考研考博-英语-三峡电力职业学院押题密卷附带答案详解篇

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-三峡电力职业学院押题密卷附带答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第壹套一.全考点押题密卷-综合训练(共50题)1.单选题

1.

问题1选项

A.Acough.

B.Diarrhea.

C.Afever.

D.Vomiting.

【答案】B

【解析】M:What’sthematterwiththislittleboy?

W:Hehasachestycoughallthetime.Histemperatureishigh.Andhekeepstellingmehewantstobesick.

M:Doeshebringanythingup?

W:No,becausehehasbeenoffhisfoodforthepasttwodays.Hejustbringsup(呕吐)bile(胆汁).

Q:Whichofthefollowingisnottheboy’ssymptom?

【解析】细节题。根据对话可知，小男孩咳嗽，发烧，并且恶心，呕吐。故选B。

2.单选题

Onescientificdiscipline,duringitsearlystagesofdevelopment,isoftenrelatedtoanotherasanantithesistoitsthesis.Thethesisdisciplinetendtoconcernitselfwithdiscoveryandclassificationofphenomena,toofferholisticexplanationsemphasizingpatternandform,andtouseexistingtheorytoexplainthewidestpossiblerangeofphenomena.Thepairedorantidiscipline,ontheotherhand,canbecharacterizedbyamorefocusedapproach,concentratingontheunitsofconstruction,andbyabeliefthatthedisciplinecanbereformulatedintermsoftheissuesandexplanationsoftheantidiscipline.

Therelationshipofcytology(cellbiology)tobiochemistryinthelatenineteenthcentury,whenbothdisciplinesweregrowingatarapidpace,exemplifiessuchapattern.Researchersincellbiologyfoundmountingevidenceofanintricatecellarchitecture.Theyalsodeducedthemysteriouschoreographyofthechromosomesduringcelldivision.Manybiochemists,ontheotherhand,remainedskepticaloftheideathatsomuchstructureexisted,arguingthatthechemicalreactionsthatoccurincytologicalpreparationsmightcreatetheappearanceofsuchstructures.Also,theystoodapartfromthedebatethenragingoverwhetherprotoplasm,thecomplexoflivingmaterialwithinacell,ishomogeneous,networklike,granular,orfoamlike.Theirinterestlayinthecore“fundamental”issuesofthechemicalnatureofprotoplasm,especiallythenewlyformulatedenzymetheoryoflife.

Ingeneral,biochemistsjudgedcytologiststobetooignorantofchemistrytograspthebasicprocesses,whereascytologistsconsideredthemethodsofbiochemistsinadequatetocharacterizethestructuresofthelivingcell.TherenewalofMendeliangeneticsand,later,progressinchromosomemappingdidlittleatfirsttoeffectasynthesis.

Bothsideswereessentiallycorrect.Biochemistryhasmorethanjustifieditsextravagantearlyclaimsbyexplainingsomuchofthecellularmachinery.Butinachievingthisfeat(mostlysince1950)ithasbeenpartiallytransformedintothehewdisciplineofmolecularbiology—biochemistiythatdealswithspatialarrangementsandmovementsoflargemolecules.Atthesametimecytologyhasmetamorphosedintomodemcellularbiology.Aidedbyelectronmicroscopy,ithasbecomemoresimilarinlanguageandoutlooktomolecularbiology.Theinteractionofadisciplineanditsantidisciplinehasmovedbothsciencestowardasynthesis,namelymoleculargenetics.

Thisinteractionbetweenpaireddisciplinescanhaveimportantresults.Inthecaseoflatenineteenth-centurycellresearch,progresswasfueledbycompetitionamongthevariousattitudesandissuesderivedfromcellbiologyandbiochemistiyJosephFuton,abiochemist,hassuggestedthatsuchcompetitionandtheresultingtensionsamongresearchersareaprincipalsourceofvitalityand“arelikelytoleadtounexpectedandexcitingnoveltiesinthefuture,astheyhaveinthepast.”

1.Whichoneofthefollowingbeststatesthecentralideaofthepassage?

2.Thepassagestatesthatinthelatenineteenthcenturycytologistsdeducedthe（

）.

3.Accordingtothepassage,cytologistsinthelatenineteenthcenturywerecriticalofthecellresearchofbiochemistsbecausecytologistsbelievedthat（

）.

4.Whichoneofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthematerialpresentedinthepassage?

问题1选项

A.Antitheticalscientificdisciplinescanbothstimulateandhinderoneanother’sresearchincomplexways.

B.Antitheticalscientificdisciplinesofteninteractwithoneanotherinwaysthatcanbehighlyuseful.

C.Asdisciplinessuchascytologyandbiochemistryadvance,theirinteractionnecessarilyleadstoasynthesisoftheirapproaches.

D.Cellresearchinthelatenineteenthcenturywasplaguedbydisagreementsbetweencytologistsandbiochemists.

问题2选项

A.mapsofchromosomes

B.sequenceofthemovementofchromosomesduringcelldivision

C.spatialrelationshipofmoleculeswithinthecell

D.roleofenzymesinbiologicalprocesses

问题3选项

A.themethodsofbiochemistrycouldnotadequatelydiscoverandexplainthestructuresoflivingcells

B.themethodsofbiochemistrywereinadequatetoaccountforallofthechemicalreactionsthatoccurredincytologicalpreparations

C.biochemistswerenotinterestedinthenatureofprotoplasm

D.biochemistsweretooignorantofcytologytounderstandthebasicprocessesofthecell

问题4选项

A.Anaccountofaprocessisgiven,andthenthereasonforitsoccurrenceisstated.

B.Asetofexamplesisprovidedandthenaconclusionisdrawnfromthem.

C.Ageneralpropositionisstated,andthenanexampleisgiven.

D.Astatementofprinciplesismade,andthenarationaleforthemisdebated.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:C

【解析】1.主旨大意题。本文首段先提出对立的思维和论文对学科的发展很重要，接着以细胞和生物化的关系对生物学发展的影响为论据进行论述，最后得出结论说明竞争观点的共同研究对学科发展的重要性，所以B选项‘对立的科学学科经常以非常有用的方式相互作用’正确。

2.细节事实题。根据原文“Theyalsodeducedthemysteriouschoreographyofthechromosomesduringcelldivision.Manybiochemists,ontheotherhand,remainedskepticaloftheideathatsomuchstructureexisted,arguingthatthechemicalreactionsthatoccurincytologicalpreparationsmightcreatetheappearanceofsuchstructures.另一方面，许多生物化学家对存在如此多的结构持怀疑态度，他们认为细胞学制剂中发生的化学反应可能会产生这样的结构。”分析两种科学家的观点，细胞生物学家推染色体的神秘编排，而生化学家认为细胞内复杂的物质和原生质之间可能存在化学反应等，可以得知B选项‘染色体在细胞分裂过程中运动的序列’正确。同时可知15题答案为A。

3.细节事实题。根据原文：'Theyalsodeducedthemysteriouschoreographyofthechromosomesduringcelldivision.Manybiochemists,ontheotherhand,remainedskepticaloftheideathatsomuchstructureexisted,arguingthatthechemicalreactionsthatoccurincytologicalpreparationsmightcreatetheappearanceofsuchstructures.Also,theystoodapartfromthedebatethenragingoverwhetherprotoplasm,thecomplexoflivingmaterialwithinacell,ishomogeneous.Networklike,granular,orfoamlike.Theirinterestlayincore“fundamental”issuesofthechemicalnatureofprotoplasm,especiallythenewlyformulatedenzymetheoryoflife.另一方面，许多生物化学家对存在如此多的结构持怀疑态度，他们认为细胞学制剂中发生的化学反应可能会产生这样的结构。同时，他们也远离了当时关于原生质(细胞内活物质的复合体)是否均匀的激烈争论。网状、粒状或泡沫状。他们的兴趣在于原生质化学性质的核心基本问题，特别是新形成的生命酶理论。”分析两种科学家的观点，细胞生物学家推染色体的神秘编排，而生化学家认为细胞内复杂的物质和原生质之间可能存在化学反应等，可以得知A选项‘生物化学方法不能充分发现和解释活细胞的结构’正确。

4.析推理判断题。本文釆取提出观点——引用论据说一一得出结论的结构，文中列举细胞学家和生化学家的实例对提出的观点进行阐述，所以C选项‘给出了一个命题，并给出了一个实例’正确。

3.单选题

（）forthetimelyinvestmentfromthegeneralpublic,ourcompanywouldnotbeasthrivingasitis.

问题1选项

A.Haditnotbeen

B.Beitnot

C.Wereitnot

D.Shoulditnotbe

【答案】A

【解析】考査虚拟语气。虚拟条件句是过去时，从句中吋态应往前推，为过去完成时。本句省略了if，所以需要将助动词had提前。所以选项A正确。

4.不定项选择题

Nuclearpowersupplies5%oftheworld’senergyfrommorethan400plants.ButwiththeexceptionofFranceandJapan,therichworldhasstoppedorderingnewreactors.Atechnologythatwasoncedeemedbothcleanand“toocheaptometer”hasprovedtotheneither.Theindustry’schiefhopenowrestsonthepoorworld.WesternfirmswithreactorstosellwillbeflockingtoTokyoonOctober8thfortheWorldEnergyCongress,agiantconferencefortheenergybusiness.Asia,whereelectricitydemandfromdevelopingcountriesisgrowingat8%ayear,willbeoneveryone’slips.NewreactorsareplannedinChina,Taiwan,Indonesia,SouthKorea,PakistanandIndia.Itisgoodnewsforthereactorvendors;butthesecountriesaremakingamistake.

Theeconomicargumentsforbuildingnewnuclearplantsareflawed.Themarginalcostsofgeneratingelectricityfromnuclearmaybetiny,butasthetechnologynowstands,hugeanduncertaincostsareinvolvedinbuildingthepowerstations,dealingwithspentfuel,anddecommissioning.Manywesterngovernmentswhichsangnuclei’spraisesnowadmitthatgasandhydropowercanproducecheaperelectricity.

Theeconomicsofnuclearpowerinthepoorworldcouldprovetotheworsestill.Asintherichworld,fossilfuelssuchasgasandcoalareinvariablycheaper.InChinathecasefornuclearpowermaybealittlestrongerasdomesticreservesofcoal—thoughhuge—arelocatedfarfromsomeareasofgrowingelectricitydemand.Butmostdevelopingcountriesarestrappedforcashandneedtoincreaseelectricitysupplyquicklytomeetsoaringdemand.Nuclearplantsfailonbothcounts:theyarehugelycapital-intensive,andcantakeaslongastenyearstobuild.

Thosestillcharmedbynuclearpowernowadaysmakethreenewargumentsinitsfavor:thatitisadefenseagainstclimatechange,againstanotherOPEC-administeredoilshock,andagainsttheinevitableexhaustionoffossilfuels.Nonebearscloseexamination.

1.Nuclearpowerhasprovedtobe________.

2.Nuclearreactors________.

3.Theauthorseemstosuggestthat________.

4.Accordingtothearticle,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

5.BuildingnuclearplantsmayinvolveallofthefollowingEXCEPT________.

6.Theadvantagesnotedbythosefornuclearpower________.

问题1选项

A.indispensable

B.expensive

C.economical

D.competitive

问题2选项

A.haveceasedtogointooperation

B.areassumedtosellinAsia

C.keepthefavoroftherichworld

D.arerejectedbyFranceandJapan

问题3选项

A.buildinganuclearpowerstationwillnottaketoomuchtime

B.westerncountriesrefusedtobuyanynuclearreactors

C.nuclearreactorsareingreatdemandindevelopingcountries

D.nuclearpoweriscostlytotherichworld,letalonetothepoorworld

问题4选项

A.Chinawilldenyitselftothecompleteuseofnuclearpower.

B.Chinaissupposedtousenuclearpowertoadegree.

C.Theargumentsinfavorofbuildingnuclearpowerarejustifiable.

D.Mostdevelopingcountriesarenotpressedforeithertimeormoney.

问题5选项

A.laborintensiveness

B.hugecapitalinvestment

C.longperiodoftime

D.pollution

问题6选项

A.areutterlygroundless

B.areapprovedunquestionable

C.arefullytestified

D.aresubjecttoexamination

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:B

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:A

第6题:D

【解析】第1题:事实细节题。由题干，我们可以定位到文章第一段第三句Atechnologythatwasoncedeemedbothcleanand“toocheaptometer”hasprovedtotheneither.（这项曾经被认为清洁又便宜的技术，现在被证明两者都没有），A选项“不可替代的”，文章没有提及，而且不符合逻辑；B选项“昂贵”，以前觉得清洁又便宜，但是这种想法已经被推翻了，所以是既不清洁又很贵，答案选B；C选项“economical”（经济的）和cheap是同义词；D选项“有竞争力的”，文章没有提及，所以排除。

第2题:事实细节题。由题干，我们可以定位到第一段第二句ButwiththeexceptionofFranceandJapan,therichworldhasstoppedorderingnewreactors.（但是除了法国和日本，发达国家已经停止订购新的反应堆。）由此可知反应堆仍然有人在用，而且法国和日本也没有拒绝使用反应堆，A选项“人们停止使用反应堆”和D选项“被日本和法国禁止使用”排除。第一段第四句Theindustry’schiefhopenowrestsonthepoorworld.（现在这个行业的主要希望就是不发达国家了），以及第一段倒数第二、三句话Asia,whereelectricitydemandfromdevelopingcountriesisgrowingat8%ayear,willbeoneveryone’slips.NewreactorsareplannedinChina,Taiwan,Indonesia,SouthKorea,PakistanandIndia.（在亚洲，发展中国家的电力需求以每年8%的速度增长，这将成为每个人谈论的话题。中国大陆、中国台湾、印尼、韩国、巴基斯坦和印度都计划建设新的核反应堆。），由此可见反应堆的销售者不会偏向地选择富裕国家，因为他们把希望寄托在了不发达国家。所以C选项“反应堆（销售者）仍然倾向于富裕国家”错误；而在发展中国家中打算建立核电站的都是亚洲国家，所以答案是B选项“都准备销往亚洲”。

第3题:推理判断题，定位到第三段最后一句Nuclearplantsfailonbothcounts:theyarehugelycapital-intensive,andcantakeaslongastenyearstobuild.（核电站在这两个方面都做不到：建造它需要大量资金，而且可能需要长达十年的时间来建设。），所以A选项“建核电站不耗费时间”错误；第一段第二句ButwiththeexceptionofFranceandJapan,therichworldhasstoppedorderingnewreactors.（但是除了法国和日本，发达国家已经停止订购新的反应堆。），所以B选项“西方国家拒绝购买任何反应堆”错误，因为日本和法国是发达国家；第一段倒数第二、三句话Asia,whereelectricitydemandfromdevelopingcountriesisgrowingat8%ayear,willbeoneveryone’slips.NewreactorsareplannedinChina,Taiwan,Indonesia,SouthKorea,PakistanandIndia.（在亚洲，发展中国家的电力需求以每年8%的速度增长，这将成为每个人谈论的话题。中国大陆、中国台湾、印尼、韩国、巴基斯坦和印度都计划建设新的核反应堆），由此可知C选项“发展中国家对核反应堆有大量需求”错误，对核反应堆有大量需求的都是亚洲发展中国家，而不是全部发展中国家；第三段第一句话：Theeconomicsofnuclearpowerinthepoorworldcouldprovetotheworsestill.（核能在不发达国家的经济效益可能会更不好。）这句是D选项“核电在发达国家都不便宜更何况发展中国家”的同义替换，所以答案选D。

第4题:推理判断题。第三段第四句InChinathecasefornuclearpowermaybealittlestrongerasdomesticreservesofcoal—thoughhuge—arelocatedfarfromsomeareasofgrowingelectricitydemand.（在中国，尽管煤炭储量巨大，但在电力需求不断增长的偏远地区，对使用核电的可能性更大一些），从这里可以看出中国并不会完全反对核能源的运用反而打算去建立核电站来解决偏远地区的用电问题。所以B选项“中国打算在某种程度上使用核能”正确；最后一段Thosestillcharmedbynuclearpowernowadaysmakethreenewargumentsinitsfavor…,Nonebearscloseexamination.（那些至今仍支持核能的人提出了三个支持核能的新论点……，没有一个（论点）经受了最近的检验）从这可以看出支持核的运用的新论点还没有被人验证过的，不能说正确还是不合理，所以排除C选项“支持建立核电站的论点是合理的”。第三段倒数第二句话Butmostdevelopingcountriesarestrappedforcashandneedtoincreaseelectricitysupplyquicklytomeetsoaringdemand.（但大多数发展中国家资金短缺，需要迅速增加电力供应以满足不断飙升的需求），从这句话可知发展中国家缺钱，所以D选项“发展中国家不会被金钱或者时间限制”错误；A选项“中国将拒绝完全使用核能。”，文章没有提及。

第5题:事实细节题。从题干我们定位到第三段最后一句话Nuclearplantsfailonbothcounts:theyarehugelycapital-intensive,andcantakeaslongastenyearstobuild.（核电站两者都不占：它们既是资本密集型又得花费长达十年的时间来建设），所以B选项“大量资金投入”，C选项“时间长”是对的，固而排除；定位到文章第一段第三句“Atechnologythatwasoncedeemedbothcleanand‘toocheaptometer’hasprovedtotheneither.（这项曾经被认为清洁又便宜的技术，现在被证明两者都没有）”以前被人认为又清洁又便宜的核能现在被证明两者都不占，所以建核电站肯定是涉及污染问题的；D选项“污染”也可以排除，A选项“劳动密集”是整篇文章都没提及的，而且根据常识，核电站一般是技术密集型产业，所以答案选A。

第6题:事实细节题。句意是，那些被支持核电的人所提到优点。A选项“完全站不住脚”；B选项“被证明是有道理的”；C选项“被完全证明了”；D选项“还需要接受验证”。B，C选项意思相同，固而可以排除。定位到最后一段：Thosestillcharmedbynuclearpowernowadaysmakethreenewargumentsinitsfavor…,Nonebearscloseexamination.（那些至今仍支持核能的人提出了三个支持核能的新论点……，没有一个（论点）经受了最近的检验），这里可知答案选D，因为还没有检验过所以并不知道这些论点站不站得住脚。所以选项A排除。

5.单选题

Asmoreandmorepeoplepaytheirbillselectronicallyon-line,writingoutcheckseverymonthisslowlybecominga(n)______practice.

问题1选项

A.obsolete

B.contemporary

C.novel

D.antique

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项obsolete“废弃的，过时的”，B项contemporary“发生（属）于同时期的，当代的”，C项novel“新奇的，异常的”，D项antique“古老的，年代久远的”。由paytheirbillselectronicallyon-line（网上支付账单）和writingoutchecks（开具支票）对应可知，______practice表示“过时的做法”。句意：随着越来越多的人在线支付他们的账单，每月开具支票慢慢地成为一种过时的做法。因此，该题选择A项。

6.单选题

Thisemphasisonan"English"traditionhascomeundercontinuousattackduringthelasttwentyyearsorso;duringtheirundergraduatetrainingmanyyoungteachersofEnglishwillhavediscussedtheassumptionsthatunderliesuchconcernforourcultural（）.

问题1选项

A.inhabitants

B.heritage

C.inheritors

D.hereditary

【答案】B

【解析】名词词义辨析。inhabitant“居民”，heritage“遗产；传统；继承权”，inheritor“继承人；后继者”，hereditary“遗传类”。句意：在他们的本科培训中，许多年轻的英语老师将讨论这些假设，这些假设是我们对文化传统关心的基础。选项B符合题意。

7.单选题

Onlyunderspecialcircumstances（）totakemake-uptests.

问题1选项

A.arefreshmenpermitted

B.freshmenarepermitted

C.permittedarefreshmen

D.arepermittedfreshmen

【答案】A

【解析】语法题。考查部分倒装。副词only位于句首时，后面部分应用部分倒装结构：助动词/系动词+主语+谓语动词/表语。因此A项正确。

8.单选题

Whatyousaynowisnot（

）withwhatyousaidlastweek.

问题1选项

A.persistent

B.insistent

C.permanent

D.consistent

【答案】D

【解析】句意:你现在说的话与你上星期说过的话不一致。

考查形容词辨析。Persistent坚持的,固执的;insistent坚持的,迫切的;permanent永久的,持久的;consistent始终如一的,持续的。因此D符合句意。

9.单选题

TheshuttleColumbiawasdoomedinpartbecauseNASAreliedonflawedcomputersimulationsandmathematicalformulasthatfailedtoaccuratelypredictdamagetotheshuttlefromflyingpiecesoffoam,documentsreleasedbythespaceagencyandthegroupinvestigatingtheaccidentshow.

NuclearandaviationindustrysafetyexpertswhoarefamiliarwiththesortsofanalysesNASAusedsayspaceagencyofficialswerewrongtorelyonthesimulationstogaugerisks.Instead,theexpertssay,theyshouldhaveperformedtestsonshuttlecomponentstodeterminethedamagethatfoamfromthefueltankmightdotoitswing.

Thesesimulationsandformulassomedonebeforethelaunch,othersdoneduringthemissionoftenwerebasedonerroneousassumptionsabouttheabilityoftheshuttletowithstanddamage.NASAmanagersassumeditwassafeforColumbiatoreturntoEartheventhoughfoamhadstruckthewing.

Thefoamhittheleftwing82secondsafterliftoffandbrokethroughoneofthecarbonpanelsdesignedtoprotectthewingsfromtheintenseheatofre-entry.Columbiabrokeapartasitre-enteredEarth’satmosphereonFeb.1.Allsevenastronautswerekilled.

Today,theColumbiaAccidentInvestigationBoardWillissueitsfindingsonwhatcausedtheaccident.Inadditiontodetailinghowtheblowfromthefoamledtothebreak-up,theboardwilldocumenthowdecisionsbyNASAmanagersunderestimatedtheperilColumbiafacedandhowtheyignoredwarnings,accordingtopreviouspublicstatementsfromboardmembers.

Theindependentboard’sreportalsoisexpectedtofindthattheNASAsafetyofficewasineffectiveandunderfunded.

AmongtheareastobediscussedisNASA’srelianceoncomputersimulationsandmathematicalmodels.Beforethemission—andagainafterfuzzyphotosshowedthefoamhadhitColumbia’swing-simulationsandotheranalysesledtopoordecisionsbyNASAmanagers,documentsshow.ThesimulationsappeartohaveblindedthemtodangersignalsaboutfoamonearlierflightsandledthemtodramaticallyunderestimatethethreattoColumbia.Theindependentboard’sreportalsoisexpectedtofindthattheNASAsafetyofficewasineffectiveandunderfunded.

Inonecase,duringtheColumbiamission,atleast75shuttleexpertswithNASAanditscontractorsweresoconcernedaboutthepoorqualityofdatainananalysistheywerepreparingthattheyrecommendedtakingphotosoftheshuttleinspace,sourcessay.Thosephotoscouldhaveshownwhetherfoamhaddamagedtheleftwing.

Instead,NASAmanagerstrustedtheanalysisthattheexpertssaidwassoflawed.Theanalysiswronglyestimatedwherethefoamhitandconcludedthattheshuttlehadnotsustainedsignificantdamage.HadNASAknowntheextentofthedamage,theagencymighthavelaunchedarescuemissiontotrytosaveColumbia’screw.

EngineersconnectedtotheanalysissaytheyareangryandpuzzledthatNASAwouldnotseekphotosfromsatellitesortelescopes.NASAmanagerssaytheywerenottoldofthelimitationsoncomputersimulationsandanalyses.

Bynecessity,NASAreliesheavilyoncomputermodelsandotheranalysistoolstoprovidecluesaboutwhathappenstotheshuttlefromlaunchuntilre-entry.Itcannoteasilyrecreatetheextremetemperaturesofspaceinalab.Usedproperly,suchanalysescanimprovesafety.Indeed,analysistechniquesroutinelyhelpdesignsaferjetwingsandnuclearplants.

Butsafetyexpertsinhigh-riskindustriessaythey’velearnedthehardwaymathematicalformulasandcomputersimulationscannotfullymimicnature.SeveralmajoraviationcrashesandtheThreeMileIslandnuclearaccidentwerecausedbypooranalyses,expertssay.

“Youneedtotakeintoaccounttheuncertainties”saysElizabethPate-Cornell,chairmanofthemanagementsciencesandengineeringdepartmentatStanfordUniversity.“It’stheoldstory:garbagein,garbageout.”

AsColumbiaorbited,engineerserroneouslyconcludedthefoamcouldnotdamagethewing’scarbonpanels.Theanalysiswasbasedonearliertestsofsmallicepelletshittingthepanels.Butthosetestscouldnotpredictwhetheralargechunkoffoamwouldcausedamage.

AcomputerprogramknownasCrater,whichengineersusedtopredictwhetherthefoamdamagedtheceramictilesbeneathColumbia’swing,hadnotbeendesignedtoaccountforimpactsfromlargepiecesoffoam.

1.Nuclearandaviationsafetyexperts（）.

2.Intheauthorsopinion,NASAmanagers（）.

3.TheColumbiaAccidentInvestigationBoardwillissueitsfindingswithregardtothefollowingEXCEPT（）.

4.NASAmanagersmadepoordecisionsbecausetheydidNOT（）.

5.Safetyexpertsinhigh-riskindustriesindicatethatcomputersimulations（）.

问题1选项

A.knowverywellthesortsofanalysesmadebyNASAmanagers

B.indicatethatspaceagencyofficialsreliedonthewronganalyses

C.believethatspaceagencyofficialsshouldhavemademoresimulations

D.stronglycriticizespaceagencyofficialsforbeingunscrupulous

问题2选项

A.madewronghypothesisconclusionsaboutthesafetyofColumbia

B.infactknewclearlywhatkindofdangerColumbiawouldface

C.feltitdifficulttopredictwhatmighthappentoColumbiaasitreturnedtoEarth

D.didnotrealizethattheleftwingofColumbiawashitbythefoamafterliftoff

问题3选项

A.whytheshuttlebrokeapartasitreturnedtoEarth

B.howthefoamhittingtheleftwingcausedtheaccident

C.howdecisionsbyNASAmanagersweremade

D.howNASAmanagersmisunderstooddangersignals

问题4选项

A.getallthefindingsofdataanalyses

B.knowtheshuttlehadsignificantdamage

C.getalongwellwithshuttleexpert

D.trusttheanalysisproducedbysimulation

问题5选项

A.arenotreliableatall

B.yieldedpooranalyses

C.haveseverelimitations

D.shouldbeabandoned

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:D

第5题:C

【解析】1.细节事实题。由题干可定位到文章第二段第一句话“NuclearandaviationindustrysafetyexpertswhoarefamiliarwiththesortsofanalysesNASAusedsayspaceagencyofficialswerewrongtorelyonthesimulationstogaugerisks.（熟悉NASA使用的分析的核能和航空安全专家说，航天局官员错误地依赖模拟来衡量风险。）”。A选项“非常了解NASA管理人员所做的各种分析”文中没有提到；B选项“指出太空总署官员依赖错误的分析”正确；C选项“认为太空总署的官员应该做更多的模拟”没有直接在文中明说；D选项“强烈批评航天局官员的肆无忌惮”文中没有提到，因此B选项正确。

2.作者意图题。由题干可定位到第三段第一句话“Thesesimulationsandformulassomedonebeforethelaunch,othersdoneduringthemissionoftenwerebasedonerroneousassumptionsabouttheabilityoftheshuttletowithstanddamage.（这些模拟和公式，有些是在发射前完成的，而在任务期间所做的其他模拟和公式往往是基于对航天飞机承受损害能力的错误假设。）”。A选项“对哥伦比亚号的安全性做出错误的假设结论”正确；B选项“事实上很清楚哥伦比亚将面临什么样的危险”说法错误，管理人员低估了自己的错误对哥伦比亚号造成的危险；C选项“觉得很难预测哥伦比亚号返回地球时会发生什么”说法错误，管理人员觉得哥伦比亚号能安全返回地球；D选项“没有意识到哥伦比亚号的左翼在升空后被泡沫击中”说法错误，管理人员预测到了，只是他们错误地评估了航天飞机的承伤能力，因此A选项正确。

3.细节事实题。由题干定位到文中第五段“Today,theColumbiaAccidentInvestigationBoardWillissueitsfindingsonwhatcausedtheaccident.Inadditiontodetailinghowtheblowfromthefoamledtothebreak-up,theboardwilldocumenthowdecisionsbyNASAmanagersunderestimatedtheperilColumbiafacedandhowtheyignoredwarnings,accordingtopreviouspublicstatementsfromboardmembers.（今天，哥伦比亚事故调查委员会将发布事故原因的调查结果。根据此前董事会成员公开声明，除了详细说明泡沫的打击如何导致分解外，委员会还将记录NASA管理人员如何低估哥伦比亚面临的危险以及他们如何忽视警告。）”。A选项“为什么航天飞机在返回地球时分裂了”；B选项“泡沫是如何撞击左翼造成事故的”；C选项“NASA管理者是如何做出决定的”都在文中提到过，只有D选项“NASA管理者如何误解危险信号”没有提到，因此D选项正确。

4.判断推理题。由题干可定位到文中第八、九段。文中说到安全专家非常担心他们准备的分析数据的质量太低，他们建议在太空中给航天飞机拍照，然而管理人员相信自己的实验数据，所以引发了事故。A选项“得到所有数据分析的结果”；B选项“知道航天飞机有严重的损坏”；C选项“与航天飞机专家相处融洽”都不符合原文，D选项“相信模拟产生的分析”正确，因此D选项正确。

5.判断推理题。由题干可定位到文中第十段“NASAmanagerssaytheywerenottoldofthelimitationsoncomputersimulationsandanalyses.（美国宇航局的管理人员说，他们没有被告知计算机模拟和分析的局限性。）”和第十二段“Butsafetyexpertsinhigh-riskindustriessaythey’velearnedthehardwaymathematicalformulasandcomputersimulationscannotfullymimicnature.（但高风险行业的安全专家说，他们已经学到了数学公式和计算机模拟无法完全模拟自然的艰难方法。）”。由此可知计算机模拟无法完全模拟自然危险，因此具有局限性。A选项“完全不可靠”；B选项“产生不良分析”和D选项“应该被废弃”都不正确，C选项“有严重的局限性”符合题意，因此C选项正确。

10.单选题

Duringtheconstructionofskyscrapers,cranesareusedto（

）buildingmaterialstotheupperfloors.

问题1选项

A.toss

B.tow

C.hoist

D.hurl

【答案】C

【解析】toss投掷，颠簸，摇匀；tow拖，拽，牵引；hoist吊起，升起；hurl丢下，用力投掷。句意：在摩天大楼的建造过程中，起重机被用来把建筑材料吊到较高的楼层。选项C符合句意。

11.单选题

Itisreportedthatthirtypeoplewerekilledina（）ontherailwayyesterday.

问题1选项

A.collision

B.collaboration

C.corrosion

D.confrontation

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词辨析。A项collision“碰撞，冲突”，B项collaboration“合作”，C项corrosion“腐蚀”，D项confrontation“对抗，面对”。把四个选项分别代入句子中，可知只有collision符合。句意：据报道，昨天有30人在铁路相撞中丧生。因此，该题选择A项正确。

12.单选题

Manycountrieshavenowsucceededin（

）themalarialmosquito.

问题1选项

A.erasing

B.eradicating

C.abolishing

D.demolishing

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。erase意为“清除，消除，擦掉”，多指清除债务，记忆等；eradicate意为“摧毁，完全根除”，强调彻底清楚；abolish意为“废除，废止”，一般指废除有关习俗、制度、法律、制度等；demolish意为“摧毁，拆毁”，多指拆掉建筑物。

句意：许多国家现已成功根除疟疾蚊子。

13.单选题

Nick’snewnovelprovesheisn’t