考研考博-英语-哈尔滨金融学院押题密卷附带答案详解篇

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-哈尔滨金融学院押题密卷附带答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第壹套一.全考点押题密卷-综合训练(共50题)1.单选题

Mathsandsciencecertainlyunderpinmanyinnovations.Indeed,theyarethebasisformuchofmodernsociety,fromthegadgetspeopleusetothewaysinwhichpeopleinteractwithoneanotherandthewayinwhichtheythink.Socloseistherelationshipthatpoliticiansseekingtopersuadevotersthattheyarepromotingeconomicgrowthuse"science"and"innovation"almostinterchangeably.Butlaudableasitisinitsownright,doespromotingmathsandsciencerepresentthebestwaytostimulatefutureinnovation?

ChrisBudd,anappliedmathematicianatBathUniversityinBritain,pointstothemathematicalfoundationsofthecommercialworld:theinternet,computers,mobilephones,modernmedicineandeventransportsystems.Theseemploybranchesofmathematicsthatwereconsideredobscureuntilrecentlybuthavefoundapplicationsinareassuchasbuildingsearchengines,heargues.Itisdifficulttopredictwhichnewscientificadvancewillgenerateneweconomicactivitybutscienceneverthelessboostsproductivity.Andasgovernmentshavesoughttopromotebusiness,theyhaveencourageduniversitiestoestablishspin-offcompaniesandtobuildpartnershipswithotherfledglingorganizationsseekingtodevelopnewproductsandnewprocesses,whichhashelpedtogeneratewealth.

Thatmayallbetrue,butitisnotsufficient,saysChrisTrimble,whoco-wrote"TheOtherSideofInnovation:SolvingtheExecutionChallenge"withVijayGovindarajan,bothofwhomconductresearchintoinnovationatTuckSchoolofBusinessatDartmouthCollegeinAmerica.Ofcoursemathsandsciencecanstimulatefutureinnovation,butpromotingthesedisciplinesisnotnecessarilythebestwayofbringingaboutchange.Hecitestargetedincentives,publicandprivatespendingand—mostimportantly,inhisview—bettermanagementasmorepowerfulalternatives.Itismanagementeducationnottechnicaleducationthatislacking,heargues.Thereisasurfeitofbrightideasbutnotenoughwherewithaltoimplementthem.

Yettheabilitytocreatewealthnotonlydependsonusingtoolsthatwerescientificallydesigned;italsorequirespeopletothinkbothcreativelyandincold,calculatingways.TomisquoteThomasEdison,innovationis1%inspirationand99%perspiration.Timethen,mentally,torollupyoursleeves.

1.Fromthefirstparagraph,wemayknowthatmanyinnovations（

）.

2.Theworld“laudable”inPara.1probablymeant

（

）.

3.“It”inPara.1(thelastsentence)mayreferto

（

）.

4.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTTRUEaboutChrisBudd?

5.ToChrisTrimble,educationofmathsandscience（

）.

问题1选项

A.areengenderedbymathsandscience

B.bringconvenientlifetomodernpeople

C.countmostforpoliticianstogainvotes

D.leaddirectlytoworldeconomicgrowth

问题2选项

A.understandable

B.praiseworthy

C.believable

D.feasible

问题3选项

A.modernsociety

B.promotionofeconomy

C.scienceandinnovation

D.importanceofmathsandscience

问题4选项

A.HeworksinaBritishuniversityasanappliedmathematician.

B.Hefirmlybelievesthatmathematicswillgenerateneweconomicactivity.

C.Hemaythinkthatitislogicaltoexpectinnovationstocomeoutofuniversities.

D.Hearguesforthepromotionofmathsandsciencetofosterfutureinnovations.

问题5选项

A.provessufficienttostimulatefutureinnovation

B.meanslittlecomparedwithtargetedincentives

C.islessimportantthanmanagementeducation

D.servesastheunderpinningofeconomicproductivity

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:C

【解析】第1题:细节事实题。由文章第一段中Mathsandsciencecertainlyunderpinmanyinnovations.Indeed,theyarethebasisformuchofmodernsociety,fromthegadgetspeopleusetothewaysinwhichpeopleinteractwithoneanotherandthewayinwhichtheythink.（数学和科学无疑是许多创新的基础。事实上，它们是现代社会的基础，从人们使用的小工具到人们相互交流和思考的方式）可知A选项“由数学和科学产生”符合题意。

第2题:词义题。understandable意为“能懂的，可理解的”；praiseworthy意为“值得称赞的，值得表扬的”；believable意为“可信的”；feasible意为“可行的”。由Butlaudableasitisinitsownright（数学和科学对于创新很重要，尽管这值得称赞）可知选B。

第3题:词义题。文章第一段开篇就提出数学和科学支撑着很多创新，它们是现代社会的基础，因此可以推测主要是讲述数学与科学的重要性，故选D。

第4题:推理判断题。根据题干关键此词ChrisBudd定位至文章第二段，由Itisdifficulttopredictwhichnewscientificadvancewillgenerateneweconomicactivitybutscienceneverthelessboostsproductivity.（很难预测哪一项新的科学进步会产生新的经济活动，但科学却能提高生产力）可知B选项“他坚信数学将产生新的经济活动”表述过于绝对，不符合原句表达的含义。

第5题:观点态度题。根据题干关键词ChrisTrimble定位至文章第三段，由Ofcoursemathsandsciencecanstimulatefutureinnovation,butpromotingthesedisciplinesisnotnecessarilythebestwayofbringingaboutchange.Hecitestargetedincentives,publicandprivatespendingand—mostimportantly,inhisview—bettermanagementasmorepowerfulalternatives.Itismanagementeducationnottechnicaleducationthatislacking,heargues.（当然，数学和科学可以刺激未来的创新，但推广这些学科并不一定是带来变革的最佳方式。他列举了有针对性的公共和私人激励措施。在他看来，支出——最重要的是——更好的管理是更有力的替代方案。他认为，缺乏的是管理教育，而不是技术教育）可知选C。

2.翻译题

Beingunhappyislikeaninfectiousdisease.Itcausespeopletoshrinkawayfromthesufferer.Hesoonfindshimselfalonemiserable.Thereis,however,acuresosimpleastoseem,atfirstglance,ridiculous:ifyoudon’tfeelhappy,pretendtobe!

Itworks.Beforelongyouwillfindthatinsteadofpushingpeopleaway,youattractthem.Youdiscoverhowdeeplyrewardingitistobethecenterofwiderandwidercirclesofgoodwill.

Thenthemake-believebecomesareality.Beinghappy,onceitisrealizedasadutyestablishedasahabit,opensdoorsintounimaginablegardensfilledwithgratefulfriends.

【答案】不开心就像一种传染病。它使人们对不快乐的人敬而远之。不快乐的人很快就会发觉自己既孤独又悲惨，充满怨恨。但是，有一种乍一看似乎荒谬可笑，实际却非常简单的治愈方法，那就是：如果你不快乐，那就假装快乐吧!

这个办法的确行之有效。不久你就会发现，你不再排斥别人，而是开始吸引他们。你会发现被越来越多善意的人们包围的感觉是多么的值得！

于是，假装的变成了真实的。一旦快乐被认为是一种责任并成为一种习惯，它就会向我们敞开一扇好友云集的通向奇妙花园的大门。

3.单选题

Fiveyearsago,thatcoupleboughtthehouse（）_makingaquickprofitoutofit.

问题1选项

A.witheyesopento

B.ingoodeyesat

C.withaneyeto

D.byaneyeat

【答案】C

【解析】词组辨析。withaneyeto“着眼于，指望着”为固定搭配。没有A、B和D项的搭配，可排除。句意：五年前，那对夫妇买下这所房子，希望能很快从中获利。选项C符合题意。

4.单选题

Itistruethat（

）awildplantintoamajorfoodcropsuchaswheatrequiresmuchresearchtime.

问题1选项

A.multiplying

B.breeding

C.magnifying

D.generation

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。multiply意为“乘”；breed意为“饲养，培育(动植物)”；magnify意为“放大”；generation作名词时，意为“产生，繁殖”。

句意：将野生植物培育成小麦等主要粮食作物需要进行大量的研究，这一点是千真万确的。

5.单选题

Jimhadto（）allhisskill（）todefeathistennisopponent.

问题1选项

A.call…intoplay

B.call...tomind

C.call…toattention

D.oaction

【答案】D

【解析】考查固定搭配。A选项，没有oplay的搭配，B选项callsthtomind“想起，记起”；C选项，没有callsth.toattention的搭配，callattentiontosth.“提醒，唤起注意”D选项oaction“将某事付诸行动”。句意：吉姆不得不使出浑身解数来击败他的网球对手。由选项意思和句意可知，D选项符合句意。

6.填空题

Onceinsidethevirtualclassroom,youhaveaccesstoachatfeature,an________whiteboardandavideowindowwheretheycanseeandhearthetutorinlivevideoandaudio.(interact)

【答案】interactive

【解析】【考查点】形容词。

【解题思路】横线部分和white修饰board，指的是用来上课的交互式白板，interactive意思为“交互式的”，符合语境。

【句意】一旦进入虚拟教室，你就可以使用聊天功能、交互式白板和视频窗口，学生就可以看到导师的实时视频，听到音频。

7.翻译题

现在我们正面临着一项严峻的挑战：全球变暖。地球气候持续恶化，正在演变成一场事关紧要的战争，而从任何一个方面来看，美国正在输掉这场战争。美国每年释放的温室气体约占全球总量的25%，并声称它不打算采取任何减排措施。困难还在于，即使绝大多数人认为气候变化是个全球性的紧急事件，如何解决这个问题很难达成共识。工业界提出自己的方案，可惜这些方案通常解决不了什么问题。环保主义者也献策，可惜他们的方案往往过于天真，以至于会严重阻碍美国社会和经济的发展。但是一个宏大而有效的方案到底是什么样的呢？如何才能让我们同时拥有安全的环境和良好的经济增长？

然而，只要我们能制定出可行的战略，将短期措施和长远目标结合起来，将务实精神和雄心壮志结合起来，我们就能做到既不损害经济，又帮助遏制气候变化带来的最坏影响，并保证我们的后代在这个世界上能生存下来。要实现这个目标，最需要的是决心和意志。

Directions:TranslatethefollowingparagraphfromChineseintoEnglish.PleasewriteyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET.

【答案】Nowweareconfrontedwithaformidablechallenge:globalwarming.TheglobalclimategoesondeterioratingandisevolvingintoacrucialwartheUnitedStatesislosingfromanyperspective.Everyyear,theUnitedStatesemitsnearly25%oftheglobalgreenhousegasesandclaimsthatithasnointentionoftakinganyemission-reductionmeasures.Thedifficultyalsoliesinthefactthateventheoverwhelmingmajorityofpeopleconsidertheclimatechangetobeaglobalemergency,itisverydifficulttofindacommomgroundastohowtosolvethoseproblems.Theindustrialworldhascomeupwithschemes,whichunfortunatelyarenotsolutionstoproblems.Environmentalistsalsosuggestwaysandmeans,butregrettablytheirschemesaresonaivethattheymayhinderthesocialandeconomicdevelopmentoftheUnitedStates.Butwhatonearthisagrandandeffectiveschemelike?Howcanwepossessbothasafeenvironmentandafantasticeconomicgrowth?

However,aslongasweworkoutfeasibletactics,combineshort-termmeasureswithlong-termgoals,integratepracticalspiritwithambition,wecannotonlyprotecteconomybutalsohelpholdbacktheworsteffectscausedbyclimatechangesandensurethatourdescendentssurviveintheworld.Torealizethisgoal,whatweneedmostisdeterminationandwill.

8.单选题

Whatthecorrespondentsentusisan（

）newsreport.Wecandependonit.

问题1选项

A.evident

B.authentic

C.ultimate

D.immediate

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词辨析。evident明显的；authentic真实的，可靠的；ultimate最终的，最后的；immediate即刻的。句意：那位记者发给我们的是一份内容真实的新闻报道。我们可以相信它。由dependon可推知该信息报道是真实的，答案B。

9.问答题

Thepatientneededaspinaltap,andaseniorattendingphysicianaskedamedicalresidentwhetherapreparatorybloodtesthadbeenchecked.Themedicalstudentwasstunnedtohearhimanswerintheaffirmative,becauseshewasquitecertainithadnotbeenchecked.

(1)Well,almostcertain.

Doctorsintrainingsometimesconfrontsituationsinwhichtheyworrythattheirsupervisingphysiciansaremakingmistakesorbendingthetruth.(2)Yeteventhoughsuchactscanjeopardizepatients,theinclinationandabilityofyoungdoctorstospeakupishamperedbythehierarchiesinteachinghospitals.

Onthetopweretheseniorphysicianswhomaderoundsonthewardsonceortwicedaily.Nextweretheoverworkedresidents,whoessentiallylivedinthehospitalwhiletraining.(3)Lastwerethemedicalstudentswhoweremostassuredlyatthebottomoftheheap.

Thestudentwhoseresidentseeminglyliedtotheattendingphysicianaboutthebloodtestdidnotspeakup.Theresidentwasagooddoctor,shesaid,andsoshehadgivenhimthebenefitofthedoubt.And,sheadded,boththeresidentandtheattendingphysicianwouldbegradingher.

Whatshouldamedicalstudentdoinsuchasituation?Onepossibilityistotakethematterupwithamoreseniordoctor.Orthestudentmightgodirectlytothepatientorfamily,tellingthemthatthephysicianshaveagenuinedisagreementandthattheydeservetoknowaboutit.

Theseoptionsseemlogicalonpaper.AstheethicistJamesDwyerhaswritteninTheHastingsCenterReport,“Thepracticeofalwayskeepingquietisafailureofcaring.”(4)Butintherealworld,itmaybeextremelydifficulttogoupthechainofcommand.

Fortunately,medicaleducatorsareincreasinglyrecognizingthedilemmasthatdoctorsintrainingconfrontwhentheywitnessbehaviorthatmakesthemuncomfortable.(5)Studentsandresidentsarenowexpectedtoprovideroutinefeedback—positiveandnegative—abouttheirsupervisingphysiciansatthecloseoftheirrotation.

Ofcourse,physiciansandstudentsneedtobeeducatedabouthowtogivefeedbackinprofessionalandnon-confrontationalways.Medicaleducatorsareonlynowbeginningtoteachthisskill.Still,itwillbehardtochangetheunfortunateperceptionthatconstructivefeedback,evenforapatient’sbenefit,iswhistle-blowing.

【答案】答：

1.Almostcertainly,themedicalstudentwasstunnedtohearsuchananswerfromhissupervisor.

2.Theinclinationandabilityofyoungdoctorstospeakupisstoppedbythehospitalhierarchies,despiteappearanceofmistakesbysupervisingphysicians.

3.Atthebottomofhierarchywerethosemedicalstudentsassuredly.

4.Butinrealhospitalenvironment,itisratherdifficultformedicalstudentstogiveacommand.

5.Medicalstudentsandresidentsshouldmakeregularfeedbackabouttheirsupervisingphysicians,positivelyandnegativelyattheendoftheirrotation.

【解析】1.原文句意是：嗯，几乎可以肯定。原文这一句是对上文的肯定，上文提到Themedicalstudentwasstunnedtohearhimanswerintheaffirmative,becauseshewasquitecertainithadnotbeenchecked.（学医的学生听到他的回答很吃惊，因为她很肯定没有经过检查），所以改写的时候需要结合上文的内容来进行扩充，故改写为Almostcertainly,themedicalstudentwasstunnedtohearsuchananswerfromhissupervisor（几乎可以肯定的是，医学院的学生听到他的导师这样的回答感到很震惊）。

2.原文句意是：然而，即使这样的行为可能危及病人，但教学医院的等级制度阻碍了年轻医生发言的倾向和能力。前半句是让步状语从句，并且actscanjeopardizepatients指的是作为指导医生，他们的错误行为危害到病人的健康，所以可以改写为despiteappearanceofmistakesbysupervisingphysicians（尽管指导医生出现了一些错误）；后半句中的hamper可以用stop来替代，所以句子改写为Theinclinationandabilityofyoungdoctorstospeakupisstoppedbythehospitalhierarchies,despiteappearanceofmistakesbysupervisingphysicians（医院的等级制度阻止了年轻医生说话的倾向和能力，尽管指导医生出现了一些错误）。

3.原文句意是：最后，处于等级最下层的肯定是这些医学生。atthebottomoftheheap（在底层）指的是等级制度的底层，所以可以改写为atthebottomofhierarchy；另外who引导的定语从句是修饰强调的，所以句式可以精简，故这个句子可改写为Atthebottomofhierarchywerethosemedicalstudentsassuredly（在等级制度的最底层肯定是那些医科学生）。

4.原文句意是：但在现实世界中，要爬上指挥链可能极其困难。根据文章语境，inrealworld（在现实世界中）指的就是在医院环境中，而thechainofcommand（指挥链）的对象指的则是位于底层的医学生；故该句子可以改写为Butinrealhospitalenvironment,itisratherdifficultformedicalstudentstogiveacommand（但在现实的医院环境中，医学生想要得到指挥权是相当困难的）。

5.原文句意是：学生和住院医师现在被要求在轮班结束时对他们的指导医生提供常规的正面和负面反馈。routine（常规的）可以改为regular（定期的，普通的）；positiveandnegative在原文中是作为插入语使用，所以可以改为positivelyandnegatively；故该句可改写为Medicalstudentsandresidentsshouldmakeregularfeedbackabouttheirsupervisingphysicians,positivelyandnegativelyattheendoftheirrotation（医学生和住院医师应该在轮岗结束时，定期对他们的指导医生做出正面和负面反馈）。

10.单选题

Hecomplicatedwiththerequirementthatallgraduatestudentsineducation（

）athesis.

问题1选项

A.write

B.writing

C.towrite

D.bewriting

【答案】A

【解析】考查虚拟语气。在英语中，表示“命令、建议、愿望、要求”等的词（不管是动词、名词、形容词）之后的从句用should+动词原词，而且should可以省略。句中的requirement表示“要求”，其后是由that引导的同位语从句，因此选A。句意：他把教育中所有研究生都要写论文的要求复杂化了。

11.单选题

Lovedoesnot________gazingateachother,butinlookingtogetherinthesamedirection.

问题1选项

A.phasein

B.fadein

C.givein

D.consistin

【答案】D

【解析】【选项释义】

A.phasein逐步采用，逐步到位B.fadein渐显，渐强

C.givein让步，投降D.consistin在于，存在于

【考查点】动词词组辨析。

【解题思路】由but可知，前后两个分句之间存在转折的逻辑关系，后半句说到“而在于注视着同一个方向（inthesamedirection）”，与其相对的是“注视彼此（eachother）”，本句表达的是爱情的意义和特点，即爱情是什么，在于什么。consistin指作为基本或主要部分和特征，因此D选项consistin“在于，存在于”最符合题意。

【干扰项排除】

A选项phasein“逐步采用，逐步到位”指在一段时间内逐渐开始使用某物或做某事，通常使用被动语态，且不符合题干的语义逻辑；

B选项fadein“渐显，渐强”指变得更清楚或更大声，后面不接动词，且不符合题干的语义逻辑；

C选项givein“让步，投降”指接受一直在抵制或反对的事情，后面不接动词，且不符合题干的语义逻辑。

【句意】爱情不在于彼此凝视，而在于注视着同一个方向。

12.单选题

America’sCongresspassedahousingbillthatincludesmeasurestoshoreupFannieMaeandFreddieMac,twotroubledmortgagegiants.

问题1选项

A.censure

B.imprecate

C.upbraid

D.bolster

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项censure“严厉斥责，正式谴责”；B选项imprecate“诅咒；祈求”；C选项upbraid“责骂；训斥”；D选项bolster“支持，支撑；给（座位）加软垫；改善，巩固；增强，激励”。句意：美国国会通过了一项住房法案，其中包括支持房利美和房地美这两个陷入困境的抵押贷款巨头的措施。shoreup“支持，支撑；加固”。D选项与该词意思最相近，因此D选项正确。

13.单选题

Thewordscienceisheardsoofteninmoderntimesthatalmosteverybodyhassomenotionofitsmeaning.Ontheotherhand,itsdefinitionisdifficultformanypeople.Themeaningofthetermisconfused,buteveryoneshouldunderstanditsmeaningandobjectives.Justtomaketheexplanationassimpleaspossible,supposescienceisdefinedasclassifiedknowledge(facts).

Eveninthetruesciencesdistinguishingfactfromfictionisnotalwayseasy.Forthisreasongreatcareshouldbetakentodistinguishbetweenbeliefsandtruths.Thereisnodangeraslongasacleardifferenceismadebetweentemporaryandprovedexplanations.Forexample,hypothesesandtheoriesareattemptstoexplainnaturalphenomena.Fromthesepositionsscientistscontinuetoexperimentandobserveuntiltheyareprovedordiscredited.Theexactstatusofanyexplanationshouldbeclearlylabeledtoavoidconfusion.

Theobjectivesofscienceareprimarilythediscoveryandthesubsequentunderstandingoftheunknown.Mancannotbesatisfiedwithrecognizingthatsecretsexistinnatureorthatquestionsareunanswerable;hemustsolvethem.Towardthatendspecialistsinthefieldofbiologyandrelatedfieldsofinterestaredirectingmuchoftheirtimeandenergy.

Actually,twobasicapproachesleadtothediscoveryofnewinformation.One,aimedatsatisfyingcuriosity,isreferredtoaspurescience.Theotherisarmedatusingknowledgeforspecificpurposes—forinstance,improvinghealth,raisingstandardsofliving,orcreatingnewconsumerproducts.Inthiscaseknowledgeisputtoeconomicuse.Suchanapproachisreferredtoasappliedscience.

Sometimespractical-mindedpeoplemissthepointofpurescienceinthinkingonlyofitsimmediateapplicationforeconomicrewards.Chemistsresponsibleformanyofthediscoveriescouldhardlyhaveanticipatedthattheirfindingswouldonedayresultinapplicationsofsuchapracticalnatureasthosedirectlyrelatedtolifeanddeath.Thediscoveryofonebitofinformationopensthedoortothediscoveryofanother.Somediscoveriesseemsosimplethatoneisamazedtheywerenotmadeyearsago;however,oneshouldrememberthattheconstructionofthemicroscopehadtoprecedethediscoveryofthecell.Thehostofscientistsdedicatingtheirlivestopuresciencearenotapologeticaboutignoringthepracticalsideoftheirdiscoveries;theyknowfromexperiencethatmostknowledgeiseventuallyapplied.

46.Todefinesciencewemaysimplycallit______.

47.Purescience,leadingtotheconstructionofamicroscope,______.

48.Ascientistinterestedinaddingtoourgeneralknowledgeaboutoxygenwouldprobablycallhisapproach______.

49.Whichofthefollowingstatementsdoestheauthorimply?

50.Thebesttitleforthepassageis______.

问题1选项

A.thestudyofunrelatedsubjects

B.anattempttoexplainnaturalphenomena

C.thestudyofunrelatedfields

D.classifiedknowledge

问题2选项

A.mayleadtoantiscientific,impureresults

B.necessarilyprecedesappliedscience,leadingtothediscoveryofacell

C.isnotalwaysaspureaswesuppose

D.necessarilyresultsfromappliedscienceandthediscoveryofacell

问题3选项

A.appliedscience

B.agriculturalscience

C.purescience

D.environmentalscience

问题4选项

A.Scientistsengagedintheoreticalresearchshouldnotbeblamedforignoringthepracticalsideoftheirdiscoveries.

B.Todayfewpeoplehaveanynotionsofthemeaningofscience.

C.Inscience,itisnotdifficulttodistinguishfactfromfiction.

D.Practical-mindedpeoplecanunderstandthemeaningandobjectivesofpurescience.

问题5选项

A.TheNatureofScienceandScientists

B.BiologyandtheScientificAge

C.HypothesesandTheories

D.OnDistinguishingFactfromFiction

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:A

第5题:A

【解析】46.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“要定义科学，我们可以简单地把科学称之为……”。第一段最后一句提到Justtomaketheexplanationassimpleaspossible,supposescienceisdefinedasclassifiedknowledge(facts).（为了使解释尽可能简单，假设科学被定义为分类的知识），由此可知D项“分类的知识”正确。A项“对不相关学科的研究”，原文未提及，A项不选。B项“解释自然现象的一种尝试”，第二段第四句提到Forexample,hypothesesandtheoriesareattemptstoexplainnaturalphenomena.（例如，假设和理论是试图解释自然现象），因此B项错误。C项“对不相关领域的研究”，原文也未提及，C项错误。因此该题选D。

47.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“导致了显微镜问世的纯科学是……”。文章中最后一段最后两句指出oneshouldrememberthattheconstructionofthemicroscopehadtoprecedethediscoveryofthecell.Thehostofscientistsdedicatingtheirlivestopurescienceisnotapologeticaboutignoringthepracticalsideoftheirdiscoveries;theyknowfromexperiencethatmostknowledgeiseventuallyapplied.（我们应该记住，显微镜的构造必须先于细胞的发现；许多献身于纯科学的科学家并没有因为忽视了他们发现的实用性而感到抱歉；他们从经验中知道，大多数知识最终都会得到应用），由此可知显微镜的问世是先于细胞的发现，且纯科学先于应用科学，故B项“必然先于应用科学，导致细胞的发现”正确，由此可知D项“这是应用科学和细胞发现的必然结果”是不正确的。A项“可能导致反科学、不纯的结果”和C项“并不总是像我们想象的那样纯粹”文中都没有提及。因此该题选B。

48.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】判断推理题。题干意思是“一个对扩展我们关于氧气的一般知识感兴趣的科学家可能会称他的方法为……”。根据第四段Actually,twobasicapproachesleadtothediscoveryofnewinformation.One,aimedatsatisfyingcuriosity,isreferredtoaspurescience.Theotherisarmedatusingknowledgeforspecificpurposes（实际上，发现新信息有两种基本方法。一种旨在满足好奇心，被称为纯科学；另一种则是将知识用于特定目的。）可以推断，对于扩展我们关于氧气的一般知识感兴趣的科学家的方法是一种纯科学，因此C项“纯科学”符合题意。A项“应用科学”错误；B项“农业科学”和D项“环境科学”文中都没有提到。因此该题选C。

49.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】判断推理题。题干意思是“作者暗示了下列哪一种说法？”。文章最后一句话提到Thehostofscientistsdedicatingtheirlivestopuresciencearenotapologeticaboutignoringthepracticalsideoftheirdiscoveries;theyknowfromexperiencethatmostknowledgeiseventuallyapplied.（许多献身于纯科学的科学家并没有因为忽视了他们发现的实用性而感到抱歉；他们从经验中知道，大多数知识最终都会得到应用。），由此可知从事理论研究的科学家不应该因忽视其发现的应用而受到责备，因为大多数的理论最终都能得到应用，故A项“从事理论研究的科学家不应该因为忽视他们的发现的实用方面而受到指责”正确。B项“今天很少有人对科学的意义有任何概念”，文章首句提到Thewordscienceisheardsoofteninmoderntimesthatalmosteverybodyhassomenotionofitsmeaning.（“科学”这个词在现代社会被如此频繁地听到，以至于几乎每个人都对它的含义有一些概念），由此可知B项错误。C项“在科学上，区分事实和虚构并不难”，第二段第一句提到Eveninthetruesciencesdistinguishingfactfromfictionisnotalwayseasy.（即使在真正的科学中，区分事实和虚构也并不总是容易的），可知C项错误。D项“务实的人能够理解纯科学的意义和目的”，最后一段第一句提到Sometimespractical-mindedpeoplemissthepointofpurescienceinthinkingonlyofitsimmediateapplicationforeconomicrewards.（有时，注重实际的人忽视了纯科学的意义，只想到它能立即应用于经济回报。）可知，D项也错误。因此该题选A。

50.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】主旨大意题。题干意思是“这篇文章最好的标题是什么？”。从文章大意中可知，全文都在围绕科学在每个人心中的定义与重视理论与实践的科学家进行论述，故A项“科学的本质与科学家”更能概括全文。B项“生物学和科学时代”，文章只在第三段提到了生物学；C项“假设和理论”只是第二段的一个例子；D项“论区分事实与虚构”只在第二段提到过。因此该题选A。

14.单选题

Ingeneral,oursocietyisbecomingoneofgiantenterprisesdirectedbyabureaucratic（官僚主义的）managementinwhichmanbecomesasmall,well-oiledcoginthemachinery.Theoilingisdonewithhigherwages,well-ventilatedfactoriesandpipedmusic,andbypsychologistsand"human-relations"experts;yetallthisoilingdoesnotalterthefactthatmanhasbecomepowerless,thatheisboredwithit.Infact,theblueandthewhite-collarworkershavebecomeeconomicpuppetswhodancetothetuneofautomatedmachinesandbureaucraticmanagement.

Theworkerandemployeeareanxious,notonlybecausetheymightfindthemselvesoutofajob;theyareanxiousalsobecausetheyareunabletoacquireanyrealsatisfactionorinterestinlife-Theyliveanddiewithouteverhavingconfrontedthefundamentalrealitiesofhumanexistenceasemotionallyandintellectuallyindependentandproductivehumanbeings.

Thosehigheruponthesocialladderarenolessanxious.Theirlivesarenolessemptythanthoseoftheirsubordinates.Theyareevenmoreinsecureinsomerespects.Theyareinahighlycompetitiverace.Tobepromotedortofallbehindisnotamatterofsalaiybutevenmoreamatterofself-respect.Whentheyapplyfortheirfirstjob,theyaretestedforintelligenceaswellasfortherightmixtureofsubniissivenessandindependence.Fromthemomentontheyarctestedagainandagainbythepsychologists,forwhomtestingisabigbusiness,andbytheirsuperiors,whojudgetheirbehavior,sociability,capacitytogetalong,etc.Thisconstantneedtoprovethatoneisasgoodasorbetterthanone'sfellow-competitorcreatesconstantanxietyandstress,theverycausesofunhappinessandillness.

AmIsuggestingthatweshouldreturntothepreindustrialmodeofproductionortonineteenth-century"freeenterprise"capitalism?Certainlynot.Problemsareneversolvedbyreturningtoastagewhichonehasalreadyoutgrown.Isuggesttransformingoursocialsystemfromabureaucraticallymanagedindustrialisminwhichmaximalproductionandconsumptionareendsinthemselvesintoahumanistindustrialisminwhichmanandfulldevelopmentofhispotentialities―thoseofallloveandofreason―aretheaimsofsocialarrangements.Productionandconsumptionshouldserveonlyasmeanstothisend,andshouldbepreventedfromrulingman.

1.By"awell-oiledcoginthemachinery"theauthorintendstodelivertheideathatmanis（）.

2.Therealcauseoftheanxietyoftheworkersandemployeesisthat（）.

3.Fromthepassagewecanconcludethatrealhappinessoflifebelongstothose（）.

4.Tosolvethepresentsocialproblemstheauthorputsforwardasuggestionthatweshould（）.

5.Theauthor'sattitudetowardsindustrialismmightbestbesummarizedasoneof（）.

问题1选项

A.anecessarypartofthesocietythougheach