2021高考英语北京版一轮精练：专题六猜测词义

专题六猜测词义

探考情悟真题

【考情探究】考点内容2015北京卷2016北京卷五年考频统计2017北京卷2018北京卷2019北京卷猜测词义猜测词义题要求考生通过对上下文的理解,推断单词、短语或句子在语境中的含义11011分析解读猜测词义题旨在考查考生根据上下文推测单词、短语甚至是句子意思的能力,突出考査考生对语境的分析和把握能力.猜测词义题虽不是阅读理解中的重点题型,但也是常考题型,其考查目的不在于检测考生是否认识某个生词或短语.有时设问处可能就是学生认为自己认识的单词或短语，但由于语境的变化它已经产生了新的含义.所以考生还是要以理解语境为首要任务，在语境中对单词、短语或句子进行理解。【五年高考】A组自主命题•北京卷题组Passage1（2018北京.D） 词数:479PreparingCitiesforRobotCarsThepossibilityofselMrivingrobotcarshasoftenseemedlikeafuturist'sdrcam,yearsawayfrommaterializingintherealworld.Well,thefutureisapparentlynow.TheCaliforniaDepartmentofMotorVehiclesbegangivingpermitsinAprilfbrcompaniestotesttrulyself-drivingcarsonpublicroads.Thestatealsoclearedthewayfbrcompaniestosellorrentoutself-drivingcars,andforcompaniestooperatedriverlesstaxiservices.California,itshouldbenoted,isn'tleadingthewayhere.Companieshavebeentestingtheirvehiclesincitiesacrossthecountry.It,shardtopredictwhendriverlesscarswillbeeverywhereonourroads.Buthoweverlongittakes,thetechnologyhasthepotentialtochangeourtransportationsystemsandourcities,fbrbetterorfbrworse,dependingonhowthetransformationisregulated.Whilemuchofthedebatesofarhasbeenfocusedonthesafetyofdriverlesscars（andrightfullyso）,policymakersalsoshouldbetalkingabouthowself-drivingvehiclescanhelpreducetrafficjams,cutemissions（排放）andoffermoreconvenient,affordablemobilityoptions.Thearrivalofdriverlessvehiclesisachancetomakesurethatthosevehiclesareenvironmentallyfriendlyandmoreshared.Dowewanttocopy-orevenworsen-thetrafficoftodaywithdriverlesscars?Imagineafuturewheremostadultsownindividualself-drivingvehicles.Theytoleratelong,slowjourneystoandfromworkonpackedhighwaysbecausetheycanwork,entertainthemselvesorsleepontheride,whichencouragesurbanspread.Theytaketheirdriverlesscartoanappointmentandsettheemptyvehicletocirclethebuildingtoavoidpayingfbrparking.Insteadofwalkingafewblockstopickupachildorthedrycleaning,theysendtheself-drivingminibus.Theconvenienceevenleadsfewerpeopletotakepublictransport一anunwelcomesideeffectresearchershavealreadyfoundinride-hailing（叫车）services.AstudyfromtheUniversityofCaliforniaatDavissuggestedthatreplacingpetrol-poweredprivatecarsworldwidewithelectric,self-drivingandsharedsystemscouldreducecarbonemissionsfromtransportation80%andcutthecostoftransportationinfrastructure（基础设施）andoperations40%by2050.Feweremissionsandcheapertravelsoundprettyappealing.Thefirstcommerciallyavailabledriverlesscarswillalmostcertainlybefieldedbyride-hailingservices,consideringthecostofself-drivingtechnologyaswellasliabilityandmaintenanceissues（责任与维护I、可题）.Butdriverlesscarownershipcouldincreaseasthepricesdropandmorepeoplebecomecomfortablewiththetechnology.Policymakersshouldstartthinkingnowabouthowtomakesuretheappearanceofdriverlessvehiclesdoesn'textendtheworstaspectsofthecar-controlledtransportationsystemwehavetoday.Thecomingtechnologicaladvancementpresentsachanceforcitiesandstatestodeveloptransportationsystemsdesignedtomovemorepeople,andmoreaffordably.Thecarofthefutureiscoming.Wejusthavetoplanforit..Accordingtotheauthor,attentionshouldbepaidtohowdriverlesscarscan.A.helpdealwithtransportation-relatedproblemsB.providebetterservicestocustomersC.causedamagetoourenvironmentD.makesomepeoplelosejobs.Asfordriverlesscars,whatistheauthor'smajorconcern?A.Safety. B.Sideeffects. C.Affordability. D.Management..WhatdocstheunderlinedwordwfieldedwinParagraph4probablymean?A.Employed. B.Replaced. C.Shared. D.Reduced..Whatistheauthor'sattitudetothefutureofself-drivingcars?A.Doubtful. B.Positive.C.Disapproving. D.Sympathetic.答案l.A.D.A4.BPassage2（2016北京,D） 词数:443WhyCollegeIsNotHomeThecollegeyearsaresupposedtobeatimeforimportantgrowthinautonomy（自主性）andthedevelopmentofadultidentity.However,nowtheyarebecominganextendedperitxlofadolescence,duringwhichmanyoftexlay*sstudentsarenotshoulderedwithadultresponsibilities.Forpreviousgenerations,collegewasadecisivebreakfromparentalcontrolguidanceandsupportneededtocomefrompeopleofthesameageandfromwithin.Inthepasttwodecades,however,continuedconnectionwithanddependenceonfamily,thankstocellphones,emailandsocialmedia,haveincreasedsignificantly.Someparentsgosofarastohelpwithcoursework.Insteadofpromotingtheideaofcollegeasapassagefromtheshelterofthefamilytoautonomyandadultresponsibility,universitieshavegivenintotheideathattheyshouldprovidethesameenvironmentasthatofthehome.Toprepareforincreasedautonomyandresponsibility,collegeneedstobeatimeofexplorationandexperimentation.Thisprocessinvolves**tryingonnewwaysofthinkingaboutoneselfbothintellectually（在思维方面）andpersonally.Whileweshouldprovide“safespaceswwithincolleges,wemustalsomakeitsafetoexpressopinionsandchallengemajorityviews.Intellectualgrowthandflexibilityarefosteredbystrictdebateandquestioning.Learningtodealwiththesocialworldisequallyimportant.Becauseacollegecommunity（群体）differsfromthefamily,manystudentswillstruggletofindasenseofbelonging.Ifstudentsrelyonadministratorstoregulatetheirsocialbehaviorandthinkingpattern,theyarenotfacingthechallengeoffindinganidentitywithinalargerandcomplexcommunity.Moreover,thetendencyfbruniversitiestomonitorandshapestudentbehaviorrunsupagainstanothercharacteristicofyoungadults:theresponsetobeingcontrolledbytheirelders.Ifacceptablesocialbehavioristoostrictlydefined（规疋）andcontrolled,theinsensitiveoraggressivebehaviorthatadministratorsareseekingtominimizemayactuallybeencouraged.Itisnotsurprisingthatyoungpeoplearelikelytoburstout,particularlywhentherearereasonstodoso.Ourgenerationoncejoinedhandsandstoodfirmattimesofnationalemergency.Whatislackingtodayistheconflictbetweenadolescents'desireforautonomyandtheirunderstandingofanunsafeworld.Therefore,thereisthedesirefbrtheirdormstobereplacementhomesandnotplacestoexperienceintellectualgrowth.Everycollegediscussionaboutcommunityvalues,socialclimateandbehaviorshouldincluderecognitionofthedevelopmentalimportanceofstudentautonomyandself-regulation,ofthenecessarytensionbetweensafetyandself-discovery.

.What'stheauthor'sattitudetowardcontinuedparentalguidancetocollegestudents?A.Sympathetic. B.Disapproving.C.Supportive. D.Neutral..TheunderlinedwordapassagewinParagraph2means・A.change B.choiceC.text D.extension.Accordingtotheauthor,whatroleshouldcollegeplay?A.ToB.ToA.ToB.ToC.ToD.Todefineandregulatestudents'videasafeworldwithouttensionforstudents.fosterstudents'intellectualandpersonaldevelopment..Whichofthefollowingshowsthedevelopmentofideasinthepassage?IintroductionP:Point Sp:Sub-point（次要点）词数:450C:Conclusion答案词数:450Passage3（2015北京.C）LifeintheClearPransparentanimalsletlightpassthroughtheirbodiesthesamewaylightpassesthroughawindow.Theseanimalstypicallylivebetweenthesurfaceoftheoceanandadepthofabout3,300feet一asfarasmostlightcanreach.Mostofthemareextremelydelicateandcanbedamagedbyasimpletouch.SonkeJohnsen,ascientistinbiology,says,“Theseanimalslivethroughtheirlifealone.Theynevertouchanythingunlessthey'reeatingit,orunlesssomethingiseatingthem.”Andtheyareasclearasglass.Howdoesananimalbecomesee-through?It'strickierthanyoumightthink.Theobjectsaroundyouarevisiblebecausetheyinteractwithlight.Lighttypicallytravelsinastraightline.Butsomematerialsslowandscatter（散射）light,bouncingitawayfromitsoriginalpath.Othersabsorblight,stoppingitdeadinitstracks.Bothscatteringandabsorptionmakeanobjectlookdifferentfromotherobjectsaroundit,soyoucanseeiteasily.Butatransparentobjectdoesn'tabsorborscatterlight,atleastnotverymuch.Lightcanpassthroughitwithoutbendingorstopping.Thatmeansatransparentobjectdoesn'tlookverydifferentfromthesurroundingairorwater.Youdon'tseeit-youseethethingsbehindit.Tobecometransparent.ananimalneedstokeepitsbodyfromabsorbingorscatteringlight.Livingmaterialscanstoplightbecausetheycontainpigments（色素）thatabsorbspecificcolorsoflight.Butatransparentanimaldoesn'thavepigments,soitstissueswon'tabsorblight.AccordingtoJohnsen,avoidingabsorptionisactuallyeasy.Therealchallengeispreventinglightfromscattering.Animalsarebuiltofmanydifferentmaterials-skin,fat,andmore-andlightmovesthrougheachatadifferentspeed.Everytimelightmovesintoamaterialwithanewspeed,itbendsandscatters.Transparentanimalsusedifferenttrickstofightscattering.Someanimalsaresimplyverysmallorextremelyflat.Withoutmuchtissuetoscatterlightjtiseasiertobesee-through.Othersbuildalarge,clearmassofnon-livingjelly-like（果冻状的）materialandspreadthemselvesoverit.Largertransparentanimalshavethebiggestchallengc,becausetheyhavetomakeallthedifferenttissuesintheirbodiesslowdownlightexactlyasmuchaswaterdoes.Theyneedtolookuniform.Buthowthey'redoingitisstillunknown.Onethingisclear:fbrtheselargeranimals,stayingtransparentisanactiveprocess.Whentheydie,theyturnanon-transparentmilkywhite..AccordingtoParagraph1transparentanimals.A.stayingroups B.canbeeasilydamagedC.appearonlyindeepocean D.arebeautifulcreatures.Theunderlinedword"dead"inParagraph3means.A.silently B.gradually C.regularly D.completely.Onewayfbrananimaltobecometransparentisto.A.changethedirectionoflighttravelB.gathermaterialstoscatterlightC.avoidtheabsorptionoflightD.growbiggertostoplight4.ThelastparagraphtellsusthatlargertransparentanimalsA.movemoreslowlyindeepwaterB.staysee-throughevenafterdeathC.producemoretissuesfbrtheirsurvivalD.takeeffectiveactiontoreducelightspreading答案l.B.D.C.DB组 统一命题、省（区、市）卷题组Passage1（2019课标全国I,B） 词数:329ForCanaanElementary'ssecondgradeinPatchogue,N.Y.,todayisspeechday,andrightnowit'sChrisPalaez'sturn.The8-year-oldisthejokeroftheclass.Withshiningdarkeyes,heseemslikethekindofkidwhowouldenjoypublicspeaking.Buthe'snervous.wI'mheretotellyoutodaywhyyoushould...should..."Christripsonthe"-Id,"apronunciationdifficultyfbrmanynon-nativeEnglishspeakers.Histeacher,ThomasWhaley,isnexttohim,whisperingsupport."...Votefbr...me..."Exceptforsomestumbles.Chrisisdoingamazinglywell.Whenhebringshisspeechtoaniceconclusion,Whaleyinvitestherestoftheclasstopraisehim.Asonofimmigrants,ChrisstartedlearningEnglishalittleoverthreeyearsago.Whaleyrecalls（回想起）howatthebeginningoftheyear,whencalledupontoread,Chriswouldexcusehimselftogotothebathroom.LearningEnglishasasecondlanguagecanbeapainfulexperience.Whatyouneedisagreatteacherwholetsyoumakemistakes."Ittakesalotfbranystudent,MWhaleyexplains,"especiallyfbrastudentwhoislearningEnglishastheirnewlanguage,tofeelconfidentenoughtosay,41don'tknow,butIwanttoknow.9"Whaleygottheideaofthissecond-gradepresidentialcampaignprojectwhenheaskedthechildrenonedaytoraisetheirhandsiftheythoughttheycouldneverbeapresident.Theanswerbrokehisheart.Whaleysaystheprojectisaboutmorethanjustlearningtoreadandspeakinpublic.Hewantsthesekidstolearntoboast（夸耀）aboutthemselves.MBoastingaboutyourself,andyourbestqualities,MWhaleysays,“isverydifficultforachildwhocameintotheclassroomnotfeelingconfident.M1.WhatmadeChrisnervous?A.Tellingastory. B.Makingaspeech.C.Takingatest. D.Answeringaquestion..Whatdoestheunderlinedword"stumbles"inparagraph2referto?A.Improperpauses. B.Badmanners.C.Spellingmistakes. D.Sillyjokes..WecaninferthatthepurposeofWhaley'sprojectisto.A.helpstudentsseetheirownstrengthsB.assessstudents'publicspeakingskillsC.preparestudentsfortheirfuturejobsD.inspirestudents'loveforpolitics.WhichofthefollowingbestdescribesWhaleyasateacher?A.Humorous. B.Ambitious.C.Caring. D.Demanding.答案l.B.A.A.CPassage2（2019课标全国II,A） 词数:264MyFavouriteBooksJoUsmarisawriterforCosmopolitanandco-authoroftheThisBookWillseries（系列）oflifestylebooks.Hereshepickshertopreads.MatildaRoaldDahlIoncewroteapaperontheinfluenceoffairytalesonRoaldDahfswritinganditgavemeanewappreciationfbrhisstrangeanddelightfulworlds.Matilda'sbattleswithhercruelparentsandthebossyheadmistress.MissTrunchbull,areequallyfunnyandfrightening,butthey'realsoaspirational.AfterDarkHarukiMurakamiIt'sabouttwosisters一Eri,amodelwhoeitherwon'torcan'tstopsleeping,andMari,ayoungstudent.Intryingtoconnecttohersister,Maristartschangingherlifeanddiscoversaworldofdiverse“nightpeoplewhoarehidingsecrets.GoneGirlGillianFlynnTherewasabitofmethatdidn'twanttolovethiswheneveryoneelseontheplanetdid.butthehorrorstoryisbrilliant.There'stensionandanxietyfromthebeginningasNickandAmybattleforyourtrust.It'sarealwhcxlunitandthefrustrationwhenyourealisewhat'sgoingonishorriblyenjoyable.TheStandStephenKingThisisanexcellentfantasynovelfromoneofthebeststorytellersaround.Afteraseriousfluoutbreakwipesout99.4%oftheworld'spopulation,abattleunfoldsbetweengoodandevilamongthoseleft.RandallFlaggisoneofthescariestcharactersever.l.Whodoes"I"refertointhetext?A.StephenKing. B.GillianFlynn.C.JoUsmar. D.RoaldDahl..WhichofthefollowingtellsaboutMariandEri?A.Cosmopolitan. B.Malilda.C.AfterDark. D.TheStand..WhatkindofbookisGoneGirl?A.Afolktale. B.Abiography.C.Alovestory. D.Ahorrorstory.答案l.C.C.DPassage3（2019课标全国ILB） 词数:338“Youcanusemeasalastresort（选择），andifnobodyelsevolunteers,thenIwilldoit.Thiswasanactualreplyfromaparentafter1putoutarequestforvolunteersfbrmykids*lacrosse（长曲棍球）club.guessthatthere'sprobablysomedemandingworkschedule,orsocialanxietyaroundsteppinguptohelpfbranunknownsport.Shemayjustneedalittlepersuading.SoItryagainandtugattheheartstrings.ImentionthesingleparentwithfourkidsrunningtheshowandItalkaboutthedadcoachingateamthathiskidsaren'tevenon...Atthispointtheunwillingparentspeaksup,"Alright.Yes,I'lldoit.”I'msecretlyrelievedbecauseIknowthere'srealpowerinsharingvolunteerresponsibilitiesamongmany.Theunwillingparentorganizesthemealschedule,sendsoutemails,andcollectsmoneyfbrend-of-seasongifts.Somewherealongtheway,thesameparentendsupbecominganinvaluablememberoftheteam.Thecoachisabletofocusonthekidswhiletheotherparentsarerelievedtobeoffthehookforanotherseason.Handingoutslicedorangestobloodthirstykidscanbeasexcitingaswatchingyourownkidscoreagoal.Still,mostofusvolunteersbreatheasighofreliefwhentheseasoncomestoaclose.Thatreliefiscoupledwithadeepunderstandingofwhythesamepeoplekeepcomingbackformore:Connectingtothecommunity（社区）asyoufreelygiveyourtime,money,skills,orservicesprovidesarealjoy.Volunteeringjustfeelssogood.Inthatsense,I'mprettysurevolunteeringismoreofaselfishactthanI'dfreelyliketoadmit.However,ifothersbenefitintheprocess,andIgetsomerewardtoo,doesitreallymatterwheremymotivationlies?l.Whatcanweinferabouttheparentfromherreplyinparagraph1?A.Sheknowslittleabouttheclub.B.Sheisn'tgocxlatsports.C.Shejustdoesn'twanttovolunteer.D.She'sunabletomeetherschedule..Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“tugattheheartstringswinparagraph2mean?A.Encourageteamwork. B.Appealtofeelings.C.Promotegooddeeds. D.Provideadvice..Whatcanwelearnabouttheparentfromparagraph3?A.Shegetsinterestedinlacrosse.B.Sheisproudofherkids.C.Shc'llworkforanotherseason.D.Shebecomesagoodhelper..Whydoestheauthorlikedoingvolunteerwork?A.Itgivesherasenseofduty.B.ltmakesherveryhappy.C.ltenableshertoworkhard.D.Itbringshermaterialrewards.答案l.C2.B3.D4.BPassage4（2019课标全国III,B） 词数:313ForWesterndesigners,ChinaanditsrichculturehavelongbeenaninspirationforWesterncreative.uIt'snosecretthatChinahasalwaysbeenasource（来源）ofinspirationfordesigners,"saysAmandaHill,chiefcreativeofficeratA+ENetworks,aglobalmediacompanyandhometosomeofthebiggestfashion（时尚）shows.Earlierthisyear,theChinaThroughALookingGlassexhibitioninNewYorkexhibited140piecesofChina-inspiredfashionableclothingalongsideChineseworksofart,withtheaimofexploringtheinfluenceofChineseaesthetics（美乎）onWesternfashionandhowChinahasfueledthefashionableimaginationforcenturies.Theexhibitionhadrecordattendance,showingthatthereishugeinterestinChineseinfluences.MChinaisimpossibletooverlook,saysHill.MChinesemodelsarethefacesofbeautyandfashioncampaignsthatselldreamstowomenallovertheworld,whichmeansChinesewomenarenotjustconsumersoffashion一theyarecentraltoitsmovement.Ofcourse,notonlyaretoday'stopWesterndesignersbeinginfluencedbyChina一someofthebestdesignersofcontemporaryfashionarethemselvesChinese."VeraWang,AlexanderWang,JasonWuaretakingonGalliano,Albaz,MarcJacobs一andbeatingthemhandsdownindesignandsales,MaddsHill.ForHill,itisimpossiblenottotalkaboutChinaastheleadingplayerwhendiscussingfashion."ThemostfamousdesignersareChinese,soarethemodels,andsoaretheconsumers,wshesays."Chinaisnolongerjustanothermarket;inmanysensesithasbecomethemarket.Ifyoutalkaboutfashiontoday,youaretalkingaboutChina一itsinfluences,itsdirection,itsbreathtakingclothes,andhowyoungdesignersandmodelsarefinallyacknowledgingthatinmanyways.nI.WhatcanwelearnabouttheexhibitioninNewYork?A.Itpromotedthesalesofartworks.B.Itattractedalargenumberofvisitors.C.ItshowedancientChineseclothes.D.ltaimedtointroduceChinesemodels..WhatdoesHillsayaboutChinesewomen?A.Theyaresettingthefashion.B.Theystartmanyfashioncampaigns.C.Theyadmiresupermodels.D.Theydobusinessallovertheworld..VVhatdotheunderlinedwordswtakingon"inparagraph4mean?A.leamingfrom B.lookingdownonC.workingwith D.competingagainst.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.YoungModelsSellingDreamstotheWorldB.AChineseArtExhibitionHeldinNewYorkC.DifferencesBetweenEasternandWesternAestheticsD.ChincseCultureFuelingInternationalFashionTrends答案l.B.A.D.DPassage5（2019天津,D） 词数:435WouldyouBETonthefutureofthisman?Heis53yearsold.Mostofhisadultlifehasbeenalosingstruggleagainstdebtandmisfortune.Awarinjuryhasmadehislefthandstopfunctioning,andhehasoftenbeeninprison.Drivenbyheaven-knows-whatmotives,hedeterminestowriteabook.Thebookturnsouttobeonethathasappealedtotheworldfbrmorethan350years.ThatformerprisonerwasCervantes,andthebookwasDonQuixote［《堂吉诃德》）.Andthestoryposesaninterestingquestion:whydosomepeoplediscovernewvitalityandcreativitytotheendoftheirdays,whileothersgotoseedlongbefore?We'veallknownpeoplewhorunoutofsteambeforetheyreachlife'shalfwaymark.I'mnottalkingaboutthosewhofailtogettothetop.Wecan'tallgetthere.I'mtalkingaboutpeoplewhohavestoppedlearningongrowingbecausetheyhaveadoptedthefixedattitudesandopinionsthatalltoooftencomewithpassingyears.Mostofus,infact,progressivelynarrowthevarietyofourlives.Wesucceedinourfieldofspecializationandthenbecometrappedinit.Nothingsurprisesus.Weloseoursenseofwonder.But,ifwearewillingtolearn,theopportunitiesareeverywhere.Thethingswelearninmaturityseldominvolveinformationandskills.Welearntobearwiththethingswecan'tchange.Welearntoavoidself-pity.Welearnthathowevermuchwetrytoplease,somepeoplearenevergoingtoloveus-anideathattroublesatfirstbutiseventuallyrelaxing.Withhighmotivationandenthusiasm,wecankeeponlearning.Thenwewillknowhowimportantitistohavemeaninginourlife.However,wecanachievemeaningonlyifwehavemadeacommitmenttosomethinglargerthanourownlittleegos（自我）,whethertolovedones,tofellowhumans,towork,ortosomemoralconcept.Manyofusequate（视等同于）**commitment0withsuch“caringoccupationsasteachingandnursing.Butdoinganyordinaryjobaswellasonecanisinitselfanadmirablecommitment.Peoplewhoworktowardsuchexcellence一whethertheyaredrivingatruck,orrunningastore一maketheworldbetterjustbybeingthekindofpeopletheyare.They'velearnedlife'smostvaluablelesson.l.ThepassagestartswiththestoryofCervantestoshowthat.A.lossoffreedomstimulatesone'screativityB.ageisnotabarriertoachievingone'sgoalC.miseryinspiresamantofightagainsthisfate0.disabilitycannotstopaman'spursuitofsuccess2.WhatdoestheunderlinedpartinParagraph3probablymean?A.Endone'sstruggleforliberty.B.Wasteone'senergytakingrisks.C.Misstheopportunitytosucceed.D.Losetheinteresttocontinuelearning..WhatcouldbeinferredfromParagraph4?A.Thosewhodaretotryoftengetthemselvestrapped.B.Thosewhotendtothinkbackcanhardlygoahead.C.Opportunityfavorsthosewithacuriousmind.D.Opportunityawaitsthosewithacautiousmind..WhatdoestheauthorintendtotellusinParagraph5?A.Atoughmancantoleratesuffering.B.Awisemancanlivewithoutself-pity.C.Amanshouldtrytosatisfypeoplearoundhim.D.Amanshouldlearnsuitablewaystodealwithlife..Whatistheauthor'spurposeinwritingthepassage?A.Toprovideguidanceonleadingameaningfuladultlife.B.Tostresstheneedofshoulderingresponsibilitiesatwork.C.Tostatetheimportanceofgeneratingmotivationforlearning.D.Tosuggestawayofpursuingexcellenceinourlifelongcareer.答案l.B.D.C.D.APassage6（2018课标全国I,C） 词数:294Languageshavebeencomingandgoingforthousandsofyears,butinrecenttimestherehasbeenlesscomingandalotmoregoing.Whentheworldwasstillpopulatedbyhunter-gatherers,small,tightlyknit（联ホ）groupsdevelopedtheirownpatternsofspeechindependentofeachother.Somelanguageexpertsbelievethat10,000yearsago,whentheworldhadjustfivetotenmillionpeople,theyspokeperhaps12,000languagesbetweenthem.Soonafterwards,manyofthosepeoplestartedsettlingdowntobecomefarmers,andtheirlanguagestoobecamemoresettledandfewerinnumber.Inrecentcenturies,trade,industrialisation,thedevelopmentofthenation-stateandthespreadofuniversalcompulsoryeducation,especiallyglobalisationandbettercommunicationsinthepastfewdecades,allhavecausedmanylanguagestodisappear,anddominantlanguagessuchasEnglish,SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover.Atpresent,theworldhasabout6,800languages.Thedistributionoftheselanguagesishugelyuneven.Thegeneralruleisthatmildzoneshaverelativelyfewlanguages,oftenspokenbymanypeople,whilehot,wetzoneshavelots,oftenspokenbysmallnumbers.Europehasonlyaround200languages;theAmericasabout1,000;Africa2,40〇;andAsiaandthePacificperhiips3,200,ofwhichP叩uaNewGuineaaloneaccountsforwellover800.Themediannumber(中位数)ofspeakersisamere6,0(X),whichmeansthathalftheworld,slanguagesarespokenbyfewerpeoplethanthat.Alreadywellover400ofthetotalof6,800languagesarcclosetoextinction(消亡)，withonlyafewelderlyspeakersleft.Pick,atrandom,BusuuinCameroon(eightremainingspeakers),ChiapanecoinMexico(150),Lipa