考研考博-英语-南京特殊教育师范学院押题密卷附带答案详解篇1

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-南京特殊教育师范学院押题密卷附带答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第壹套一.全考点押题密卷-综合训练(共50题)1.单选题

Alexisn’tveryfriendly;hekeepsa（）betweenhimselfandotherpeople.

问题1选项

A.barrier

B.foundation

C.frontier

D.gauge

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。通过句意可知，Alex不是特别友好，他总将自己与其他人隔离开来。A选项为“障碍；分界线”；B选项为“基础”；C选项为“边界；边缘”；D选项为“尺度；测量”。因此，A项符合句意。故正确答案为A项。

2.单选题

Onlyonceinawhile（）anovellikethat.

问题1选项

A.theloverofbookscomesabout

B.theloverofbookscomesacross

C.doestheloverofbookscomeacross

D.doestheloverofbookscome

【答案】C

【解析】考查倒装。Only位于句首，句子需要倒装，由此可首先排除选项A和选项B；再根据句意：爱书的人只有偶尔才会遇到这样的小说。comeacross意为“偶遇，无意中发现”，选项C符合语境。

3.单选题

Youcannotimaginehow（）Ifeelwithmydutiessometimes.

问题1选项

A.overflowed

B.overthrown

C.overwhelmed

D.overturned

【答案】C

【解析】句意:你无法想象有时我对自己的职责感到多么不安。

考查动词辨析。overflow使溢出，使泛滥；overthrow推翻，打倒，废除；overwhelm制服，压倒，使不知所措；overturn倾覆，废除。因此C项符合句意，在此处表示“使不安”。

4.单选题

ThepressinAmericaisparticularlyimportantbecause,（1）thaninanyothercountry,itisrecognizedashavingaresponsibleroleto（2）inrelationtooneaspectoftheprocessofgovernment.Thepress（3）isanAmericaninvention,anditbegantobeimportant（4）theformofameetingbetweenPresidentand（5）inwhichthePresident（6）question.Pressconferencestakeplaceall（7）theworldnow,butthepresidentialpressconferenceisaninstitution（8）givesusakey（9）thespecialroleAmerica（10）tothepressandtothenewspapermen.TheBritishparliamenthasitsquestiontime（11）eachdayMembersofParliament（12）questiontoministersinchargeof（13）departments,andsomeEuropeanparliamentshavesomethingof（14）kind.Thereisnopossibility（15）suchadeviceintheUnitedStatesCongressbecauseheadsofexecutivedepartmentsarenotmembersof（16）Thustheexecutivehasnopoliticalplatform（17）whichtoexplainits（18）andgiveinformation.PresidentFranklinRooseveltshowedtheadvantagesofusingthePressforsuch（19）whenhecalledregularmeetingsofnewspapermen（20）whichheinvitedquestions.

问题1选项

A.less

B.more

C.rather

D.greater

问题2选项

A.perform

B.conduct

C.do

D.make

问题3选项

A.session

B.meet

C.meeting

D.conference

问题4选项

A.at

B.with

C.in

D.for

问题5选项

A.minister

B.officials

C.opponents

D.journalists

问题6选项

A.replied

B.repliedto

C.answeredto

D.returned

问题7选项

A.over

B.round

C.up

D.though

问题8选项

A.where

B.what

C.which

D.it

问题9选项

A.for

B.at

C.towards

D.to

问题10选项

A.resigns

B.assigns

C.designs

D.assists

问题11选项

A.when

B.on

C.for

D.in

问题12选项

A.answer

B.respond

C.address

D.serve

问题13选项

A.executive

B.management

C.execution

D.direction

问题14选项

A.same

B.asame

C.thesame

D.thesimilar

问题15选项

A.for

B.to

C.about

D.of

问题16选项

A.it

B.them

C.importance

D.significance

问题17选项

A.with

B.through

C.for

D.in

问题18选项

A.views

B.points

C.stands

D.locations

问题19选项

A.sake

B.save

C.intentions

D.purposes

问题20选项

A.in

B.on

C.at

D.for

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:C

第5题:D

第6题:B

第7题:A

第8题:C

第9题:D

第10题:B

第11题:A

第12题:C

第13题:A

第14题:C

第15题:D

第16题:A

第17题:B

第18题:A

第19题:D

第20题:C

【解析】第1题:考查逻辑关系。由前面的“新闻在美国尤其重要”可推测此处表示比较，比在其他国家更重要，因此填more。

第2题:考查固定搭配。performarole意为“扮演角色”。

第3题:考查固定搭配。thepressconference意为“新闻发布会，记者招待会”，后面句子也提到了Pressconferences。

第4题:考查固定搭配。intheformof意为“以……的形式”。

第5题:考查逻辑关系。根据上下文，可知此处为记者招待会，故应为总统与记者的见面，因此选D。

第6题:考查动词辨析。answer作动词时，后面直接跟宾语；rely一般作不及物动词，后面接to，replyto意为“回答，答复”。

第7题:考查固定搭配。allovertheworld意为“全世界”。

第8题:考查定语从句。从句中缺少主语，先行词aninstitution表示物，因此用which引导定语从句。

第9题:考查固定搭配。akeyto...意为“……的关键”。

第10题:考查固定搭配。assign...to意为“赋予（某功能或价值）”。

第11题:考查定语从句。先行词time表示时间，因此用关系副词when引导定语从句。

第12题:考查动词辨析。answer意为“答复”；respond意为“回答，响应”；address意为“对……发话”；serve意为“（为……）服务”。此处表示议员向行政官员发问，因此选C。

第13题:考查逻辑关系。此处表示负责行政部门的部长，与后文中的headsofexecutivedepartments相对应，因此选A。

第14题:考查固定搭配。same一般与定冠词the连用，thesame意为“一样的”。

第15题:考查介词辨析。of意为“……的”，此处表示……的可能性。

第16题:考查逻辑关系。根据上下文可知行政部门不是UnitedStatesCongress（美国国会）的成员，因此用it指代美国国会，选A。

第17题:考查介词辨析。此处表示这些行政官员没有地方通过论坛的形式解释他们的观点，因此填through（通过）。

第18题:考查逻辑关系。由后面的giveinformation（提供信息）可知此处与explainviews（解释观点）像对应。

第19题:考查逻辑关系。此处表示利用新闻达到这样的目的，因此填purpose。

第20题:考查固定搭配。空格后的which指的是meeting，此处表示在会议上，总统要求大家提出问题。atthemeeting意为“在会议上”。

5.单选题

（）pollutioncontrolmeasuresareexpensive,manyindustrieshesitatetoadoptthem.

问题1选项

A.Although

B.However

C.Because

D.Onaccountof

【答案】C

【解析】考查逻辑关系。A选项Although“尽管，虽然；但是，然而”；B选项however“无论如何；不管怎样；然而；可是”；C选项Because“因为，由于”；D选项Onaccountof“由于；因为；为了……的缘故”。句意：（）污染控制措施是昂贵的，许多工业犹豫采取它们。根据句意可知前半句是表示原因，但是Onaccountof不接从句，因此C选项正确。

6.单选题

Thedoctorsareverymuchworriedaboutthe（

）ofthepatient’sconditionafteroperation.

问题1选项

A.deterioration

B.differentiation

C.diversion

D.donation

【答案】A

【解析】名词辨析题。A选项deterioration“恶化”；B选项differentiation“变异”；C选项diversion“转移，消遣”；D选项donation“捐赠”。句意：医生们非常担心手术后病人的病情恶化。选项A符合句意。

7.单选题

Itcanbepainfulforparentswhentheirchildrenfeeloutofsyncwithothers,butitisunwise______ontheimportanceoffittingin;childrengetenoughofthatmessageintheoutsideworld.

问题1选项

A.layingalotofimportance

B.toputtoomuchemphasis

C.togivealargeamountofconcern

D.throwingagreatdealofanxiety

【答案】B

【解析】【选项释义】

A.layingalotofimportance强调重要性B.toputtoomuchemphasis强调重要性

C.togivealargeamountofconcern大量关注D.throwingagreatdealofanxiety造成极大的焦虑

【考查点】固定搭配。

【解题思路】根据unwise可知，unwisetodo是固定搭配，表示“做某事是不明智的”，根据句意“当孩子感到与他人不同步时，父母可能会感到痛苦，但______重要性是不明智的”可知，空格处表示“过分强调，过分关注”符合句意，所以B项符合。

【干扰项排除】

A项importance一般和attach搭配；

C项concern是不可数名词，要用much搭配；

D项不符合unwisetodo（做某事不明智）的搭配。

【句意】当孩子感到与他人不同步时，父母可能会感到痛苦，但过分强调融入的重要性是不明智的；孩子们从外面的世界中已经足够了解这一点了。

8.单选题

His（

）thathehadnothingtodowiththeaffairwasgreetedwithsomesuspicion.

问题1选项

A.necessity

B.statement

C.promotion

D.disposal

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。necessity“需要；必然性；必需品”；statement“声明；陈述”；promotion“提升，晋升；推销”；disposal“处理；支配”。句意：他声称自己与此事无关，受到了一些质疑。选项B符合题意。

9.写作题

Directions:Writeacompositioninthetitle“OnAgingSociety”basedonthefollowinggivenoutline.Yourcompositionshouldbeabout150Englishwords.PleasewriteyourcompositionontheANSWERSHEET.

【答案】ThereisaclassicquestioninChinawhichmayseembizarreintheeyesofforeigners:shouldwehelptheoldpeoplewhofelldownonthestreet?Thetopiciscontroversialbecauseithappenedthatpeoplewhohelpedtheoldpeoplegotthemselvesintrouble.Ibelieveweshouldalwaysofferassistancetoseniorpeoplewhofelldown,becauseifwedon’t,citizenshipwillneverprevail.

Thisdilemmashowsthelackoftrustamongusandithasbeentranslatedintotheindifferencetoothers,consideringthatwehaveenteredintoa“societyofstrangers”.Andthesituationhasbeenworsenedbytheunpleasantcasesthathavehappened.Butifwewanttoseechanges,weneedtodotherightthing,andifweallchoosetodoso,therewillbenoroomfordeceptionandblackmail.Inthatcase,justicewillgaintheupperhand.

Itismoreimportantforthegovernmentandpublicmediatoformanagreeableenvironmentthatencouragespeopletodotherightthing.Ontheonehand,Thegovernmentshoulduseitshardpowertoestablishlawstoprotectpeoplewhoofferhelpandpunishthosetakingadvantageofpeople’skindness.Ontheotherhand,publicmediashouldmakefulluseofitssoftpowertoraisepeople’sawarenessofcitizenship.Ithastotellpeoplewhatisrightandwhatiswrong,andshouldnothypethebadexamplesinwhichkindheartedpeoplegetextorted.

10.单选题

InthefaceofanuncooperativeCongress,theChiefExecutivemayfindhimself（

）toaccomplishthepoliticalprogramtowhichheiscommitted.

问题1选项

A.neutral

B.impotent

C.impudent

D.pious

【答案】B

【解析】neutral中立的；impotent无力的，无效的；impudent鲁莽的，无礼的；pious虔诚的，尽责的。句意：面对不合作的国会，行政长官可能会发现自己无力完成他所承诺的政治计划。选项B符合句意。

11.单选题

Thegeocentricideawasabandonedintheseventeenthcentury,partlyasaresultofthewritingsofCopernicus（）observationsmadebyotherastronomers.

问题1选项

A.andalsowere

B.notonlybecauseof

C.alsobecausewere

D.andalsobecauseof

【答案】D

【解析】语法题。根据题干关键词partly可知，空格后面表示另一部分原因，因此两个原因应该用并列连词and连接，排除B和C。前面由asaresultof引导第一个原因，后面可用becauseof与其并列。故选D项。句意：地心说在17世纪被抛弃，部分原因是哥白尼的著作，也因为其他天文学家的观测结果。

12.单选题

Theheartis______intelligentthanthestomach,fortheyarebothcontrolledbythebrain.

问题1选项

A.notso

B.notmuch

C.nomore

D.muchmore

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词比较级。句意：心脏不比胃聪明，因为它们都由大脑控制。根据题干intelligentthan可知考查形容词的比较级，确定有more，根据语境心脏和胃都受大脑控制确定C选项nomore符合题意。因此C选项正确。

13.写作题

Inthispart,youarerequiredtowriteanessayofnolessthan200wordsonPrivateSchoolsinChina.Theessayshouldbebasedontheoutlinebelow:

1.Theiradvantages;

2.Theirdisadvantages;

3.Yourcomments.

【答案】PrivateSchoolsinChina

Itisknowntoallthatmoreandmoreprivateschoolshavebeensetupinourcountrysince1990s.Toacertaindegree,thoseschoolsareabletomakeupfortheshortageofschoolsinChina.Withtheadventofmoreandmoreprivateschools,alotofpeopleshowtheirinterestinthem.Asaresult,manystudentshavebeenenrolledintheseschools.

Privateschoolshavemanyadvantages.Firstofall,theyrelievethefinancialburdenofthegovernment.Althoughthegovernmenthaskeptprovidingmoneyforestablishingpubicschools,itcannotsatisfytheincreasingdemandofpubliceducation.Besides,theseschoolsusuallyprovideabetterlearningenvironmentforstudentsconsistingofbetterfacilitiesandbetterteachingequipment.Furthermore,thesalaryofteachersinprivateschoolsisnormallyhigherthanthatinpublicschools.Therefore,theycanattractqualifiedteachers.

AsfarasIamconcerned,Iwon’tsendmychildtoaprivateschool.Foronething,theteachingqualityinprivateschoolsinChinaisgenerallynotasgoodasthatinpublicschools.Foranother,thetuitionfeeinaprivateschoolisnormallyhigherthanthatinapublicschool.Lastbutnotleast,studentswhograduatefromprivateschoolsareusuallydiscriminatedagainstwhileseekingtheirjobs.

14.单选题

Therecent（）surroundinganewlawconcernedwithgaysinArizonarevealshowdeeplydividedthestatecanbe.

问题1选项

A.construction

B.concentration

C.constraint

D.controversy

【答案】D

【解析】考查名词辨析。construction建造；concentration专注；constraint约束，局促；controversy争论，论战。由deeplydivided深深地分裂可推知空格处应填D项“争议”。句意：最近在亚利桑那州围绕着一项关于同性恋的新法律的争议，揭示了这个州是多么的分裂。

15.单选题

ThedoctorgavemeachestX-rayand______somemedicineforme.

问题1选项

A.drugged

B.drifted

C.prescribed

D.floated

【答案】C

【解析】【试题解析】考查动词辨析。A选项drugged“用药麻醉”，drugsb.“麻醉某人”；B选项drifted“漂流；移向”；C选项prescribed“给……开（药）；规定”，prescribed(sb.)sth.(forsth.)“给……开（药）治疗……”；D选项floated“漂浮”。句意：医生给我做了x光胸透，还给我______了药。根据语境，这里指医生给我开药，C选项prescribed“给……开（药）”符合题意。因此C选项正确。

16.单选题

Itiswellknownthatknowledgeisthe______conditionforexpansionofmind.

问题1选项

A.incompatible

B.incredible

C.indefinite

D.indispensable

【答案】D

【解析】【选项释义】

A.incompatible不兼容的，互斥的B.incredible不能相信的，难以置信的

C.indefinite期限不定的，不明确的D.indispensable不可或缺的

【考查点】形容词辨析。

【解题思路】由expansionofmind（开阔思路）可知，knowledgeisthe______condition应该表示“知识是必不可少的条件”，因此，该题选择D项正确。

【干扰项排除】A、B、C选项都不符合句意。

【句意】众所周知，知识是开阔思路不可或缺的条件。

17.单选题

[A]Lessnotedbut[B]equallysignificant,themenandwomenwhoformedfamiliesbetween1940and1960[C]alsoreducedthedivorcerateafterapostwarpeak;theirmarriagesremainedintacttoagreaterextentthan[D]didthoseofcoupleswhomarriedinearlieraswellaslaterdecades.

问题1选项

A.Lessnoted

B.equallysignificant

C.also

D.did

【答案】B

【解析】考查上下文语义。B选项处equally表示前后的一致性，即前后短语或句子的结构应一致，前面是比较级lessnoted，其后面也应是比较级，在equally和significant中间加上more更合适。

18.单选题

Whenpeoplespeakofsolarenergy,theythinkonlyofthesun’sraysheatingahomeor______electricityfromthesun.

问题1选项

A.derive

B.ofderiving

C.deriving

D.toderive

【答案】C

【解析】考查语法。Thinkof后面应该接名词或者动名词，故排除A、B、D项，只有C项正确。句意：当人们谈到太阳能时，他们想到的只是用太阳的光线来加热房屋或从太阳中获得电力。因此该题选C。

19.单选题

Afterseveralnucleardisasters,a（

）hasragedoverthesafetyofnuclearenergy.

问题1选项

A.quarrel

B.suspicion

C.verdict

D.controversy

【答案】D

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项quarrel“争执”；B选项suspicion“怀疑”C选项verdict“结论，裁定”；D选项controversy“辩论，论战”。句意：在几次核事故后，（）在关于核能源安全问题上的（）开始激烈。这里根据关键词rage，固而答案选D。quarrel是指人与人之间相互产生了不愉快的事情产生的争论、吵架，所以不能选。

20.单选题

Accordingtothenewtaxlaw,anymoneyearnedoverthatlevelistaxedatthe（

）of59percent.

问题1选项

A.ratio

B.percentage

C.proportion

D.rate

【答案】D

【解析】固定搭配。句意:根据新税法，任何赚得的收入都需要按照百分之五十九的比例收税。

attherateof按照...的比例。

21.单选题

IthinkIwasatschool,（

）IwasstayingwithafriendduringthevacationwhenIheardthenews.

问题1选项

A.orelse

B.andthen

C.orso

D.evenso

【答案】A

【解析】词组辨析题。A选项；B选项andthen“于是，然后”;C选项orso“大约”;D选项evenso“虽然如此，即使如此”。根据句意‘当听到这个消息时，我应该是在学校，……在和朋友度假。’应该是表示选择，所以A选项orelse“否则,要不然”符合逻辑，正确。

22.单选题

Britain’shopeofagoldmedalintheOlympicGamessuffered（）yesterday,whenHunterfailedtoqualifyduringpreliminarysession.

问题1选项

A.asevereset-back

B.sharpset-back

C.asevereblown-up

D.sharpblown-up

【答案】A

【解析】set-back阻碍，停止，为名词，前面需加冠词a，排除选项B；blown-up放大的，膨胀的，为形容词，不用冠词a修饰，排除选项C。句意：当Hunter在预赛中未能晋级，英国在奥运会上夺冠的希望昨日遭遇严重挫折。选项A更符合语境。

23.单选题

（）firetestsgold,sodoesadversitytestscourage.

问题1选项

A.Like

B.Alike

C.As

D.Comparing

【答案】C

【解析】考查连词。Like“像”，可作介词；alike“相同的，相似的”，可作形容词；as“像……”，可作介词；comparing“比较”，可作动词。此处“firetestsgold”为一个完整的句子，所以要用连词，句意：就好像真金不怕火炼一样，意志不畏艰难。选项C符合题意。

24.单选题

Fashionmodelingsoundslikeaneasy,glamorousjob,______onlypatient,perseveringgirlscanstandthestrainofit.

问题1选项

A.but

B.and

C.so

D.as

【答案】A

【解析】考查语言逻辑。A项but“但是”表转折关系，B项and“和”表并列，C项so“因此”表因果，D项as“作为，因为”表方式或者原因。前一句话和后一句话存在意义上的转折关系，此处应填转折连词but，A项符合题意。句意：时装模特听起来像是一份简单、迷人的工作，但只有有耐心、有毅力的女孩才能承受它的压力。因此A项正确。

25.写作题

Directions:Forthispart,youarerequiredtosummarizethemainideaofthefollowingpassageinplainlanguageinnomorethan50words.Youshouldwriteyoursummaryontheansweringsheer.

Whetherwelikeitornot,theworldweliveinhaschangedagreatdealinthelasthundredyears,anditislikelytochangeevenmoreinthenexthundred.Somepeoplewouldliketostopthesechangesandgobacktowhattheyseeasapurerandsimplerage.Butashistoryshows,thepastwasnotthatwonderful.Itwasnotsobadforaprivilegedminority,thougheventheyhadtodowithoutmodemmedicine,andchildbirthwashighlyriskyforwomen.Butforthevastmajorityofthepopulation,lifewasnasty,brutish,andshort.

Ifweacceptthatwecannotpreventscienceandtechnologyfromchangingourworld,wecanatleasttrytoensurethatthechangestheymakeareintherightdirections.Inademocraticsociety,thismeansthatthepublicneedstohaveabasicunderstandingofscience.Sothatitcanmakeinformeddecisionsandnotleavetheminthehandsofexperts.Atthemoment,thepublicisintwomindsaboutscience.Ithascometoexpectthesteadyincreaseinthestandardoflivingthatnewdevelopmentsinscienceandtechnologyhavebroughttocontinue,butitalsodistrustssciencebecauseitdoesn’tunderstandit.ThisdistrustisevidentinthecartoonfigureofthemadscientistworkinginhislaboratorytoproduceaFrankenstein.ItisalsoanimportantelementbehindsupportfortheGreenparties.Butthepublicalsohasagreatinterestinscience,particularlyastronomy,asisshownbythelargeaudiencesfortelevisionseriessuchasTheSkyatNightandforsciencefiction.

Whatcanbedonetoharnessthisinterestandgivethepublicthescientificbackgrounditneedstomakeinformeddecisionsonsubjectslikeacidrain,thegreenhouseeffect,nuclearweapons,andgeneticengineering?Clearly,thebasismustlieinwhatistaughtinschools.Butinschoolsscienceisoftenpresentedinadryanduninterestingmanner.Childrenlearnitbyrotetopassexaminations,andtheydon'tseeitsrelevancetotheworldaroundthem.Moreover,scienceisoftentaughtintermsofequations.Althoughequationsareabriefandaccuratewayofdescribingmathematicalideas,theyfrightenmostpeople.WhenIwroteapopularbookrecently,IwasadvisedthateachequationIincludedwouldhalvethesales.Iincludedoneequation,Einstein’sfamousequation,E=mc2.MaybeIwouldhavesoldtwiceasmanycopieswithoutit.

Scientistsandengineerstendtoexpresstheirideasintheformofequationsbecausetheyneedtoknowtheprecisevaluesofquantities.Butfortherestofus,aqualitativegraspofscientificconceptsissufficient,andthiscanbeconveyedbywordsanddiagrams,withouttheuseofequations.

Thesciencepeoplelearninschoolcanprovidethebasicframework.Buttherateofscientificprogressisnowsorapidthattherearealwaysnewdevelopmentsthathaveoccurredsinceonewasatschooloruniversity.Ineverlearnedaboutmolecularbiologyortransistorsatschool,butgeneticengineeringaridcomputersaretwoofthedevelopmentsmostlikelytochangethewayweliveinthefuture.Popularbooksandmagazinearticlesaboutsciencecanhelptoputacrossnewdevelopments.Buteventhemostsuccessfulpopularbookisreadbyonlyasmallproportionofthepopulation.Onlytelevisioncanreachatrulymassaudience.TherearesomeverygoodscienceprogrammersonTV,butotherspresentscientificwonderssimplyasmagic,withoutexplainingthemorshowinghowtheyfitintotheframeworkofscientificideas.Producersoftelevisionscienceprogrammersshouldrealizethattheyhavearesponsibilitytoeducatethepublic,notjustentertainit.

【答案】Theworldpeopleliveinhaschangedgrratly,andpeopleshouldensurethatthedirectionofchangeisright.Thus,peopleneedtohaveagoodknowledgeofbasicscience.Schoolandtelevisionscienceprogramsshouldshouldertheresponsibilityofeducatingthepublic.

26.单选题

Theseactorsfailedtocarryoutsomeoftheprovisionsofthecontract,andnowtheyhaveto（）theconsequences.

问题1选项

A.answerfor

B.runinto

C.abideby

D.stepinto

【答案】A

【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项answerfor“因……受罚，对……负责”；B选项runinto“遭遇，撞上”；C选项abideby“遵守，承担……的后果”；D选项stepinto“进入”。句意：这些演员没有履行合同中的某些条款，现在他们必须对此结果负责。选项A符合语境。

27.翻译题

Vacationsaremorenecessarynowthanbeforebecausetodaytheaveragelifeislesswell-roundedandhasbecomeincreasinglycompartmentalized.Isupposetheideaofvacations,asweconceiveit,mustbeincomprehensibletoprimitivepeoples.Restofsomekindhasofcoursealwaysbeenapartoftherhythmofhumanlife,butearlieragesdidnotfinditnecessarytoorganizeitinthewaythatmodernmanhasdone.Holidaysandfeastdaysweresufficient.

Withmodernman’sincreasingtensions,withthestultifyingqualityofsomuchofhiswork,thisbreakintheyear’sroutinebecamesteadilymorenecessary.Vacationsbecamemandatoryforthepurposeofrenewalandrepair.AndsoitcameaboutthatintheUnitedStates,themostself-indulgentofnations,themosttenseandcompartmentalized,vacationshavecometotakeapredominantplaceindomesticconversation.

【答案】现在度假比以前更有必要，因为现在一般人的生活不再像以前那样丰富多彩，而且变得越来越单调。我想原始人肯定不理解我们现在所想的休假。当然，某种方式的休息一直是人类生活节奏的一部分，但社会早期并不认为有必要像现代人那样安排休假。节日足以满足人们的需要。

随着现代人的情绪日益紧张，加之工作要求高，强度大，所以在一年的日常工作中进行休假变得越来越有必要。休假成为调节和修整心态的必要手段。因此，在美国这个最紧张单调的国家里，度假已经成为家庭闲谈的主要话题。

28.单选题

Itusedtobesostraightforward.Ateamofresearchersworkingtogetherinthelaboratorywouldsubmittheresultsoftheirresearchtoajournal.Ajournaleditorwouldthenremovetheauthors7namesandaffiliationsfromthepaperandsendittotheirpeersforreview.Dependingonthecommentsreceived,theeditorwouldacceptthepaperforpublicationordeclineit.Copyrightrestedwiththejournalpublisher,andresearchersseekingknowledgeoftheresultswouldhavetosubscribetothejournal.

Nolonger.TheInternet-andpressurefromfundingagencies,whoarequestioningwhycommercialpublishersaremakingmoneyfromgovernment-fundedresearchbyrestrictingaccesstoit-ismakingaccesstoscientificresultsareality.TheOrganizationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment（OECD.hasjustissuedareportdescribingthefar-reachingconsequencesofthis.Thereport,byJohnHoughtonofVictoriaUniversityinAustraliaandGrahamVickeryoftheOECD,makesheavyreadingforpublisherswhohave,sofar,madehandsomeprofits.Butitgoesfurtherthanthat.Itsignalsachangeinwhathas,untilnow,beenakeyelementofscientificendeavor.

Thevalueofknowledgeandthereturnonthepublicinvestmentinresearchdepends,inpart,uponwidedistributionandreadyaccess.Itisbigbusiness.InAmerica,thecorescientificpublishingmarketisestimatedatbetween$7billionand$11billion.TheInternationalAssociationofScientific,TechnicalandMedicalPublisherssaysthattherearemorethan2,000publishersworldwidespecializinginthesesubjects.Theypublishmorethan1.2millionarticleseachyearinsome16,000journals.

Thisisnowchanging.AccordingtotheOECDreport,some75%ofscholarlyjournalsarenowonline.Entirelynewbusinessmodelsareemerging;threemainoneswereidentifiedbythereport’sauthors.Thereistheso-calledbigdeal,whereinstitutionalsubscriberspayforaccesstoacollectionofonlinejournaltitlesthroughsite-licensingagreements.Thereisopen-accesspublishing,typicallysupportedbyaskingtheauthor（orhisemployer）topayforthepapertobepublished.Finally,thereareopen-accessarchives,whereorganizationssuchasuniversitiesorinternationallaboratoriessupportinstitutionalrepositories.Othermodelsexistthatarehybridsofthesethree,suchasdelayedopen-access,wherejournalsallowonlysubscriberstoreadapaperforthefirstsixmonths,beforemakingitfreelyavailabletoeveryonewhowishestoseeit.Allthiscouldchangethetraditionalformofthepeer-reviewprocess,atleastforthepublicationofpapers.

1.Theauthormainlytalksabout（）inParagraph1.

2.TheOECDreport（）.

3.Onlinepublicationissignificantbecause（）

4.Withtheopen-