费恩历险记中不协调

IncongruityinTheAdventuresofHuckleberryASUBMITTEDTOTHESCHOOLOFFOREIGN(ENGLISHMAJOR)YUNNANMINZUUNIVERSITYINPARTIALFULFILLMENTOFTHEREQUIREMENTSFORTHEDEGREEOFBACHELOROFLIWEIRANClASSofSTUDENTCODE:201308401309SUPERVISEDBYZHANGBAOLAIAPRIL28,2017IwanttoexpressmysinceregratitudetomysupervisorProf.ZhangBaolai.Withouthim,Icanneverfinishmypr.Atthebeginningofwritingthispr,Ihadnoideaofhowtoarrangeit.Mr.Zhangbroughtmegreathopewithhisconstantencouragementandpatientguidance,andfinallyIcanhaveacleararrangementtomyIalsowanttosaythankyoutomydearparentsandmyyoungersister,whopaniedmeandcaredformeallthetime.It’sreallyanuneasyjourneytothisthesisandtheyaretheonewhoencouragedmeto ethepressureandMythanksalsogoestomyfriends,withwhomIspentmyvaluableandwonderfulfouryears.Ireallylearnedalotfromthem.Asawell–knownhumoristandaprolificwriter,MarkTwainisregardedasaliterarygiant.Hecreateslotsoffamousshortstoriesandnovelswithhistalentedgift,amongwhichthemostfamousnovelishismasterpieceTheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn.Thisbookgainsitspopularityinliterature,evenintheworld.Hence,therearesomanypeoplestudyingthisnovelfromvariouss.Inthisp r,theauthorwillyzeitfromtheofincongruity,tofindouttheusingofincongruitytheoryinthenovelanditshumorousThisthesisconsistsoffiveparts.PartoneisageneralintroductiontoMarktwainandthenovel,TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn.Parttwoisliteratureviewtohaveabroadoutlineofpreviousstudyofthisnovel.Partthreeisthetheoreticalbackgroundinwhich“humor”and“humortheories”,especiallyincongruitytheorywillbedefined.Partfouristhemainbodyofthispr.ThepurposeofthischapteristounscrambletheapplicationofincongruitytheoryinTheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn.Partfivewillreachaconclusion.Keywords:MarkTwain;humor;incongruity都很受欢迎。因此，有许多人从不同角度来研究这本小说。在这篇中，作者这篇由五个章节组成第一章对﹒吐温《哈克贝利﹒历险记做了简要的概括。第二章是文献综述，对前人的研究进行一个大概的介绍。第三章将会让大家对“幽默”和幽默理论有更深的认识，尤其是不协调理论。第四章是这篇的主体部分，目的在于对不协调理论在《哈克贝利﹒历险记》中的应用进行解读。第五章是对这篇总的概括。：•吐温;幽默;不协调理 ................................................................................................................................VI IntroductiontoMark IntroductiontoTheAdventuresofHuckleberry Literature International Domestic Theoretical TheIncongruity IncongruityinTheAdventuresofHuckleberry Incongruityoflanguagesinthe VernacularLanguageandStandard DramaticLanguageandStandard IncongruityofThoughtsand IncongruityofContextandPeople’s IncongruityandHumor IntroductiontoMarkSamuelLanghorneClemens(1835-1910),wellknownbyhispennameMarkTwain,isconsideredtobeoneofthegreatesthumoristsandnovelistsinAmericanliterature.Hisworksarefullofhumorouslanguageandthepurposeofhishumoristomakepeoplelaugh.MarkTwainexperiencedbothtwoperiods,CivilWarandtherecoveryofthenationafterthewar,whichhadangreatinfluenceonhiswritingItcanbesaidthatAmericanCivilWarwasaturningpointofMarkTwain’slife.DuringtheperiodthatMarkTwainworkedasa boatpilotontheMississippi,hewassatisfiedwithhiseverydaylife.Hisexperienceofbeinga boatpilotmadehimveryfamiliarwithallkindsofhumannature.Atleast,atthattimehewasfullofhopesandconfidencetowardsfuture.Butallhasbeenchangedafterthewar.Asawitnessofthewar,MarkTwaindistinctlysawthegreatchangesinthisnation.AftertheCivilWar,peoplewerealltryingtoseekeveryopportunitytocreateanewlife.LikemostoftheAmericanpeople,MarkTwainjoinedthesocalled“GoldRush”or“AmericanDream”.Alloftheselookedlikeagoodbeginningofre-constructionandalsoatendencytobeprosperous.Butgradually,MarkTwainfoundthattherewerelotsofdifferencebetweenwhathesawandthetruereality.Thatwasabjective.The petenternmentandthegrowthofmonopolyphenomenonmadeAmericanpeoplebecameimmoralandself-serving.Inthatmoney-grubbingtimes,materialprosperitywaswhattheyonlywantedtopursueandit’simpossibletorefusetobesuccessful.So,theywouldtryaspossiblyastheycouldtocompetewithothers.However,ontheotherhand,theywerefilledwithstressanddepression.Thus,asmostoftheAmericanwritersdo,MarkTwainchosetowritehumorousworkstomakepeoplelaugh.In1865,thepublishingofTheCelebratedJumFrogofCalaverasCountymadeMarkTwainknownbypeopleasahumorist.MarkTwainisregardedasthefatherofmodernAmericanliteratureandenjoysgreatpopularity.Allhisachievementsandreputationsowetonotonlyhisuniquehumorouswritingstyle,butalsohiswisdomtocombinehumorwithsatire.Livinginriodwherehumorousliteraturewasflourishing,MarkTwaindevelopedhishumorouswritingskillsrapidly.Helearnedallotherkindsofhumorouswritingskillsfromotherhumorists,thecharactersorthethemesofMarkTwain’snovelsmainlycamefromthe“life”.DuetothedarknessoftheAmericansocietyandthetortuosityof ality,MarkTwainwerenotonlygetpleasure,butalsowecanfeelthesatireoftheAmericansociety,especiallythecorruptionandinjustice.Andthisiswhyhemadehimselfasasocialcriticandsatirist.MarkTwainhadagreatinfluenceonAmericanliterature.Lotsofwriters,suchasEarnestHemingway,WilliamFaulknerwereaffectedbyhim.Allinall,MarkTwainshouldberegardedasaliterarygiantinAmericanliteraryhistory.IntroductiontoTheAdventuresofHuckleberryAsMarkTwain’smostrepresentativework,TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn(10)(HuckleberryFinnforshorthereafter)hasadeepinfluenceonAmericanliterature.EarnestHemingwayoncesaidthatallmodernAmericanliteraturecomesfromMarkTwain’smasterpiece：HuckleberryFinn.WhydoseHemingwaypraisethisliteraryworkssohighlyisbecausethatthelanguagestyle,thecharactersandthethemeofthisnovelrevealanewhighlevelinMarkTwain’swritingabilityandhisthought.HuckleberryFinncombinestherealityofrealismandthelyricismofromanticismperfectly.Formanyyears,thisnovelhasbeenfavoredbypeoplearoundtheworld.Thisbooktakeschildren’scolorfuladventuresasclues,exploringthedecadentlifestyleofcapitalistclassandthedetrimentofslavery.ThisbookcontainsMarkTwain’scarefulthinkingandcriticismtotheAmericansociety.Itsuniquewritingstyleanddeepmeaningmake eoneofthemostbookintheHuckleberryFinnreflectsthatthehumanityfinallywilldefeattheimmoralforcesofhiseducation.Huck,apiteouschildlivingwithhisdrunkardfather,adoptedbyawarmheartedwidowwhotriestoeducateandmoralizehim.Sheforceshimtobehaveproperlyandtoliveasocalledcivilizedlife.Healsohastogotoschool.AllofthesemakeHuck fortableandinsufferable.Hisfathertakeshimbacktotheirhome,andHuckwouldratherstayatthepoorareawithfreedomthentherichareasurroundedbygenteelconstraint.ButallthesecometoanendwhenHuck’sfathernearlykillshimafterdrinkingalot.HuckdeterminestoescandmeetstheslaveJimbyaccidentonhisrunawayjourney.They panyeachotherandbegintheiradventures.Atthebeginning,effecteddeeplybythetraditionalviewtowardsslave,HucktreatsJimunfairlyandheevenwantstobetrayJim.WhenHuckprotectsJim,hethinksthathewillgotocertainly.Atthesametime,Jimwassincereandkind.HewilltryallhisbesttoprotectandcareforHuck.Finally,JimissavedwiththehelpofTomandTomlsJimthatheisfreenow.Thestoryatleastendsinahappyending.MarkTwain’sunusualwritingabilityputtinghumorintoeverycornerofbookisoneofthereasonswhyHuckleberryFinnissofamousandpopulararoundtheworld.Inthisnovel,MarkTwainusesalargenumberofslanganddialects,whichformthehumoreffectsperfectly.Thecolloquiallanguagerevealsthecharacteristicsofthecharacters.Meanwhile,thisuniqueexpressionbringsuslotsofhumorousimpacts.WiththepublishingofHuckleberryFinn,Americanliteratureexistssomedifferentattitudestowardsit,whiakesitcontroversial.Butastimegoesby,HuckleberryFinnwasprovedtobeaclassicinAmericanliteratureevenintheworld.LiteratureHumorhasbeenstudiedformorethan2,000yearsanditcanbetracedbacktothetimesofPlatoandAristotle.Mostofthescholarsstudiedhumorfromthefieldsofphilosophy,sociology,psychology.Linguisticsalsodidsomeresearchonhumor,butuntilthelate1970slinguisticsbecamethedominantresearchonhumor.Linguisticscholarstrytousesomepragmatictheoriestoexplainhumor,suchasmentiontheoryandrelevancetheory.InternationalHumorasaflavoringagentinthehumanlanguageisaproductofincongruity.Allalong,foreignscholarsofthestudyofhumorneverstopped.Suchas"HumorandHumanit"byStephenLeacock,"ThePhilosophyofLanguageandHumor"byJohnMorreall,Humor:ItsOriginandDevelopmentbyPEMcGhee,"TheSemanticFoundationofCognitiveTheoriesofHumor"byS.Attardo,and"LinguisticTheoriesofHumor",RLLatta,"TheBasicHumorProcess:aCognitive-shiftTheoryandtheCaseagainstIncongruity",GeoffreyN.Leech,"PrinciplesofPragmatic"andW.Nash,"TheLanguageofHumor"Andsoonwerecarriedoutonthedifferentaspectsofhumor.ThetheoriesrelatedtohumorinforeigncountriesareKoestler'stheoryofheterogeneousassociation,Raskin'shumoroussemanticscripttheory,AttardoandRaskin'sgeneraltheoryofverbalhumor,Veatch'stheoryofviolationandFauconnierandTurner'sconceptualintegrationtheory.DomesticDomesticresearchonhumorandtheadventuresofHuckleberryFinnismainlyintheformofprsandperiodicals.ThestudyofHuckleberryFinnismainlyfromtheofpragmatics,suchasLinLing’s“ApragmaticStudyofverbalHumorinTheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn,”whichholdthatsecondlanguagelearnersthoughtit’sdifficultforthemtohaveeffectiveinter alcommunicationswithforeigners.However,humorcansolvethisquestionproperly.Exceptfromtheofpragmatics,somelearnersalsofromtheofcooperative,suchasGuoWentao’sHumorin ofCooperativePrinciple-TakingAdventuresofHuckleberryFinnasanexample.Ashumorinvolvesawiderangeofdomestictheoryofhumoronalotoftheory,butsummeduproughlythreecategories:fromthecommunicationpointofview;fromtheofrhetoricalaestheticsasasatire,pun,exaggerationandotherdramaticexpressionofideas,Fromtheofcognitivepragmatics.AsMarkTwain’sthemostfamouswork,HuckleberryFinnwasstudiedbyalotofpeople.Moreover,humorasthemostdistinctcharacteristicofthiswork,wasstillstudiedalot.Andwehavealreadygotagoodunderstandingofthisworkthroughthesestudies.Buttheauthorofthisprthinksthattheforerunnersalwaysputthethreehumortheoriestogether,andmainlyfocusontheintroductionofthem.So,inthispr,theauthorwillpayattentiontooneofthethreetheoriesonly,thatis,theincongruity.ItwillgiveadetailedysisoftheusingofincongruitytheoryinHuckleberryFinnandthehumoreffectsproducedbyit.Inthispart,theauthorwillgiveabriefintroductiontothedefinitionandthreemainfunctionsofhumor.Thekeypointofthispartistheintroductionoftheincongruitytheory.Itwillincludetheorigin,elementsandthedevelopmentofincongruitytheory.Actually,theoriginalmeaningof“humor”isnotwhatwethinktoday.Itwasamedicalwordinancienttime,whieans“fluid”or“moisture”,determiningpeople’smentalandphysicalhealth.Atthattime,humorcanbedividedintofourfluidsinone’sbody,whichcontrolledthedisposition,health,physicalappearanceButastimewentby,humorwasappliedintoliterature.At of16thcentury,theBritishdramatistBenJohnsonrelated“humor”withhistwodramas,EveryManinHisHumor(1598)andEveryManoutofHisHumor(1599),anditindicatedthathumorfounditswayinliterature.Sowhatishumor?Themeaningofhumorvariedfromdifferentfields.Somescholarsthinkthathumorissomethingrelatedtofunniness.Forexample,whenyousaysomeoneishumorous,youmeanheisfunny.Andthisismostacceptablemeaninginmodernsociety.Nashregardshumorasaderivationofculture,institution,attitudes,beliefs,typicalpracticesandcharacteristic.(8:p9)FromMcGhee’spointofview,thenatureofhumoriscomplicatedandmultifacetedanditissomethingnotreal.(7:p2-9)Humorisauniquecharacterofhumanbeings,whichexistsinallnationsandareasintheworld.Inmodernsociety,humorcannotonlybringyouhappiness,butalsomaybringyousomeopportunities.Nowadays,weliveinaworldfulloftensions,indifference,competitionsandlackofsatisfactionandhappiness.Humorleadsusintoarelaxing,comfortableandpleasantenvironmentanditalsohelpsussolvemanyproblemseasily.Followingarethreefunctionsofhumor.,humormakesushappy.Thisisthemostbasicfunctionofhumor.Therearelotsofhumorouspeople,humorousstoriesandactivitiesaroundus.Ourlifemustbeveryboringwithoutthecompanyofhumor.Second,humorcanmakeusrelaxed.Livinginthismodernsociety,youhavemeetdifferentpressurefromallaspects,sothesenseofhumorremindsusofsmilingandgivesusasenseofhappiness.Whenyoumeetsomethingdifficult,humorwillbringyoulotsofcourage.Third,havingasenseofhumorhasabiginfluenceonyour alinteraction.Peopleareinclinedtomakefriendswithsomeonewhohasasenseofhumor,becausetalkingwiththiskindofpeoplemakesyoufeelhowbeautifullifeis.TheIncongruityThereareplentyofhumortheories,butamongallofthemthreeofthemaremostfamous.TheyareSuperiorityTheory,ReliefTheoryandIncongruityTheory.Besides,theIncongruityTheoryisthedominantoneamongthem.Theauthorwillmainlyfocusontheintroductionofincongruitytheoryinthispr.Incongruityisproducedwhentheexpectationisnotinaccordwiththeresults,meanwhile,thehumoreffectisachieved.Foralongtime,manypeopletrytousetheirownwaytoexplaintheincongruitytheory.ItcanbesaidthatAristotleistheonetogivetheexplanation.Hethinksthatlaughtercomesfromtheincongruitybetweenexpectationandtheresults.InRhetoric,Aristotlepresentsthismethodtomakepeoplelaugh.Atthebeginningoftheplay,hegaveaudienceanexpectation,andatlasttheaudiencegotsomethingunexpected,whichmadethemfeelsurprised.InAristotle’sview,incongruitytheorymeansthathumorwillbecreatedatthemomentofrecognizationofincongruitybetweentheexpectationandthefacts.Theexaggeratedself-assessmentisalsoregardedasoneoftheelementstocreateincongruity.ThephilosophyPlatoisconsideredtobethewhomadegreatcontributionstothestudyofincongruitytheory.Heassertsthatamanwholacksofcorrectself-assessmentseemstobefunny.Thesepeoplealwaysthinkthemselvesbetterthanwhattheyreallyareinrealityandsotheythinkhighlyofthemselveswithoverconfidence.Fromtheviewofus,theyaretooridiculouswhiakesuslaugh.WecanseethatPlatothinksthattheoccurrenceofhumorisbecausetheincongruitybetweentheindividual’ssubjectivepointsandtheobjectivefacts,whileAristotleholdsthathumorresultsfromtheincongruitybetweenthecommonexpectationandunexpectedWiththeinfluenceofPlatoandAristotle’sviewofincongruitytheory,lotsof alsogivetheirthoughtsaboutit.ThomasHobbesdevelopedPlato’sview.Hebelievedthathumanbeingisgoingthroughaconstantstruggle,andthewinnermustcometothe wholaughs.Hethinksthatpeoplewillfeelhappyandhaveasenseofsuperioritywhenhefindssomeoneatalowersocialstatusorinferiortohim.So,wecanknowthathemaintainsthatthehumoristheincongruitybetweengloryandordinariness.ImmanuelKantandArthurSchopenhauerholdnearlythesameopinionaboutincongruity.Theyallthinkthatincongruitybetweenexpectationsandresultsisamethodtocauselaughter.Peopleareinclinedtohavewrongjudgementwithwhatwillhappen.Thesurprisingresultsalwaysamusepeopleandthemoreunexpectedthemorefunnythethingis.(18:p12-13)ThephilosopherHenryBergsonalsocontributestothestudyofhumor.Fromhispointofview,hethinksthat“Everycomiceffect,itissaid,impliescontradictioninsomeofitsaspects.Whatmakesuslaughisallegedtobetheabsurdrealizedinconcretesh,a’palpableabsurdity’;－or,again,anapparentabsurdity,whichweswallowthemomentonlytorectifyitimmediayafterwards;－or,betterstill,somethingfromonepointofviewthoughcapableofanaturalexplanationfromanother,etc.”(11:p75)AndafterBergson,SigmundFreudstillcontributesalottothestudyofhumor.Heconcludesthatifweareinatendencytocallforpainful,despairedfeelings,wewillreduceourexpectationstofurtherdevelopmentofourfeelings.Thatistosay,thepleasureofhumorwillbeproducedwhenouraffectbeingdecreased.So,Freud’sdefinitionoftheoriginofthepleasureofhumorisalsobasedonincongruity:theincongruitybetweenexpectationsandresults.Allaboveareaboutdifferentviewsonhumor.Although,theyyzehumorfromdifferents,theyareallatthebasisofincongruitymechanism.Allinall,theessenceofincongruityisthecontrastbetweenthesituationwhatpeopleusuallythinkandtherealitywhatitactuallyis.IncongruityinTheAdventuresofHuckleberryInthenovel,therearelotsofplacesshowincongruity.Thisprwillhaveacarefulexplorationoftheseincongruities,anditwillexploremainlyfromtheincongruityoflanguage,people’sthoughtsandcontext.IncongruityoflanguagesintheAsacenterpartofliterature,languageplaysasignificantroleintheprocessofliterature.MarkTwainmakesgooduseoflanguagetocreateahumorouseffectinHuckleberryFinn.Heuseslotsofvernacularlanguageanddramaticlanguageinthebookandtheseinformallanguagesproduceahumorousphenomenonbyformingincongruitywiththestandardlanguage.VernacularLanguageandStandardAsawell-knownhumorouswriter,MarkTwainmakesgoodemploymentofvernacularlanguageinhisnovels.Vernacularlanguagereferstothenativelanguageinacertainarea,whichconsistsofthreetypesinthisbook.Theyareslang,dialectsandlanguagewithporammar.Tobespecific,slangistheinformallanguagethatisnotsuitableforformaloccasions.Dialectsmeanthatthewordsorexpressionsarebelongingtoaspecificgroupofpeople.Followingaresomeexamplestoindicatethisincongruity.Atthebeginningofthisbook,itsaid:“TheWidowDouglas,shetookmeforherson,andalloweddsivilizeme;butitwasroughlivinginthehouseallthetime,consideringhowdismalregularanddecenttheWidowwasinallherways.”(10:p3)AndatofHuckleberryFinn,itwassaid:“ButIreckonIgottolightoutfortheterritoryaheadoftherest,becauseAuntSallyshe’sgoingtoadoptmeandsiviliseme,andIcan’tstandit.”[10:p5]MarkTwainused“sivilise”twice.Asweallknowthewordshouldbespellingas“civilize”instandardlanguage.Andthespellingof“sivilise”isinadialectfromNegro.It’seasytorealizethattheboywhospeaksNegrodialectisfullofthecoloroflocalpeople.Theincongruityoccurswhenitcomestothestandardlanguagesystem.Thislittleboyuses”sockdolager”todescribethethunder,Whilethewordhasnoconnectionwith“sock”.Throughthisexpression,wecanfeelhisintentiontoescfromtheoldsocialsystem.So,theincongruitybetweendialectsandlanguagecreatesahumorousExceptlittleFinn,hisfather’swordsarealsofilledwithdialectsandslang.Forexample,hesaid“Andlookyhere-youdropthatschool,”and“tobebetter’nwhatheis”.HedescribedHuck’mother”shecould’twrite,nuther.”Weallknowthatthecorrectexpressionsare“look”,“betterand”and“neither”.Throughalltheseusingofinformalwords,wecanfeelasenseofhumor.Andtheuseofthesedialectsproducesanincongruitywithstandardlanguage.Inadditiontothedialectsandslangwidelyusedinthisnovel,thelanguagewithporammarisalsoanothercharacteristicofvernacularlanguage.Forinstance,let’slookathisdescriptionofhisdrunkardfather.“Hewasmostfifty,andhelookedit.Hishairwaslongandtangledandgreasy,andhungdown,andyoucouldseehiseyesshiningthroughlikehewasbehindvines.Itwasallblack,nogray;sowashislong,mixed-upwhiskers.Therewarn’tnocolorinhisface,wherehisfaceshowed;itwaswhite;notlikeanotherman’swhite,butawhitetomakeabodysick,awhitetomakeabody’sfleshcraw-atree-toadwhite,afish-bellywhite.Asforhisclothes-justrags,thatwasall.Hehadoneanklerestingon’totherknee;thebootonthatfootwasbusted,andtwoofhistoesstuckthrough,andheworkedthemnowandthen.Hishatwaslayingonthefloor;anoldblackslouthwiththetopcavedin,likealid.”Inthisdescription,wecaneasilyfoundsomegrammarerrorsinhisexpression:“most”shouldbe“almost”,“laying”shouldbe“lying”,“slouth”shouldbe“slouch”,“like”shouldbe“asif”and“was”shouldbe“were”.DramaticLanguageandStandardAnotherwell-usedlanguageinthisnovelisdramaticlanguage.Theuseofdramaticlanguagealsoformsacontrastbetweenpeople’sexpectationandtherealending.Forexample,theaudience’sreactiontotheKingandtheDube’sperformanceisover-excited.MarkTwainusessomedramaticlanguagetodescribetheirexcitement,suchas”roared”,“clapped”and“stormed”.Theirreactionisveryabnormal.Butjustthisabnormalreactioncreatesanincongruitywithreader’sexpectation.Thisincongruityappropriayproducesasenseofhumor.DramaticlanguagealsousedbylittleHuckwhenhehadtogotothechurch.Inhisheart,hedidn’tbelieveinGodandhewouldratherdosomethinggoodin