在美国上大学50个必记的拉丁词汇资料

在美国上大学50个必记的拉丁词汇！来源：樊丁的日志来米国读书之后发现除了英语词汇，日常口语交流中，有时甚至是在写作中还会频频遇到一些拉丁语词汇，下面总结出来的这些拉丁语就是每个要来美国上大学的孩纸必知道的词汇，看看你见过几个！WhiletheremaynotbecitiesandcountriesfullofpeoplespeakingLatinthesedays,thatdoesn'tmeantheancientIanguageissomethingyoucanjustforgetabout.NotonlyaremanyofourwordsinEnglish(nottomentionmanyotherlanguages)derivedfromLatin,butmanyofitswordswordsarestillusedintoday'sdailyspeakingandwriting.SowhileyoumaynotneedtolearntospeakorreadtheLatinIanguagefluently,itcanstillbeabighelpinyourquestforhighereducationtoknowafewwordsandphrases.HerearesomeofthemostcommonlyusedLatinexpressionsthatyoushouldlearntostartimprovingyourpersonallexicon.虽然现在没有一个城市或者一个国家在用古拉丁语，但这不意味着我们应该彻底忘记这种语言。事实上，不仅仅在英语(和其他很多语言)中有许多单词都是从拉丁文衍生出来的，在日常的写作和交流中一些拉丁单词仍被使用得很频繁。所以虽然你不需要系统地学习和掌握拉丁语，但是记住一些常被用到的拉丁词汇和短语无疑会对你的大学学习帮很大的忙。下面列举出的就是那些最常用到的拉丁文的表述，相信记住了这些拉丁词汇你的个人词库会飞跃不止一个档次！Must-LearnTerms必记的术语Ifyoudon'tknowtheseLatinterms,gettolearningthemASAP,astheyarecommonlyusedinspeakingandwritingandmaybehardtoavoid.亲，如果你还不知道这些拉丁词汇，那么就赶紧行动吧！因为他们在日常写作和交流的时候是不可避免地会被用到的！Perse:(就其本身而言)Thedirecttranslationofthistermis"byitself"anditmeansjustthatwhenusedinEnglishaswell.Youcoulduseittosaythatyoudon'tfindchemistryboringperse(byitself,intrinsically),butthisprofessor'svoiceputsyoutosleep.例如：就化学本身而言我并不讨厌它，可是教授上课的声音总是让我想打瞌睡。Viceversa:（反之亦然）FromtheLatinmeaning"tochange"or"turnaround,"thistermmeanstoreversetheorderofsomething.ThisquotefromSamuelButlerprovidesanexample,"Inthemidstofviceweareinvirtue,andviceversa."Almamater:（母校尤指大学）Ifyoudon'tknowthistermalready,you'llbecomequitefamiliarwithitonceyougraduatefromcollege.Theliteraltranslationis"dear/bountifulmother"butyou'llfinditusedineverydayIanguagetodenotethecollegeoruniversityfromwhichonehasgraduated.Magnumopus（大师之作/绝好的艺术作品）：Whetherit'sinwriting,painting,sculptureormusic,thisLatintermdenotesthegreatestworkdonebyanartist--atruemasterpiece.Bonafide（在法律术语中指良好的意图/一般表示真诚的和善意的）：Whileit'sliteraltranslationmeans"goodfaith"thistermhasafewdifferentshadesofmeaninginmodernIanguage.Inlegalterms,itisusedtorepresentsomethingthatispresentedwithoutdeceptionorfraud,orliterallyingoodfaith,honest,sincereandlawful.Itismorecommonlyusedtomeansomethingthat'stherealdealortrulyauthentic.Quasi（类似的，有如）:InLatin,thiswordmeansasiforasthoughandinEnglishitisusedasbothanadjectiveinitsownrightandasapartofacompoundword.Itsimplydesignatessomethingthatresemblessomethingelsebutdoesn'tquitehaveallthesamefeatures.Alterego（密友，或者个性的另一面）：Cicerocoinedthisterm,mostlikelytakenfromtheGreek,tomean"asecondself"or"anotherI"anditsmodernmeaninghasn'tchangedmuchtoday.Manypeoplehaveanalterego,oranother,perhapshiddenaspectofthemselves.OneexamplefrompopularcultureisBeyonce'salterego,SashaFierce.Verbatim（逐字逐句的/地）:Ifyourepeatsomethingverbatimyourepeatitinexactlythesamewords,wordforwordwithnochangesandnoimprovisation.Statusquo（现状）：FromtheLatinmeaning"thestateinwhich"thistermisusedtodaytodesignatetheexistingstateorconditionofthings.Forexample,ifyou'remakingmoneyoffofahighpollutionindustryitistoyourintereststomaintainthestatusquowhenitcomestoenvironmentallaw.Writing写作的时候常用到的拉丁文Knowingjustwhatthesetermsandwordsmeancanbeabighelpinimprovingyourreadingcomprehension.知道这些拉丁文可以有效地提高你的阅读理解能力。Sic（这个是指原作品中出现了错误，编辑在此指出）：Foundinwriting,thisLatinwordmostcommonlyfindsahomeinbrackets（likethis:[sic]）whenquotingastatementorwriting.Itindicatesthatthereisaspellingorgrammarerror（orjustsomethingoutoftheordinary）intheoriginalquotationandthatthepublicationhasonlyreproduceditfaithfully,notmadeanerroroftheirown.Id^st（缩写是i・e.,通常在作者想要给出具体的例子和解释的时候）:You'velikelyseenthisterminwritingbefore,evenifyouweren'tawareasitiscommonlyabbreviatedtoi.e.InLatin,itmeans"thatis"andisusedinEnglishwhenthespeakerorwriterwantstogiveanexampleorexplanationthatspecifiesastatement.Deusexmachina（解围的人或事件）：Indirecttranslation,thistermmeans,"Godoutofamachine"anditharkensbackancientGreekandRomanplays.Whentheplotwouldbecometootangledorconfusing,thewriterswouldsimplybringinGod,loweredinviaapulleysystem（themachine）andhewouldwrapitallup.Today,it'sstillusedinliteraturetodescribeaplotwhereanartificialorimprobablemeansofresolvingaconflictisused.Exempligratia（缩写是e・g.,这通常会用在例子前面，forthesakeofexample）:You'lloftenseethistermabbreviatedtoe.g.inwriting.Itmeans"forthesakeofexample"andwhenitseeitinasentenceyoucanexpectthatiswillbefollowedbysomeexamples.Etcetera（缩写是etc.意思是andtheothers还有其他的）:Fewouttherearen'tfamiliarwiththistermbutmaynotknowitaswellwhenit'sspelledoutlikethisandnotabbreviatedasetc.Meaning"andtheothers"itisusedtodenotethatalistofthingscouldcontinueadinfinitum（seebelowfordefinition）andthatforthesakeofbrevityit'sbettertojustwrapthingsupwithasimpleetc.Exlibris（专指书籍从・・・图书馆来）：Backinthedayswhenbookswererarerandmoreexpensivecommoditiesthantheyweretoday,itwascommontomarkyourbookswithalabelbearingyourownnameandthisphrasewhichmeans"fromthelibraryof."Whilenotascommontoday,sometruebibliophilesstillusethelabels.Ibidem（缩写是ibid,常被用在文献页，指同一个资料来源被引用了两次）：Anotherabbreviatedterm,thiswordismorecommonlyseeninresearchwritingintheformof"ibid."FromtheLatinfor"inthesameplace"itisfoundinfootnotesandbibliographiestodesignatethatthesamesourcehasbeencitedtwiceinsuccession.Etalii（缩写是etal,通常用在一本合著的书的某一个作者名字之后以省略罗列其他的作者名字）:You'reunlikelytoencounterthisLatinphraseinitsunabbreviatedform,andwillmostlikelyonlyeverseeitasetalwhenincluded.Thisisalsoatermthatisfoundinfootnotesandbibliographieswhichallowswriterstorefertoalargenumberofauthorswithouthavingtowriteeachnameout（forexample,youcouldsaythatyoursourceisDr.HenryJonesetal.）EverydayTalk日常生活中常用到的拉丁语You'velikelyheardthesewordsandphrasesonthenewsorinconversations,andifyoudidn'tknowwhattheymeantthen,thesedefinitionswillhelpmakeitclearnow.你有可能之前在新闻或者日常对话中听过这些短语，如果你还不清楚他们具体是什么意思，那么接下来的解释会让你更加清楚它们的含义。Adinfinitum（toinfinity无止尽的）：YoumightbeabletoguesswhatthisphrasemeanssimplythroughitssimilaritytothewordweuseinEnglish.Itmeans"toinfinity"andcanbeusedtodescribesomethingthatgoeson,seeminglyoractuallyendlessly,assomestudentsmightfeelaboutcertainclasses.Defacto（事实上）：InLatin,defactomeans"fromthefact"andinuseinEnglishitisoftenusedtodistinguishwasissupposedtobethecasefromwhatisactuallythereality.Forexample,legally,employersarenotallowedtodiscriminateinhiringbecauseofage,butmanystillpracticedefacto（inreality,infact）discrimination.Intoto（intotal,总的来说/整体上）：No,thisphrasedoesn'tmeanthatthecutelittledogfromTheWizardofOzatesomething,itmeansinallorentirely.Thinkofitassaying"intotal"inareallyweirdvoice.Ipsofacto（本质上/事实证明）：Meaning"bythefactitself"thiscommonlyusedandmisusedtermisdenoteswhensomethingistruebyitsverynature.Forexample,ifyoudon'tfeedyourdogyouareipsofactoabadowner.Tabularasa（纯洁质朴天真的状态）：Whenyouwereachild,yourmindmighthavebeenmoreofatabularasathanitistoday.ThisLatinphrasemeans"cleanslate"anddenotessomethingorsomeonenotaffectedbyexperiencesandimpressions.Terrafirma（坚实的陆地）：Thosewhohatetoflyorgetseriouslyseasickwillbeabletoputthistermtogooduse.Itmeansfirmground,andyoumightbethankingyourluckystarstobebackonitafteratripthroughtheairorroughwaters.Meaculpa（是我的错）：Ifyouwanttoadmityourownguiltorwrongdoinginasituation,usethisLatinphrasethattranslatesliterallyto"myfault."It'sabitlikeafancier,lessoutdatedwayofsaying"mybad."Personanongrata（不受欢迎的人）：FromtheLatinmeaningan"unacceptableperson"thistermdesignatessomeonewho'snoIongerwelcomeinasocialorbusinesssituation.Insitu（现场，就地）:Ifsomethinghappensinsituithappensinplaceoronsite,thoughthetermoftendesignatessomethingthatexistsinanoriginalornaturalstate.Likeararespeciessightedinsituoraninvaluableartifactfoundonanarcheologicalsite.Invitro（在试管内）：Moststudentswillbefamiliarwiththistermbecauseofmodernfertilitytreatments,buthaveyoueverconsideredwhatthetermactuallymeans?InLatin,invitromeans"inglass"andanybiologicalprocessthatoccursinthelaboratoryratherthaninthebodyoranaturalsettingcanbecalledinvitro.Invivo（在活体内）：Whileanexperimenttakingplaceinaglasstesttubemightnotcauseastir,manyareupinarmsaboutthiskindofexperimentation.Invivomeans"withintheliving"andthetwomostcommonexamplesofthiskindofexperimentationareanimaltestingandclinicaltrials.Antebellum（战前，尤指美国南北战争）：Duringyourhistorycourses,you'reboundtoencounterthisterm.Itmeansinthemostbasicsense"beforethewar"andwhileitcanbeappliedtoanywaritismostcommonlyusedtorefertotheAmericanCivilWarandtheAntebellumEratheprecededit.ArgumentsandLogic做逻辑和争论Representingargumentsasoldasphilosophyitselfandthetermsassociatedwiththem,thesetermsaregoodtoknowforawell-roundededucation.Apriori:Youmightcomeacrossthisterminclassesaboutlogicorreasoning.Itmeanstakingagenerallaworideaandapplyingittoaparticularinstaneewithoutneedingexperimentationorobservation.Anexampleofanaprioristatementthatisusedis,"allbachelorsaresingle."Youdonotneedtoobservethistoseethatitistruebecause,bydefinition,bachelorsmustbesingle.Aposteriori:Aposterioriargumentsaredifferentthanaprioribecausetheyarebasedonactualobservationorexperimentation.Continuingonthepreviousexample,anaposterioriexampleofreasoningmightbethat"somebachelorsarehappy."Thiscanbebasedonreallifeobservationisn'tagivenbasedonwhatabacheloris.Adnauseam:ThisLatintermisusedtodescribeanargumentthathasbeentakingplacetothepointofnausea,oftenwiththesameargumentsbeingrehashedoverandoverforyearsuntileveryone,exceptaselectfew,aresimplysicktodeathofthewholething.Ergo:Simplyput,ergomeansthereforeandyoucanexchangeitwiththereforeorhenceinanysentenceandmaintainthesamemeaning.Forexample,youcouldsay,"Ithink,ergoIam"withoutchangingthemeaningoftheoriginal.LegalLanguageOneplacewhereLatinwordsareverycommonlyusedisinthecourtroom.LearnsomeofthesebasiclegalwordstohelpyoubetterunderstandLawandOrderandhowthelegalprocessworks.Compismentis:Meaning"incommandofone'smind"thistermisusedinthelegalfieldtodenotesomeonewhoiscompetenttostandtrialandnotencumberedbymentalillnessorhandicap.Subpoena:Ifyou'veeverwatchedalegaldramaonTV,you'vemorethanlikelyheardthistermthrownaroundbutperhapshaven'tgivenmuchthoughtastowhatitreallymeans.ThewordsubpoenacomesfromtheLatinmeaning"underpenalty"andifsomeonedeliversasubpoenatoyouhavetorespondorthey'llbesomebigpenaltiesunderthelaw.Adhominem:Incourt,oroutsideofitforthatmatter,thistermisusedtodesignateanargumentthatattackssomeone'scharacterratherthanaddressingaquestionorissueathand.Byattackingcharacter,theseargumentsappealtoemotionsandprejudicesratherthanreasonorlogic.Habeascorpus:Awritofhabeascorpus(literally,havethebody)requiresapersontoappearbeforethecourtinperson,generallytoascertainwhetherornotthedetentionofthatpersonislawful.Habeascorpuscannotbesuspendeduniessthereisreasontobelievethatapersoncouldposeadangertothepublic.Probono:Probonomeans"forthegood"andit'satermusedtodesignatewhensomethingisdonefreeofcharge.Whilethetermcanbeappliedinanyfield,itismostcommonlyusedtodescribelegalservices.Mensrea:Thereisabigdiffereneebetweenmurderandmanslaughter,andmensreaiswhatseparatesthetwo.Mensreameans"guiltymind,"andthosewhogointoacrimeintendingtocommitithaveit,differingfromthosewhocommitacrimeaccidentallyorwithoutadvaneeplanning.BusinessIt'salwaysgoodtoknowtheIanguageofbusiness,especiallyinsuchacompetitivemarket.Nomatterwhatfieldyouenter,you'reboundtohearthesewordsatsomepointinyourcareer.Adhoc:FromtheLatinmeaning"tothis,"thistermgainedpopularityinthemid-1600sanditstillusedtoday.Itreferstosomethingthatisformedordonequicklytomeetstheneedsofaparticularproblemorissuewithoutregardtoamoregeneralapplicationandgenerallylackingadvaneeplanning.Perdiem:Meaning"bytheday"aperdieminmostusestodaydesignatesadailyallowaneeusedintravelingforwork.Itcanalsomeanaper-dayrateorthatsomeoneispaidonadailybasis.Othercommonsimilartermsareperannum(bytheyear)andpercapita(bytheperson.)Curriculumvitae:Acurriculumvitaeisbasicallyafancywaytodescribearesume.Whileitmeansliterally"thecourseofone'slife"thetermsisappliedtomeanashortlistofyouraccomplishmentsandtraining--somethinganygradwillneedtothinkaboutputtingtogethersoon.Prorata:ThisLatinphraseissomethingyou'relikelyfamiliarwithineverydaylife.Itmeanstochargeataproportionalrate.Soifaserviceis$100for10hours,thenonewouldcost$10prorata.Quidproquo:WhileAnthonyHopkinssosinisterlyusedthisphraseinTheSileneeoftheLambs,ineverydaylifeit'softenusedtodescribeanexchangeofvaluenecessaryforacontracttotakeplace.FromtheLatinmeaning"thisforthat,"itgetsusedineverywherefromthecour