoppingmallboutiques,itwasamazingtodiscoverthatyoucouldbargainoverpriceandperhapsendupwithtwoofsomethingforthepriceofone.对于我们两个人来说，他们的购物经验包括百货公司和购物中心的精品店，当你发现你可以讨价还价的时候，你可能会以一件东西的价格买到两件东西，这让我很惊讶。”确定shoppingmallboutiques是这家人在国内的购物点，而不是在伊斯坦布尔，所以符合题意，D选项正确。

7.单选题

Cambridgeis（）thebestuniversityinEuropeandamongtheworld’stopten.

问题1选项

A.inmostcases

B.onmostcounts

C.undermostconditions

D.withmostprospects

【答案】C

【解析】短语辨析。inmostcases“在大多数情况下”；undermostconditions“在大多数情况、条件下”，没有选项B和D的搭配，可排除。句意：剑桥大学在大多数情况下都是欧洲最好的大学，也是世界排名前十的大学之一。选项C符合题意。

8.不定项选择题

IcametoIndiaayearagotofindavillageinwhichIcouldliveandwritebutitwasmanymonthsbeforeIsettleddownhappilyinthisHimalayancommunity.

Iwastedalotoftimelookingforthe“typical”village.Yetnosuchthingexists.Conditionsarequitedifferentfromvillagetovillage.ButthevillagesIstayedinhadmuchincommon—poor,dirtyandbackward.Oftenthevillagersthemselveswerepuzzledanddoubtful.WhyhadIcome?Ihadputasidemyworkasapoliticaljournalistbecausemyideashadchanged.IhadcometobelievethatwhatwashappeningintheThirdWorldwasmoreimportantthananythingelse.Buttounderstandhowthree-quartersoftheworldpopulationlive,andwhateffecttheirfuturemighthaveonours,IfeltthatIfirsthadtotryandsharetheirwayoflife.

IntheendIchoseamountainvillagebecauseitwaslittlecoolerthanthoseintheplains.Itookthebusfromtownalongarockyroad.Thencamearoughwalkdownasteeppathtotheriver.AfterthisIbegantheclimbintothehills.WheneverIstoppedtocatchmybreath,therewasabeautifulscene.Afterseveralhours’walkthevillagecameintosight.

1.AfterthewriterhadarrivedinIndia,（）.

2.Whilelookingforatypicalvillage,thewriterfound（）.

3.BeforecomingtoIndia,thewriter（）.

4.Thewritedecidedtochangehiswayoflifebecause（）.

5.Thevillagethewriterfinallychosetolivein（）.

问题1选项

A.hespentayearwritingabouttheplacehelivedin

B.hespentquitesometimelookingforasuitableplacetolivein

C.hestayedinanIndianvillageworkingforthepoor

D.helivedinaHimalayancommunityformanymonths

问题2选项

A.hewassearchingfortheimpossible

B.allthevillageswereexactlythesame

C.hewasdoingsomethingenjoyable

D.thevillagerswerecuriousabouthim

问题3选项

A.hadbeenasuccessfulpolitician

B.hadmadeadecisiontoworkforIndia

C.hadstudiedIndiacultureforsomemonths

D.hadworkedfornewspapersandmagazines

问题4选项

A.henolongerfoundhisworkinteresting

B.hehopedtoliveapeacefullifeinthecountryside

C.hewantedtofindoutmoreabouttheThirdWorld

D.hewantedtotryhisluckinaforeigncountry

问题5选项

A.layattheendofarockyroad

B.hadabeautifulsightoftheriver

C.wasashortwalkfromtheriver

D.hadbetterweatherthanthoseintheplains

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:C

第5题:D

【解析】1.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干定位到原文的第一段首句IcametoIndiaayearagotofindavillageinwhichIcouldliveandwritebutitwasmanymonthsbeforeIsettleddownhappilyinthisHimalayancommunity.（一年前，我来到印度，想找到一个可以生活和写作的村庄，但过了好几个月，我才愉快地在这个喜马拉雅社区安顿下来）可知选B选项“他花了很长时间找一个合适的地方住”，A选项“他花了一年的时间写他居住过的地方”，C选项“他住在印度的一个村子里，为穷人干活”，A选项和C选项原文没有提及，D选项“他在一个喜马拉雅社区住了好几个月”，原文只说了在喜马拉雅社区安顿下来，但并没有说多久，因此D选项错误，因此，B选项符合题意。

2.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干定位到原文的第二段的首句Iwastedalotoftimelookingforthe“typical”village.Yetnosuchthingexists.（我浪费了很多时间寻找“典型的”村庄。然而，这样的事情并不存在）可知A选项“他在搜索不可能的事”正确，B选项“所有的村庄都一模一样”，原文第二段的第三句Conditionsarequitedifferentfromvillagetovillage.可得知每个村庄之间的情况都是很不一样的，因此B选项错误，C选项“他在做一些令人愉快的事情”，C选项原文没有提及，D选项“村民们对他很好奇”第二段的第五句Oftenthevillagersthemselveswerepuzzledanddoubtful.可得知村民们自己也常常感到困惑和怀疑，而不是好奇。因此，A选项符合题意。

3.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干定位到原文第二段的第六句“WhyhadIcome?Ihadputasidemyworkasapoliticaljournalistbecausemyideashadchanged.”（我为什么要来？我放下了政治记者的工作，因为我的想法已经改变了）可知选D选项“曾经为报纸和杂志工作过”。作者放弃了政治记者的工作来到了印度，也就是说来印度之前作者是一个政治记者。A选项“是一个成功的政治家”，文中说的是政治记者，而不是政治家，所以A选项错误，B选项“决定为印度工作”，C选项“学印度文化好几个月了”，在原文均没有提及，所以B，C选项错误，因此，D选项符合题意。

4.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】推理判断题。根据题干定位到原文第二段Buttounderstandhowthree-quartersoftheworldpopulationlive,andwhateffecttheirfuturemighthaveonours,（他的想法改变是希望了解和体验发展中国家人们的生活和未来）可知选择C选项“他想更多的了解第三世界”，A选项“他不再觉得他的工作有趣了”，B选项“他希望在乡下过平静的生活”，D选项“他想在外国碰碰运气”，在原文均没有提及，所以A，B，D选项错误，因此，C选项符合题意。

5.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干定位到原文末段首句IntheendIchoseamountainvillagebecauseitwaslittlecoolerthanthoseintheplains.（最后，我选择了一个山村，因为那里比平原上的村庄凉快一点）可知选择D选项“比平原上的天气好”。A选项“躺在崎岖道路的尽头”，B选项“可以看到河边的美景”，C选项“离河不远”，在原文均没有提及，因此，D选项符合题意。

9.单选题

Forcenturiesanimalshavebeenusedas（）forpeopleinexperimentstoassesstheeffectsoftherapeuticandotheragentsthatmightlaterbeusedinhumans.

问题1选项

A.benefactors

B.companions

C.precedent

D.surrogates

【答案】D

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A:benefactor“捐助者”；B:companion“同伴”；C:precedent“先例”；D:surrogate“代理；代用品，代替”。句意：几个世纪以来，动物在实验中被用作人类的替代品，用来评价那些以后会用在人类身上的医疗制剂和其他制剂的效果。根据语境和句意可知D为正确答案。

10.单选题

Acontroversyeruptedinthescientificcommunityinearly1998overtheuseofDNA(deoxyribonucleicacid)fingerprintinginCriminalinvestigations.DNAfingerprintingwasintroducedin1987asamethodtoidentifyindividualsbasedonapatternseenintheirDNA,themoleculeofwhichgenesaremade.DNAispresentineverycellofthebodyexceptredbloodcells.DNAfingerprintinghasbeenusedsuccessfullyinvariousways,suchastodeterminepaternity（父亲的身份）whereitisnotclearwhothefatherofaparticularchildis.However,itisintheareaofcriminalinvestigationsthatDNAfingerprintinghaspotentiallypowerfulandcontroversialuses.

DNAfingerprintingandotherDNAanalysistechniqueshaverevolutionizedcriminalinvestigationsbygivinginvestigatorspowerfulnewtoolsintheattempttoproveguilt,notjustestablishinnocence.Whenusedincriminalinvestigations,aDNAfingerprintpatternfromasuspectiscomparedwithaDNAfingerprintpatternobtainedfromsuchmaterialashairsorbloodfoundatthesceneofacrime.AmatchbetweenthetwoDNAsamplescanbeusedasevidencetoconvictasuspect.

Thecontroversyin1998stemmedfromareportpublishedinDecember1991bypopulationgeneticistsRichardC.LewontinofHarvardUniversityinCambridge,Mass,andDanielL.HartlofWashingtonUniversitySchoolofMedicineinSt.Louis,Mo.LewontinandHartlcalledintoquestionthemethodstocalculatehowlikelyitisthatamatchbetweentwoDNAfingerprintsmightoccurbychancealone.Inparticular,theyarguedthatthecurrentmethodcannotproperlydeterminethelikelihoodthattwoDNAsampleswillmatchbecausetheycamefromthesameindividualratherthansimplyfromtwodifferentindividualswhoaremembersofthesameethnicgroup.LewontinandHartlcalledforbettersurveysofDNApatterns.

Inresponsetotheircriticisms,populationgeneticistsRanajitChakrabortyoftheUniversityofTexasinDallasandKennethK.KiddofYaleUniversityinNewHaven,Conn.,arguedthatenoughdataarealreadyavailabletoshowthatthemethodscurrentlybeingusedareadequate.InJanuary1998,however,theFederalBureauofinvestigationandlaboratoriesthatconductDNAtestsannouncedthattheywouldcollectadditionalDNAsamplesfromvariousethnicgroupsinanattempttoresolvesomeofthesequestions.And,inApril,theNationalAcademyofSciencescalledforstrictstandardsandsystemofaccreditation（鉴定合格）forDNAtestinglaboratories.

1.BeforeDNAfingerprintingisused,suspects（）.

2.DNAfingerprintingcanbeunreliablewhen（）.

3.TogeneticistslikeLewontinandHartl,thecurrentmethod（）.

4.TheattitudeoftheFederalBureauofInvestigationshowsthat（）.

5.NationalAcademyofSciencesholdsthestandthat（）.

问题1选项

A.wouldhavetoleavetheirfingerprintsforfurtherinvestigations

B.wouldhavetosubmitevidencefortheirinnocence

C.couldeasilyescapeconvictionofguilt

D.couldbeconvictedofguiltaswell

问题2选项

A.themethodsusedforblood-cellcalculationarenotaccurate

B.twodifferentindividualsofthesameethnicgroupmayhavethesameDNAfingerprintingpattern

C.amatchisbychanceleftwithfingerprintsthathappentobelongtotwodifferentindividuals

D.twodifferentindividualsleavetwoDNAsamples.

问题3选项

A.isnotsoconvincingastoexcludethelikelihoodthattwoDNAsamplescannevercomefromtwoindividuals

B.isarguablebecausetwoindividualsofthesameethnicgrouparelikelytohavethesameDNApattern

C.isnotbasedonadequatescientifictheoryofgenetics

D.istheoreticallycontradictorytowhattheyhavebeenstudying

问题4选项

A.enoughdataareyettobecollectedfromvariousethnicgroupstoconfirmtheunlikelihoodoftwoDNAsamplescomingfromtwoindividualmembers

B.enoughdataofDNAsamplesshouldhecollectedtoconfirmthatonlyDNAsamplesfromthesamepersoncanmatch

C.enoughdataareyettobecollectedfromvariousethnicgroupstodeterminethelikelihoodoftwodifferentDNAsamplescomingfromthesameperson

D.additionalsamplesfromvariousethnicgroupsshouldbecollectedIodeterminethattwoDNAsampleareunlikelytocomefromthesameperson

问题5选项

A.DNAtestingshouldbesystematized

B.OnlyauthorizedlaboratoriescanconductDNAtesting

C.Theacademyonlyisauthorizedtoworkourstandardsfortesting

D.TheacademyhastherighttoaccreditlaboratoriesforDNAtesting

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:C

第3题:A

第4题:B

第5题:B

【解析】1.判断推理题。题干意为:在DNA指纹识别使用之前，嫌疑犯…。第二段指出:DNAfingerprintingandotherDNAanalysistechniqueshaverevolutionizedcriminalinvestigationsbygivinginvestigatorspowerfulnewtoolsintheattempttoproveguilt,notjustestablishinnocence(指纹和其他DNA分析技术已经彻底改变了刑事调查，给调查人员提供了强大的新工具，以证明有罪，而不仅仅是确立无罪)。后面还指出:Whenusedincriminalinvestigations,aDNAfingerprintpatternfromasuspectiscomparedwithaDNAfingerprintpatternobtainedfromsuchmaterialashairsorbloodfoundatthesceneofacrime(在刑事调查时，嫌疑犯的DNA指纹图案与从犯罪现场发现的毛发或血液等材料中获得的DNA指纹图案进行比较)。由此可以推测，如果没有DNA指纹识别技术,嫌疑犯不会那么容易定罪。因此选C项“可能轻易逃脱罪责”。

2.细节事实题。题干意为:在什么时候，DNA指纹识别可能不可靠？第三段指出:Inparticular,theyarguedthatthecurrentmethodcannotproperlydeterminethelikelihoodthattwoDNAsampleswillmatchbecausetheycamefromthesameindividualratherthansimplyfromtwodifferentindividualswhoaremembersofthesameethnicgroup(他们特别指出，目前的方法尚不能完全确定，两个可能吻合的DNA样本是出自一个人，而不是出自同族成员中的两个人)。因此可知,当“偶然匹配的蒽碰巧属于两个不同的人