2020届上海市高三高考最后冲刺卷(五)英语试题听力

/11上海市英语高考模拟试卷 （五）I.ListeningComprehensionSectionA(10%)Directions：InsectionA,youwillheartenshortconversationsbetweentwospeakers.Attheendofeachconversatio，naquestionwillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Theconversationsandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaconversationandthequestionaboutit,readthefourpossibleanswersonyourpaper,anddecidewhichoneisthebestanswertothequestionyouhaveheard.B.Jogging.B.Jogging.B.Thepaper.B.Threedays.A.Working.A.Theexam.A.Fiveweeks.Havingadrink.C.Histeacher.C.Twodays.D.Dancing.Theinterview.D.Notmentioned.A.Hehadafever.B.Hewasinthehospital.C.Heoverslept.A.Gotoagame.C.Misshisclass.A.Theblueoneistoolarge.C.Heoverslept.A.Gotoagame.C.Misshisclass.A.Theblueoneistoolarge.C.Bluealwaysmakeshersad.A.Hecamebackhomelate.Hehadtrainedtoomuchthatday.Hehadnosportsfacilities.Hehadnohomeworktodoatnight.A.Heshouldgoonhisdiet.C.Heshouldgiveupteaandcoffee.A.Waitforhercousin.B.Havehissupper.D.MeetMissOilmananyminute.B.Theblueonedoesn ’hetrs.uitD.Theblueonelooksterrible.B.Heshouldnoteatsugaranylonger.D.Heshouldlistentoheradvice.B.Gototheairport.D.Hehadanunexpectedvisitor.A.Heistoobusyhimself.Hedoesn't：wanttohelpher.He'dbegladtohelpherafterhehasfinishedhisownhomework.Hehasalreadyfinishedhisownhomework.C.Stayathome.C.Stayathome.D.Doherhomework.SectionB(15%)Directions：InSectionB，you-willheartwopassagesandoneLongerconversation.Aftereachpassageandconversation,youwillbeaskedseveralquestions.Thepassagesandtheconversationwillbereadtwice,butthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Whenyouhearaquestion,readthefourpossibleanswersonyourpaperanddecidewhich,oneisthebest,answertothequestionyouhaveheard.Questions11through13arebasedonthefollowingpassage.A.Ithadafireaccident. B.Itsloppedhalfway.C.Itwasturnedoffbythewriter. D.Itmovedfastuptothetopfloor.A.Moreandmorescared. B.Calmerandcalmer.C.Moreandmorebored. D.Clearerandclearer.

13.A.Theliftwastostartagain.B.Therepairworkerrangtheliftalarm.13.A.Theliftwastostartagain.C.Thebuildingwasonfire. D.Thewriterpressedtheliftalarmbell.A.Createdifferentfeelingsforus.C.Developourinterestinmoney.A.Lightmusic.B.Rockmusic.A.Createdifferentfeelingsforus.C.Developourinterestinmoney.A.Lightmusic.B.Rockmusic.A.MusicinRestaurantsC.TypesofMusicHelpustodevelopgoodhabits.D.Influencenaturalenvironments.Sweetmusic.D.Softmusic.B.GoodandBadMusicMusicandBehaviorQuestions17through20arebasedonthefollowingconversation.A.Havinganinterview. B.Travelling.C.Takingatest. D.Askingforpassportinformation.A.Britain. B.Germany. C.France. D.Italy.A.Calltheauthoritiesconcerned.Downloadanapplicationformfromthewebsite.Fillintheform.Prepareallthedocuments.A.Twophotos. B.Birthcertificates.C.Thefeeof11pounds. D.IDcard.II.GrammarandVocabulary(10%)Directions:Afterreadingthepassagebelow,fillintheblankstomakethepassagecoherentandgrammaticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththeproperformofthegivenword;fortheotherblanks,useone-wordthatbestfitseachblank.IusedtojokethatIspokeFrenchlikeathree-year-old-untilImetaFrenchthree-year-oldandcouldn'tholdupmyendoftheconversation.Thiswasafterayearofintensestudy,includingatleasttwohoursadaywithself-instructionsoftwareandweekendclasses,followedbytwoweeksofanimmersionprogram矶浸式教学)atoneofthetoplanguageschoolsinFrance.Myfailurewasinfactquiteunremarkable.Despiteadvertisingclaims,(21)(learn)aforeignlanguageisachallengingtaskforanyadult.Intheend,though,(22)_turnsoutthatspendingayear. 'notlearning"Frenchmayhavebeen(theo(23thingIcouldhavedoneformy57-year-oldbrain.Inthelastfewyears,Iwasunabletoholdalistoffourgroceryitemsinmymind.Sotoreassure(24) thatnothingwaswrong,Itookacognitive叱知的)assessmentjustbeforetacklingFrench.Theresultswereanything(25) reassuring：Iscoredbelowaverageformyagegroupinnearlyallofthecategories,especiallyonthecompositememo翁伶t己忆)testandthevisualmemorytest.Afterayearofstrugglingwiththelanguage,Iretookthecognitiveassessment,andtheresultsshockedme.Myscoreshadskyrocketed,(26) (place)meaboveaveragein7of!0categories,andaverageintheotherthree.Studyingalanguagehadbeenlikedrinkingfromamentalfountonyouth.Whatmightexplainsuchanimprovement?ResearchersattheChineseUniversityofHongKongandNorthwesternUniversitynotedthatthecognitivetasks(27)(involve)inlanguagestudy—likeworkingmemory,inductivereasoning(归纳推理),sounddiscrimination(识别)andtaskswitching—mapcloselyto(与 紧密相关)theareasofthebrainthataremostassociatedwithdeclinesduetoaging.Ifmyexperienceisanyindication,youmightbebetteroffstudyingalanguage.Notonlyisthatafarmoreusefulandenjoyableactivity(28)anabstractbraingame,butasarewardforyourefforts,youcantreatyourself(29)atripabroadThat's(30)Iplantospendthenextyear "notlearning“ItaliCnao!(10%)Directions：Completethefollowingpassagebyusingthewordsinthebox.Eachwordcanonlybeusedonce.Notethatthereisone.wordmorethanyouneed.A.intellectuallyB.gratefulC.individualsD.rewardingE.participantsF.awarenessG.amazingH.physicallyLlocalJ.civilization(reminderLastweek,SpecialOlympicorganizersmadesurethatalldetailswereincludedtoensurethattheathleteswereproperlywelcomedandtakencareof.Neverbeforeinthe39-yearhistoryoftheSpecialOlympicshastherebeensucha(n)(31)andwonderfulopeningceremony.Andeverywhereinthiscity,billboardswiththesmilingfacesofthe(32)_disabledpromotedtheGames.ThroughoutShanghai,messagesof(33)””, “humanism,"and“love”wereseeneverywhere.Thesestatementsofhopeandachievementsweresupportingmorethqn500athletesthatparticipatedinthisyear'seventswiththemostrepresentationfromChina,over1,200(34)_!Althoughthesehopefulwordswerepositiveandencouraging,manymentallychallenged(35)_werenotgettingtheraretheyrequired.Inmanycountries,disabledpeopleareneglectedandnotproperlycaredfor.However,eventssuchastheSpecialOlympicsareraisingthe(36)_ofmistreatmentandlackofcare.IntheUnitedStates,forexample,specialtrainingcentersandhomesexistthathelpthementallychallengedfindjobsin(37)communities.Lastyear,Ivolunteeredafewhourseachweekatafacilitythatcaredformentallydisabledpeople.Itwasavery(38)_experienceknowingthatmytimewasmakingadifferenceinsomeone'slife.AlthoughIonlyspentashorttimethere,thepeoplewereso(39)fortheattentionandmostofall,tobeincluded.TheSpecialOlympicsarea(n)(40)_tosocietythatwemusttakecareofthosewhoarelessfortunatethanourselves.III.ReadingComprehension(15%)Directions：Foreachblankinthefollowingpassagetherearefour-wordsorphrasesmarkedA,B.CandD.Fillineachblankwiththewordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontext.Wikipedia,theUS-basedonlineencyclopedia(百科全书),is10thisyear.Itisthelargestencyclopediaever.Thesite,(41)_in2001byAmericansJimmyWalesandLarrySanger,isnowthefifthmost-visitedontheInternet.Ithasabout17millionarticlesinover270languagesandabout400millionpeoplegotothesiteeachday,(42)informationonjustaboutanything:maths,

languages,art,cultureandcompanyhistories.Therearearticlesonsportsstars,too,andeven(43)soapoperasfromthe1970s.Wikipedia(44)anopeneditingmodel.Exceptforasmallnumberofpages,anyoneraneditarticles,anonymouslyorwithauseraccount,and(45)_userscancreatetheirownarticles.Editingisunpaid,althoughWikipediadoesemployasmall.staff.Wikipediaisfreelyavailabletoallnetizens.Wikipedia(46)_anewwaytoshareinformationanditsfoundershopedthatthemodelwouldbeabletomakeuseofthe(47)_wisdomofhumanbeings.However,(48)haveraiseddoubtsabouttheaccuracyand(49)ofWikipedia'scontent,sinceitseditorsaremostly(50)ratherthanprofessionals.ThereisnodoubtthatWikipediapagescontainmanyerrors,althoughtheorganizationdoesattempttosolveproblemswithitscontent(51)system.However,severalstudieshaveconcludedthatWikipediaisasaccurateasmostprintedencyclopedias.(52),a2005reportinthejournalNaturefoundittobeonly(53)lessreliablethantheEncyclopediaBritannica.JimmyWaleshasbigplansforthefuture.HewantsWikipediaineverylanguageoftheworldandhopesthenumberofvisitorswillreach1billionby2015.ThereisnodoubtthatWikipediafaceschallenges.Itcarriesnoads.Itsfundscomefrom(54).Perhapsmoreimportantly,thenumberofitsvolunteereditorsisfalling.However,Walessayshewillstill(55)_hisaspiration-world,“ashetoldTheWashingPost.A.publishedA.makingupA.permanentA.enrollsHowever,Walessayshewillstill(55)_hisaspiration-world,“ashetoldTheWashingPost.A.publishedA.makingupA.permanentA.enrollsA.justifiedA.expandedA.collectiveA.professionalsA.accessA.executivesA.reviewA.IncrediblyA.undoubtedlyA.negotiationsA.makeroomforB.createdB.summingupB.temporaryB.employsB.participatedB.enlargedB.idealisticB.criticsB.convenienceB.amateursB.facilityB.ReasonablyB.increasinglyB.commercesticktoproposedC.lookingupC.contemporaryC.appointsC.registeredC.struckC.individualC.psychologistsC.explanationC.authoritiesC.licenceC.CheerfullyC.slightlyC.routinesputforwardtodosomethingusefulfortheinstalledD.buildingupD.long-forgottenD.entitlesD.rewardedD.pioneeredD.imaginativeD.supportersD.authorityD.expertsD,proposalD.IndeedD.necessarilyD.donationsD.goinfor(22%)Directions：Readthefollowingthreepassages.Eachpassageisfollowedbyseveral,questionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,CandD.Choosetheonethatjitsbestaccordingtotheinformationgiveninthepassageyouhavejustread.(A)Mysix-year-oldgranddaughter,CaitlyndandIstoppedatTimHorton 'sshopforabluebecake.Asweweregoingoutofthedoorayoungteenageboywascomingin.Thisyoungmanhadnohaironthesidesofhisheadandasetofbluespiked^勺）hairontopofit.Oneofhisnostrils（鼻孑L）waspierced,andaringranthroughtheholeandachainwentacrosshisfaceandwasattachedtoaringhewaswearinginhisear.Heheldaskateboardunderonearmandabasketballundertheother.Caitlynd,whowaswalkingaheadofmestoppedatoncewhenshesawtheteenager.Ithoughthe'dscaredherandshe'dfrozenonthespot.Iwaswrong.Mygranddaughterbackedupagainstthedoorandopeneditaswideasitwouldgo.NowIwasfacetofacewiththeyoungman.Isteppedasideandlethimpass.Hisgraciousresponsewasapolite“Thankyouverynuch,”.OnourwaytothecarIpraisedCaitlyndforhermannersinholdingopenthedoorfortheyoungman.Shedidn'tseemtobetroubledbyhisappearancebutIwantedtomakesure.Ifagrandmotherstalkaboutfreedomofself-expressionandallowingpeopletheirdifferenceswassuitable.Iwantedtobeready.Asitturnedout,thepersonwhoneededthetalkwasme.TheonlythingCaitlyndnoticedabouttheteenager,wasthefactthathisarmswerefull."Hewouldhaveahardtimeinopeningthedoor. ”Isawthepartiallyshavedhead,thesetofspikedhair;thepiercingsandthechain.Shesawapersoncarryingsomethingundereacharmandheadingtowardadoor.Inthefuture,Ihopetogetdownonherlevelandraisemysights.Whatdidtheauthorthinkoftheyoungmanatfirstsight?A.Polite. B.Common.C.Frightening.D.Fashionable.CaitlyndhelpedtheyoungmanbecauseshewasnotscaredatallshewasinfavorofhisdressingcodeshewantedtoavoidhimitwouldbedifficultforhimtoopenthedoorTheunderlinedsentencesuggeststhat.peopleshouldhavemorefreedomtoexpressthemselvestheauthordidn'tknowhowtogiveatalfreedomatalkonfreedomwasuselessforthegranddaughtertheauthorwasashamedofherselfTheauthorintendstotellusthat weshouldn'tjudgeapersonbylhokweshouldallowpeoplemorefreedomtodressdifferentlyweshouldbemorehelpfulandtoleranttostrangedressingoftheyoungweshouldn'tbetooparticularaboutpeopleinlife（B）YourDNScache（域名存储器）storesthelocations（IPaddresses）ofwebserversthatcontainwebpageswhichyouhaverecentlyviewed.IfthelocationofthewebserverchangesbeforetheentryinyourDNScacheupdates,youcannolongeraccessthesite.IfyouencounteralargenumberofHTML404errorcodes，youmayneedtoclearyourDNScache.AfteryouclearyourDNSeacheyourcomputerwillquery（W问）nameservers域名®务器）forthenewDNSinformation.ThefollowingmethodsallowyoutoremoveoldandinaccurateDNSinformationthatmayresultin404errors.Windows7ToclearyourDNScacheifyouuseWindows7，performthefollowingsteps：ClickStart.EntercmdintheStartmenusearchtextbox.Right-clickCommandPromptandselectRunasAdministrator.Runthefollowingcommand：Ipconfig/flushdnsIfthecommandsucceeds,thesystemreturnsthefollowingmess：agWeindowsIPconfigurationsuccessfullyflushedtheDNSResolverCache.Windows?8ToclearyourDNScacheifyouuseWindowSD8,performthefollowingsteps：Onyourkeyboard，pressWin+XtoopentheWinXMenu.Right-clickCommandPromptandselectRunasAdministrator.Runthefollowingcommand：Ipconfig/flushdnsIfthecommandsucceeds,thesystemreturnsthefollowingmess：agWeindowsIPconfigurationsuccessfullyflushedtheDNSResolverCache.WindowsXP，2000,orVista⑧ToclearyourDNScacheifyouuseWindowsXP，2000，orVista?,performthefollowingsteps：ClickStart.OntheStartmenu,clickRun.IfyoudonotseetheRuncommandinVista,enterrunintheSearchbar.Runthefollowingcommand：Ipconfig/flushdnsIfthecommandsucceeds,thesystemreturnsthefollowingmessa：geSuccessfullyflushedtheDNSResolverCache.MacOS（§）10.10.4andaboveToclearyourDNScacheifyouuseMacOSDXversion10.10.4orabove,performthefollowingsteps：ClickApplications.ClickUtilities.ClickTerminal.Runthefollowingcommand：sudokillall-HUPmDNSRespondeIfthecommandsucceeds.thesystemdoesnotreturnanyoutput?（出信息）.Warning:Torunthiscommand,youmustknowthecomputersadministratoraccountpassword.60.Ifthecommandsucceeds,allthefollowingsystemsreturnamassageexcept.A.Windows?8 B.Windows7C.WindowsXP.2000.orVista⑧ D.MacOS?10.10.4andaboveWhat'sthemainpurposeofwritingthepassage?Tointroducesomethingaboutseveralsystemsoncomputer.Toexplainhowtosolvesomeproblemsinseveralsystemsoncomputer.Toexplainhowtoaccesssomesitesinseveralcomputersystems.ToexplainhowtoinstallDNScacheinseveralcomputersystems.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaboutDNScache,accordingtothetext?DNScachestorestheIPaddressesofwebservers.DXScacheneedsTObecleared,ifyoumeetalargenumberoferrorcodes.DNSinformationmayresultin404errors.UnlesstheentryinyourDNScacheupdates,thelocationofthewebserverwon '（C）Youareenrolledinafull-timeschoolcalled“life”.Eachdayinthisschoolyouwillhavetheopportunitytolearnlessons.Youmaylikethelessonsorhatethem,butyouhavedesignedthemaspartofyourcurriculum.Whyareyouhere?Whatisyourpurpose?Humanshavesoughttodiscoverthemeaningoflifeforaverylongtime.Eachpersonhashisorherownpurposeanddistinctpath,uniqueandseparatefromanyoneelse's.Asyoutravelyourlifepath,youwillbepresentedwithnumerouslessonsthatyouwillneedtolearninordertofulf川thatpurpose.Thelessonsyouarepresentedwitharcspecifictoyoulearningtheselessonsisakeytodiscoveringandfulfillingthemeaningandconnectionofyourownlife.Asyoutravelthroughyourlifetime,youmayencounterchallenginglessonsthatothersdonhavetoface,whileothersspendyearsstrugglingwithchallengesthatyoudon 'tneedtodYoumayneverknowwhyyouareblessedwithawonderfulmarriagewhileyourfriendssufferthroughbitterargumentsandpainfuldivorces,justasyoucannotbesurewhyyoustrugglefinanciallywhileyourpeersenjoyabundance.Theonlythingyoucancountonforcertainisthatyouspecificallyneedtolearnwhetherwechoosetolearnthemornotisentirelyuptoyou.Thechallengehere,thereforeistoalign（保持——致）yourselfwithyourownuniquepathbylearningindividuallessons.But,rememberdon'tcompareyourpathtothepeoplearoundyouandfocusonthedifferencebetweentheirlessonsandyours.Youneedtorememberthatyouwillonlybefacedwithlessonsthatyouarecapableoflearningandarespecifictoyourowngrowth.Oursenseoffairnessistheexpectationofequitytheassumptionthatallthingsareequalandthatjusticewillalwaysprevail.Lifeisnot,infact,fair,andyoumayindeedhaveamoredifficultliftpaththanothersaroundyou,deservedornot.Everyone'scircumstancesareunique,andeveryoneneedstohandlehisorherowncircumstancesdifferently.Ifyouwanttomovetowardcalm,youwill

berequiredtomoveoutthecomparingphraseof"it'snotfair"Focusingontheunfairnessofcircumstanceskeepsyoucomparingyourselfwithothersratherthanappreciatingyourownspecialuniqueness.Youmissoutonlearningyourindividuallessonsbydistractingyourselfwithfeelingofbitternessandanger.Accordingtothepassage,howcanthemeaningofyourlifeberealized?A.Havingthesameopinionsasothers.B.Takingthedistinctpathfromothers.C.Learningthelessonspresentedtoyou.D.Doingthedifferentthingsfromothers.Fromthepassagewecanconclude.everyonehashisowntracktofollowthesamethingusuallyhappenstothepeersapainfuldivorcemustlieinfinancialproblemsawealthymanmusthaveawonderfulmarriageWhichofthefollowingisTRUE?Allthingsareequalandjusticewillalwaysprevail.Youshouldlearntoappreciateyourspecificuniqueness.Onehastofixhismindontheunfairnessofcircumstances.Theteachershavedesignedthelessonsaspartofyourcurriculuminthelifeschool.Lifeiscalledafull-timeschool,because.A.itisfullofalllessonstolearn B.youhaveplentyoftimetolearnlessonsC.youmeetwithspecificlessonseverydayD.therearesomanysubjectsforyoutochooseSectionC(8%)Directions:Readthefollowingpassage.Fillineachblankwithapropersentencegiveninthebox.Eachsentencecanbeusedonlyonce.Notethattherearetwomoresentencesthanyouneed.Thestudyshowedtheyarewillingtokeeptheirdogsaccompany.Thestudyshoweddogsunderstandwordsandhowtheyaresaid.Andtheywerehappytoseescientificsupportforwhattheyexperiencedeveryday.Hecalledoneofthefindingsa“shocker”.Researcherssaytheythinkdogsaretunedintowhatpeoplesay.Hethoughtthattheresultisquitecommon.ResearchersatauniversityinHungarysaythereistruthtowhatmanydogownersalwaysbelieved.Dogsdounderstandwhathumanssay.Theresearchersmadeimagesofthebrainsof13dogsusingamachinethatrecordsbrainactivity.Thedogsweretrainedtoliedowninthemachineforsevenminutes.Duringthattimietheylistenedthroughheadphonestotheirtrainers5voices.Dogownersmaythinkthenewsisnotsurprising.Butscientistsareimpressed.DogbrainscareaboutbothwhatBrianHareisaprofessorofevolutionaryanthropologyatDukeUniversity.(67)_Thebrainimagingshowedclogsprocessedwordsusingtheleftsideoftheirbrainjustashumansdo.Theyusetherightsideoftheirbrainstounderstandtoneandpitch.(68)_Meaningfulwordssaidinaneutralwaydidnothavethesameeffectasthesamewordssaidinanencouragingway.DogbrainscareaboutbothwhatAttilaAndieswastheleadresearcherontheproject.andhowwesayit,hesaid.(69)_It'becausedogshavelivedwithpeopleforalongtime.Andiessaidhethinksotheranimalsprobablycanunderstandhumanlanguagelikedogsdo.Butthoseanimalsarenotveryinterestedinwhathumanshavetosay.PeoplereactedtothestoryonFacebookandTwitter.Theysaidtheyalwaysknewtheirpetscouldunderstandthem.(70)_OnereaderfromVirginiasaidshethoughtherdogcouldprobablyreadhermind,too.SomeoneinCaliforniajokedthathealwaysknewhisdogignoredhim.AndGregMatosinBostoncalledthestudy“Fascinating!”IV.SummaryWriting(10%)Directions：Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.VirginiaBookstoreFindstheSecrettoSuccessAlargebookstoreinasmallU.S.townhassucceededformanyyearsbygivingpeopleachancetobuyalotofbooksforalowprice.ThelargeandsimplebookstoreisinthesmalleasterntownofMountCrawfordVirginia.TheGreenValleyBookFairismadeupoftwolargestoragebuildingstotaling2,300squaremeters.SomecustomerslikeZoeDellingerhavebeenbuyingbooksatthestoreformanyyears.“IhavebeencomingheresinceIwasinmyearly20s.Thethrilloffindinganewbookisveryserendipitous(机缘巧合的)herebecauseyoucan'(tomeandsayFmbuyingthenewNicholasSparksbooktoday.That'sotwhatthisplaceisabout—thisplaceisaboutfindingwonderfultreasures.”Andthosetreasuresarenotcostly.“IfoundawonderfulbookthatIwanted.Itwasveryexpensiveatthetime26dollarswas—expensiveformetopurchaseanewbook.Ifoundthebookhereforfivedollars.Iwassoexcited,sothathaskeptmecomingbackjusttoseewhattreasures111find. ”TheGreenValleyBookFairhas50Q000newandoldbooksaboutpolitics,religion,sciencetravel,cookingandmanyothersubjects.MicheleBranneristhemanagerofthestore.“Myparentsactuallystartedthisbookstoreabout46yearsago.Mydadcollectedoldboandthendecidedthathewantedtosellsomeofthem.Anditwentsowellthatt'justkindofevolvedtowhatitistoday.”Thebookstoreisonlyopensixtimesayearforthreeweeks.About25,000peoplevisitduringeachperiod.Thestoresellsabout$2millionworthofbookseveryyear.“Webuyourbooksatafractionofretail(零售价的几分之——)andwecansellthemforthepricesthatwedoandkeepouroverheadlow.That'whywedon'haveanyfancybuildingsoranythinglikethat.”PeoplehavevisitedthestorefrommanyAmericanstatesandfromKenya,SaudiArabia,TurkeyandRussia.TomWhitlonisfromtheeasterncityofBristol,Connecticut.“Wehaveourwholefamilywithusthistime.Sowesaid, 'Ohyougottaseethisbooksneedthatlikestoread.sowebrought’emallheretoda