考研考博-英语-南京森林警察学院押题密卷附带答案详解篇

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-南京森林警察学院押题密卷附带答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第壹套一.全考点押题密卷-综合训练(共50题)1.单选题

Thehistoryoffilmreflectsthe（

）inherentinthemediumitself:filmcombinesstillphotographstorepresentcontinuousmotionand,whileseemingtopresentlifeitself,canalsoofferimpossibleanddreamlikeunrealities.

问题1选项

A.trivialities

B.biases

C.constraints

D.paradoxes

【答案】D

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。triviality“浅薄，轻浮，琐事”；bias“偏见，偏爱”；constraint“约束，局促”；paradox“悖论，反论，似非而是的论点，自相矛盾的人或事”。句意：电影的历史反映了这种媒体本身具备的矛盾：电影将静止的照片结合在一起区别表现连续的动作，而当呈现生活时，也经常提供一些不可能的和不真实的东西。选项D符合题意。

2.单选题

Thisleadsrecordcompaniestotreatmusiciansascontractedartistswhoarenotpaidafixedsumfortheirlabor-time,butinsteadreceiveroyaltiesin（

）totheirsuccess.

问题1选项

A.addition

B.relation

C.percentage

D.proportion

【答案】D

【解析】考查固定搭配。句意：这导致唱片公司把音乐家当成签约艺术家，他们无法获得固定的工资，但是当他们成功后可以获得一定比例的版税。inproportionto“与某事物成比例”，因此选项D符合题意。

3.填空题

The（1）overDavosweresaid

（2）

havedarkenedlastweekas1,700privatejetsdeliveredtheworld'selitetoitsannualconvention.Youcanpicture

（3）

moment:ashepherd’schildonanAlpinemountainpointing

（4）

one,thentwo,thenavast

（5）

ofhawk-likeaircraftmaterializingwiththeirconsignmentofpowerbrokers,roaringoverheadasthesheepscatterin

（6）

.

（7）

isawesomesceneofinequality.The

（8）

reportedfigureof1,700jetsisafantasy.FinancialjournalistFelixSalmonhasdonethelegworkandestimatedtheactual

（9）

tobeabout200.So

（10）

wastheinflatedfiguresoeagerlybelieved?

Theanswer

（11）

inthepowerfulholdofprivatejettravel

（12）

thepopularimagination.Itistheultimatesymbolofwealth,more

（13）

thanmansionsorlimousinesorthe

humblehelicopter.Itprovokesresentment;yetitisalsoglamorousandexciting.Private

（14）

excitethenon-privatejet-flyingclasseseven

（15）

offendingthem.Theresultisacombustiblecombinationofmoralismanddesire.

InSwedenoutragerunshigh

（16）

themisuseofcorporatejetsbydirectorsof

（17）

conglomerate,Industrivarden.Familieswereflown

（

18）

tripsabroad;aplanewassenttoStockholm

（19）

anabsent-mindedindustrialistforgothiswallet.Theresultisoneofthebiggest

（20）

scandalsinSwedishhistory.

【答案】1.考查上下文语义。根据谓语动词were可知前面的主语为复数形式，及后面的havedarkened（变暗）和privatejets（私人飞机）可知此处表示达沃斯上面的天空，填skies。

试题答案：skies

2.考查介词搭配。besaidto意为“据说”。

试题答案：to

3.考查冠词。the可以表示特指，themoment表示特指这个时候。

试题答案：the

4.考查介词搭配。pointat意为“指向”，一般表示指向较远的事物、方向。

试题答案：at

5.考查上下文语义。一大群像鹰一样的飞机，afleetofaircraft意为“一对飞机”。

试题答案：fleet

6.考查上下文语义。此处表示羊群被飞机轰鸣的声音吓得散开，inpanic意为“惊慌，恐慌”。

试题答案：panic

7.考查therebe句型。therebe句型表示“某处存在某物或某人”。

试题答案：There

8.考查上下文语义。reportedfigure意为“报道的数量”，根据句意此处表示有许多的报道，figure为单数形式，故用much来修饰。

试题答案：much

9.考查上下文语义。根据前面的estimated（估计）和后面的数据200可知此处表示总数，totalto意为“总计”。

试题答案：total

10.考查上下文语义。根据句末的“？”和下一段句首的theanswer（答案）可知此处疑问词应用why（为什么）。

试题答案：Why

11.考查固定搭配。根据answer及后面所解释的原因，此处表达答案在于……liesin意为“在于”。

试题答案：lies

12.考查介词搭配。此处表示“符合大众的想象”，on作介词时，可意为“靠，凭借”。

试题答案：on

13.考查固定搭配。moresothan意为“与……相比更为……”，此句意为：它是财富的终极象征，远远超过了豪宅、豪华轿车或小型直升机。

试题答案：so

14.考查上下文语义。文中多次出现privatejet（私人飞机），此处后面的谓语动词用的是复数形式，因此jet要用其复数形式jets。

试题答案：jets

15.考查连词。此处表示“即使当在冒犯他们的时候”，while意为“在……期间”，表示伴随时间状语。

试题答案：while

16.考查介词搭配。表示在某事上，用介词at。

试题答案：at

17.考查冠词。此处表示特指，用定冠词the。

试题答案：the

18.考查介词搭配。ontrips意为“旅行”。

试题答案：on

19.考查连词。此处为时间状语从句，表示的是时间点，用连词when（在……时候）。

试题答案：when

20.考查上下文语义。根据前面的corporate（企业的）和industrialist（工业家，实业家）可知此处表示的是“企业丑闻”，故填corporate。

试题答案：corporate

4.单选题

Aclassicalseriesofexperimentstodeterminetheeffectsofoverpopulationoncommunitiesofratswasconductedbyapsychologist,JohnCalhoun.Ineachexperiment,anequalnumberofmaleandfemaleadultratswereplacedinanenclosure.Theratpopulationwereallowedtoincrease.Calhounknewfromexperienceapproximatelyhowmanyratscouldliveintheenclosureswithoutexperiencingstressduetoovercrowding.Heallowedthepopulationtoincreasetoapproximatelytwicethisnumber.Thenhestabilizedthepopulationbyremovingoffspringthatwerenotdependentontheirmothers.Attheendoftheexperiments,Calhounwasabletoconcludethatovercrowdingcausesabreakdowninthenormalsocialrelationshipsamongrats,akindofsocialdisease.Theratsintheexperimentsdidnotfollowthesamepatternsofbehaviorasratwouldinacommunitywithoutovercrowding.

Thefemalesintheratpopulationwerethemostseriouslyaffectedbythehighpopulationdensity.Forexample,motherssometimesabandonedtheirpups,andwithouttheirmother’scare,thepupsdied.Theexperimentsverifiedthatinoverpopulatedcommunities,mothersratesdonotbehavenormally.Theirbehaviormaybeconsidereddiseasedpathological.

Thedominantmalesintheratpopulationweretheleastaffectedbyoverpopulation.Eachofthesestrongmalesclaimedanareaoftheenclosureashisown.Therefore,theseindividualsdidnotexperiencetheovercrowdinginthesamewayastheotherratsdid.However,dominantmalesdidbehavepathologicallyattimes.Theirantisocialbehaviorconsistedofattacksonweakermale,female,andimmaturerats.Thisdeviantbehaviorshowedthateventhoughthedominantmalehadenoughlivingspace,theytoowereaffectedbythegeneralovercrowding.

Nondominantmalesintheexperimentalratcommunitiesalsoexhibiteddeviantsocialbehavior.Somewithdrewcompletely,avoidingcontactwithotherrats.Othernondominantmaleswerehyperactive,chasingotherratsandfightingeachother.Thebehavioroftheratpopulationhasparallelsinhumanbehavior.PeopleindenselypopulatedareasexhibitdeviantbehaviorsimilartothatoftheratsinCalhoun'sexperiments.InLargeurbanareas;suchasNewYorkCity,London,andCairo,thereareabandonedchildren.Therearecruel,powerfulindividual,bothmenandwomen.Therearealsopeoplewhowithdrawandpeoplewhobecomehyperactive.Istheprincipalcauseofthesedisordersoverpopulation?Calhoun’sexperimentssuggestthatitmightbe.Inanycase,socialscientistsandcityplannershavebeeninfluencedbytheresultsofthisseriesofexperiments.

1.Calhounstabilizedtheratpopulation（

）.

2.WhichofthefollowinginferencesCANNOTbemadefromtheinformationinParagraphI?

3.Themainideaofthispassageisthat（

）

4.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?

5.Theauthorimpliesthatthebehaviorofthedominantmaleratsissometimesparalleltothatof（

）.

问题1选项

A.whenitwasdoublethenumberthatcouldliveintheenclosurewithoutstress.

B.byremovingyoungrats

C.sothattherewasaconstantnumberofadultratsintheenclosure

D.alloftheabovearecorrect

问题2选项

A.Calhoun’sexperimentisstillconsideredimportanttoday.

B.Overpopulationcausespathologicalbehaviorinratpopulations.

C.Stressdoesnotoccurinratcommunitiesunlessthereisovercrowding.

D.Calhounhadexperimentedwithratsbefore.

问题3选项

A.althoughratsareaffectedbyovercrowding,peoplearenotdisturbed

B.datafromexperimentsindicatethatovercrowdingmaybeanimportantcauseofsocialpathology

C.thesocialbehaviorofratsisseriouslyaffectedbyovercrowding

D.Calhoun'sexperimentshaveinfluencedmanypeople

问题4选项

A.Dominantmaleshadadequatelivingspace.

B.Dominantmaleswerenotasseriouslyaffectedbyovercrowdingastheotherrats.

C.Dominantmalesattackedweakerrats.

D.Thestrongestmalesarealwaysabletoadapttobadconditions.

问题5选项

A.cruel,powerfulpeople

B.peoplewhoabandonedtheirchildren

C.hyperactivepeople

D.alloftheabove

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:B

第4题:D

第5题:A

【解析】1.细节题。根据题干关键词stabilizedtheratpopulation定位至第一段:...stabilizedthepopulationbyremovingoffspringthatwerenotdependentontheirmothers(抛弃幼崽，让其失去母亲的照顾，以此来稳定种群数量)，因此B项正确。

2.推断题。第一段：Calhounwasabletoconcludethatovercrowdingcausesabreakdowninthenormalsocialrelationshipsamongrats,akindofsocialdisease.卡尔霍恩能得出结论：过度拥挤导致鼠群中正常的社会关系断裂，这是一种社会疾病。因此B与C都是正确的。B:种群数量过多导致鼠群出现病态行为。C:在过度拥挤的情况下，鼠群就会出现压力。第一段：...experimentstodeterminetheeffectsofoverpopulationoncommunitiesofratswasconductedbyapsychologists,JohnCalhoun.：心理学家约翰•卡尔霍恩用老鼠作实验，研究老鼠种群数量过剩对整个群体的影响,因此推断D:卡尔霍恩曾经用老鼠作实验，正确。故选择A:卡尔霍恩的实验仍旧重要，无从推断。

3.主旨题。B项:实验数据表明过度拥挤是导致社会疾病的一个重要原因,符合文章主旨。

4.细节题。第三段：Thedominantmalesintheratpopulationweretheleastaffectedbyoverpopulation.Eachofthesestrongmalesclaimedanareaoftheenclosureashisown.处于统治地位的雄性老鼠几乎不会受到种群数量过多的影响。因为每一只强壮的雄性老鼠都霸占了属于它自己的封闭空间。...thedominantmalehadenoughlivingspace：统治地位的雄性老鼠有足够的生活空间。故A:统治地位的雄性老鼠有合适的生活空间，正确。第三段：...theseindividualsdidnotexperiencetheovercrowdinginthesamewayastheotherratsdid.这些个体不曾尝到其他个体所经历的过度拥挤。故B:统治地位的雄性老鼠不曾深刻体会到其他老鼠所尝到的过度拥挤的滋味，正确第三段：Theirantisocialbehaviorconsistedofattacksonweakermale：它们的反社会行为包括攻击弱势雄性老鼠。故C:统治地位的雄性老鼠攻击弱势老鼠，正确。所以选择D:强壮的雄性老鼠总能适应恶劣环境，文章未提及。

5.推断题。最后一段指出：Thebehavioroftheratpopulationhasparallelsinhumanbehavior.鼠群的行为与人类的行为相似。PeopleindenselypopulatedareasexhibitdeviantbehaviorsimilartothatoftheratsinCalhoun'sexperiments.人口密度大的地区的人也会出现反常行为，而这些行为与卡尔霍恩实验中老鼠的反常行为是相似的。因此推断A项(残忍且强有力的人)正确。

5.单选题

OscarWildesaidthatworkistherefugeofpeoplewhohavenothingbettertodo.Ifso,Americansarenowamongtheworld'ssaddestrefugees.FactoryworkersintheUnitedStatesareworkinglongerhoursthanatanytimeinthepasthalf-century.Americaonceledtherichworldincuttingtheaverageworkingweek-from70hoursin1850tolessthan40hoursbythe1950s.Itseemednaturalthataspeoplegrewrichertheywouldtradeextrasearningsformoreleisure.Sincethe1970s,however,thehoursclockedupbyAmericanworkershaverisentoanaverageof42thisyearinmanufacturing.

Severalstudiessuggestthatsomethingsimilarishappeningoutsidemanufacturing:Americansarespendingmoretimeatworkthantheydid20yearsago.Executivesandlawyersboastof80-hourweeks.Onholiday,theyseekoutfaxmachinesandphonesaseagerlyasGermansbagthebestsun-loungers.YetworkingtimeinEuropeandJapancontinuestofall.InGermany'sengineeringindustrytheworkingweekistobetrimmedfrom36to35hoursnextyearMostGermansgetsixweeks’paidannualholiday,eventheJapanesenowtakethreeweeks.Americansstillmakedowithjusttwo.

Germanyrespondstothiscontrastwithitsusualconcernaboutwhetherpeople'saversiontoworkisdamagingitscompetitiveness.YetGermanworkers,liketheJapanese,seemtobeactingsensibly:astheirincomesrise,theycanachieveabetterstandardoflivingwithfewerhoursofwork.ThepuzzleiswhyAmerica,theworld'srichestcountry,seesthingsdifferently.Itisapuzzlewithsinistersocialimplications.Parentsspendlesstimewiththeirchildrenwhomaybeleftaloneathomeforlonger.Isitjustacoincidencethatjuvenilecrimeisontherise?

SomeexplanationsforAmerica’stimeatworkfailtostanduptoscrutiny.Oneblamesweaktradeunionsthatleaveworkersopentoexploitation.Areworkersbeingforcedbycost-cuttingfirmstotoilharderjusttokeeptheirjobs?ArecentstudybytwoAmericaneconomists,RichardFreemanandLindaBell,suggestsnot:whenasked,Americansactuallywanttoworklongerhours.MostGermanworkers,incontrast,wouldratherworkless.

Then,whydoAmericanswanttoworkharder?OnereasonmaybethattherealearningsofmanyAmericanshavebeenstagnantorfallingduringthepasttwodecades.Peopleworklongermerelytomaintaintheirlivingstandards.Yetmanyhigherskilledworkers,whohaveenjoyedbigincreasesintheirrealpay,havebeenworkinghardertoo.Also,onereasonfortheslowgrowthofwageshasbeentherapidgrowthinemployment-whichismoreorlesswheretheargumentbegan.

Taxesmayhavesomethingtodowithit.PeoplewhoworkanextrahourinAmericaareallowedtokeepmoreoftheirmoneythanthosewhodothesameinGermany.FallsinmarginaltaxratesinAmericasincethe1970shavemadeitallthemoreprofitabletoworklonger.

Noneoftheseanswersreallyexplainswhythecentury-longdeclineinworkinghourshasgoneintoreverseinAmericabutnotelsewhere(thoughBritainshowsignsoffollowingAmerica’slead).Perhapsculturaldifferences--thelastrefugeofthedefeatedeconomists---areatplay.Economistsusedtobelievethatonceworkersearnedenoughtoprovidefortheirbasicneedsandallowforafewluxuries,theirincentivetoworkwouldbeeroded,likelionsrelaxingafterakill.Buthumansaremoresusceptibletoadvertisingthanlions.Perhapsclevermarketinghasensuredthat“basicneeds”--forashowerwithbuilt-inTV,forarocket-propelledcar—expandcontinuously.ShoppingisalreadyoneofAmerica’smostpopularpastimes.Butitrequiresmoney—hencemoreworkandlessleisure.Ortrythis,thetelevisionisnotverygood,andbaseballandhockeykeepbeingwipedoutbystrikes.PerhapsWildewasright.MaybeAmericanshavenothingbettertodo.

1.IntheUnitedStates,workinglongerhoursis（

）.

2.Accordingtothethirdparagraph,whichmightbeoneoftheconsequencesofworkinglongerhours?

3.Whichofthefollowingisthecauseofworkinglongerhoursstatedbythewriter?

问题1选项

A.confinedtothemanufacturingindustry

B.atraditionalpracticeinsomesectors

C.prevalentinallsectorsofsociety

D.favoredbytheeconomists

问题2选项

A.Riseinemployees’workingefficiency

B.Riseinthenumberofyoungoffenders

C.Riseinpeople’slivingstandards

D.Riseincompetitiveness

问题3选项

A.Expansionofbasicneeds

B.Culturaldifferences

C.Increaseinrealearnings

D.Advertising

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:A

【解析】1.细节事实题。根据第二段第一句“Severalstudiessuggestthatsomethingsimilarishappeningoutsidemanufacturing:...几项研究表明，制造业以外也在发生类似的事情:...”也就是说，除了制造业，美国其他行业里工作时间也很长，所以选项C正确。

2.细节事实题。根据第三段最后两句“Parentsspendlesstimewiththeirchildrenwhomaybeleftaloneathomeforlonger.Isitjustacoincidencethatjuvenilecrimeisontherise?父母花在孩子身上的时间更少，他们（孩子）可能会被长时间的留在家里。青少年犯罪呈上升趋势，这仅仅是个巧合吗?”由此可知，长时间工作的结果将会导致青少年犯罪数量的增加。选项B符合原文。

3.判断推理题。根据最后一段的内容“这些答案都不能真正解释为什么美国的工作时间长达一个世纪的下降趋势已经逆转，而其他地方却没有(尽管英国有迹象表明正在步美国的后尘)。也许文化差异——失败经济学家的最后避难所——正在发挥作用。”这里提到文化差异的问题，但这并不是美国人长时间工作的原因。下文提到“Economistsusedtobelievethatonceworkersearnedenoughtoprovidefortheirbasicneedsandallowforafewluxuries,...经济学家过去认为，一旦工人挣到足够的钱来满足他们的基本需求和一些奢侈品...”由此可知，真正的原因是为了扩大基本需求，所以选项A正确。

6.单选题

ClintondeniedthemoreseriousallegationsthathehadliedunderoathabouttherelationshipandhadentreatedLewinskytodothesame.

问题1选项

A.pleaded

B.flattered

C.deceived

D.scared

【答案】A

【解析】【选项释义】

A.pleaded乞求，恳求B.flattered奉承，讨好

C.deceived欺骗，蒙骗D.scared惊吓，使害怕

【答案】A

【考查点】动词辨析。

【解题思路】entreated的意思为“恳求，乞求”，指的是克林顿恳求莱温斯基同他一起在两人的关系上撒谎，pleaded与之词义相近，因此A选项正确。

【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项词义与之不符。

【句意】克林顿否认了更严重的指控，即他在宣誓后就两人的关系撒了谎，并恳求莱温斯基也这样做。

7.单选题

Itis______whodecideswhethertheaccusedisinnocentorguilty.

问题1选项

A.thejuryandonlyjury

B.thejuryandonlythejury

C.onlythejuryandjury

D.thejuryandtheonlyjury

【答案】B

【解析】考查词组辨析。原句是一个强调句，意思是“陪审团，也只有陪审团才能决定被起诉的人是否有罪。”此处，“陪审团”应该是特指的，在结构上应为thejury。形容词only修饰一个特指的名词，可以放在定冠词之前，此处，构成onlythejury，意为“只有陪审团”；也可以放在定冠词之后，此处，构成theonlyjury，意为“那唯一的陪审团”。从结构上讲，只有B选项和D选项符合上述要求；从意义上讲，B选项（陪审团，只有陪审团）才符合句义，因为在法律上，只要组织了陪审团，就有资格参与审判，而不论“这个”还是“那个”。因此B选项正确。

8.单选题

AmongthespeciesofseabirdsthatusethewindsweptcliffsoftheAtlanticcoastofCanadainthesummertomate,layeggs,andreartheiryoungarecommonmurres,Atlanticpuffins,black-leggedkittiwakes,andnortherngannets.Ofallthebirdsonthesecliffs,theblack-leggedkittiwakegullisthebestsuitedfornestingonnarrowledges.Althoughitsnestinghabitsaresimilartothoseofgullsthatnestonflatground,thereareanumberofimportantdifferencesrelatedtothecliff-nestinghabit,

Theadvantageofnestingoncliffsistheimmunityitgivesfromfoxes,whichcannotscalethesheerrocks,andfromravensandotherspeciesofgulls,whichhavedifficultyinlandingonnarrowledgestostealeggs.Thisimmunityhasbeenfollowedbyarelaxationofthedefenses,andkittiwakesdonotreacttopredatorsnearlyasfiercelyasdoground-nestinggulls.AcolonyofBonaparte'sgullsrespondstotheappearanceofapredatoryherringgullbyflyingupasagroupwithaclamorofalarmcalls,followedbyconcertedmobbing,butkittiwakessimplyignoreherringgulfs,sincetheyposelittlethreattonestsoncliffs.Neitherdokittiwakesattempttoconcealtheirnest.Mostgullskeepthenestareaclearofdroppings,andremoveemptyeggshellsafterthechickshavehatched,sothatthelocationofthenestisnotgivenaway.Kittiwakesdefecateovertheedgeofthenest,whichkeepsitclean,butthispractice,aswellastheirtendencytoleavethenestlitteredwitheggshells,makesitslocationveryconspicuous.

Ontheotherhand,nestingonanarrowledgehasitsownpeculiarproblems,andkittiwakebehaviorhasbecomeadaptedtoovercomethem.Thefemalekittiwakesitswhenmating,whereasothergullsstand,sothepairwillnotoverbalanceandfallofftheledge.Thenestisadeepcup,madeofmudorseaweed,toholdtheeggssafely,comparedwiththeshallowscrapeofothergulls,andthechicksareremarkablyimmobileuntilfullygrown.Theydonotrunfromtheirnestswhenapproached,andiftheyshouldcomeneartothecliffedge,theyinstinctivelyturnback.

1.Whataspectofthekittiwakegulldoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

2.Theword“immunity”inparagraph2isclosestinmeaningto（）.

3.Whyisitdifficultforravenstostealthekittiwakes'eggs?

4.Theauthormentionsthateggshellslitterthenestsofkittiwakesinorderto（）.

5.Accordingtothepassage,itcanbeinferredthatwhichofthefollowingbirdsconcealtheirnest?

问题1选项

A.Itsdefensivebehavior

B.Itinteractionswithothergullspecies

C.Itsnestinghabits

D.Itsphysicaldifferencefromothergullspecies

问题2选项

A.distance

B.transition

C.protection

D.reminder

问题3选项

A.Thekittiwakescanseetheravensapproachingthenest.

B.Theravenscannotlandonthenarrowledgeswherekittiwakesnest.

C.Thekittiwakes'eggsaretoobigfortheravenstocarry.

D.Thefemalekittiwakesrarelyleavethenest.

问题4选项

A.demonstratethatkittiwakesarenotconcernedaboutpredators

B.provehowbusykittiwakesareincaringfortheiroffspring

C.showasimilaritytoothertypesofgulls

D.illustratekittiwakes’lackofconcernfortheirchick

问题5选项

A.Bonaparte’sgulls

B.Atlanticpuffins

C.Kittiwakegulls

D.Northerngannets

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:C

第3题:B

第4题:A

第5题:A

【解析】1.主旨大意题。分析文章内容可知，第一段主要讲不同于其它海鸥，三趾鸥习惯在峭壁上筑巢；第二段讲三趾鸥在峭壁上筑巢的优势；最后一段讲了三趾鸥如何适应在峭壁上筑巢。由此可知，本文叙述的主要内容是三趾鸥的筑巢习惯。因此，本题正确答案为C项。

词汇题。

2.由原文第二段Theadvantageofnestingoncliffsistheimmunityitgivesfromfoxes,whichcannotscalethesheerrocks,andfromravensandotherspeciesofgulls,whichhavedifficultyinlandingonnarrowledgestostealegg可知，三趾鸥在在悬崖上筑巢的一大好处就是更安全，可以躲避无法攀登峭壁的狐狸和那些难以在陡峭岩石上立足的乌鸦和其他鸥类，防止鸟卵被偷走。因此，本题的正确答案为C项。

3.细节事实题。由原文第二段Theadvantageofnestingoncliffsistheimmunityitgivesfromfoxes,whichcannotscalethesheerrocks,andfromravensandotherspeciesofgulls,whichhavedifficultyinlandingonnarrowledgestostealeggs.可知，乌鸦无法偷走三趾鸥鸟卵的原因是它们难以在三趾鸥的巢边落脚。因此，本题正确答案为B选项。

4.推理判断题。根据原文第二段Kittiwakesdefecateovertheedgeofthenest,whichkeepsitclean,butthispractice,aswellastheirtendencytoleavethenestlitteredwitheggshells,makesitslocationveryconspicuous可知，三趾鸥会在巢边排便，以保持巢内干净，但这种做法以及它们倾向于在鸟窝里乱丢蛋壳的行为，使得它们巢的位置非常显眼。这里的描述是为和大多数海鸥作对比，说明三趾鸥也不会试着去隐藏它们的巢（Neitherdokittiwakesattempttoconcealtheirnest）。根据上下文可知三趾鸥之所以这样做是因为它们在峭壁上筑巢比在地面上筑巢更有优势，无需在意捕猎者，因此本题正确答案为A项。

5.推理判断题。原文第二段中指出，三趾鸥对捕食者的反应不像在地面筑巢的海鸥那么强烈。接着举出了Bonaparte’sgulls的例子，说明Bonaparte’sgulls和三趾鸥的筑巢习惯不同。大多数的海鸥在平地上筑巢，所以它们在雏鸟出生后会把蛋壳拿走，尽量不暴露鸟巢的位置。因此，可推测Bonaparte’sgulls也是这样的习惯，所以才会暴露自己的位置。由此可知，本题正确答案为A项。

9.单选题

Thedoctorsdon’t（）thatthepatientwilllivemuchlonger.

问题1选项

A.monitor

B.manifest

C.articulate

D.anticipate

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项monitor“监视”；B选项manifest“表明”；C选项articulate“清晰地表达”；D选项anticipate“预计”。句意：医生们预计那位病人活不了太久了。本句表示预计病人的存活时间，因此D选项正确。

10.单选题

Researchershavestudiedthepoorasindividuals,asfamiliesandhouseholds,asmembersofpoorcommunities,neighborhoodsandregions,asproductsoflargerpovertycreatingstructures.Theyhavebeenanalyzedasvictimsofcrimeandcriminals,asmembersofminoritycultures,aspassiveconsumersofmasscultureandactiveproducersofa“counterculture”,asparticipantsintheinformaleconomy,asinventionsofsurvivalstrategies,asaneconomicburdenandasareservearmyoflabor—tomentionjustsomeofthepreoccupationsofpovertyresearch.

Theelites,whooccupythesmallupperstratumwithinthecategoryofthenon-poor,andtheirfunctionsintheemergenceandreproductionofpovertyareasinterestingandimportantanobjectforpovertyresearchasthepoorthemselves.Theeliteshaveimagesofthepoorandofpovertywhichshapetheirdecisionsandactions.Sofar,littleisknownaboutthoseimages,exceptastheyaresketchilyportrayedinpopularstereotypes.Theelitesmaywellignoreordenytheexternaleffectsoftheirownactions(andomissions)uponthelivingconditionsofthepoor.Manysocialscientistsmaytakeaverydifferentview.Aspovertyemergedandwasreproduced,legalframeworkswerecreatedtocontaintheproblemsitcausedwithprofound,andlargelyunknown,consequencesforthepoorthemselves.Ingeneral,political,educationalandsocialinstitutionstendtoignoreorevendamagetheinterestsofthepoor.Inconstructingaphysicalinfrastructurefortransport,industry,tradeandtourism,thesettlementsofthepoorareoftenthefirsttosufferortobeleftstandingandexposedtopollution,noiseandcrowding.

Mostimportantaretheeconomicfunctionsofpoverty,as,forlackofotheroptionsthepoorareforcedtoperformactivitiesconsidereddegradingorunclean.Thepooraremorelikelytobuysecond-handgoodsandleftoverfoodstuffs,thusprolongingtheireconomicutility.Theyarelikelytousetheservicesoflow-qualitydoctors,teachersandlawyerswhomthenon-poorshyawayfrom.Povertyandthepoorserveanimportantsymbolicfunction,inremindingcitizensofthelotthatmaybefallthosewhodonotheedthevaluesofthrift,diligenceandcleanliness,andoftheconstantthreatthattherough,theimmoralandtheviolentrepresentfortherestofsociety.

Physically,thepoorandthenon-poorarekeptapart,throughdifferentiallanduseandghettoization.Socially,theyareseparatedthroughdifferentialparticipationinthelabormarket,theconsumptioneconomy,andinpolitical,socialandculturalinstitutions.Conceptually,theyaredividedthroughstereotypingandmediacliché.Thisseparationisevenmorepronouncedbetweentheelitesandthepoor.

1.Accordingtotheauthor,studyingtheelitesalsoshedslightonpovertyresearchbecause____.

2.Whilesocialscientistsaredevotingmuchoftheirefforttopovertyresearch,____.

3.Intheeyesofthesociety,____.

4.Theword“pronounced”inthelastsentenceofthepassageprobablymeans____.

5.Inthepassage,theauthorismainlyconcernedwith____.

问题1选项

A.theyarealsomembersofthesamesocietyasthepoor

B.theyplayanimportantroleincreatingandreproducingpoverty

C.solutionofthepovertyproblemisattheirmercy

D.theyknowthelivingconditionsofthepoorbetterthanothergroups

问题2选项

A.notenoughlegalframeworkshavebeencreatedtorelievetheconditionofthepoor

B.theyhavedonelittletoactuallyprovidereliefprogramsforthepoor

C.theyignoretheroleoftheelitesasanobjectforpovertyresearch

D.thepoorpeoplethemselvesdonotmuchappreciatesucheffort

问题3选项