人教新课标高中英语必修三Unit4-Astronomy全单元教案

人教新课标高中英语必修三Uiit4Astronary^

单元详细教案Unit4Astronomy:thescienceofthestarsContents目录一、单元教学目标和要求(Teachingaimsanddemands)二、教材内容分析(Analysisoftheteachingmaterials)三、单元预习任务(Pre-unittask)四、教学安排(Teachingarrangements)五、教学步骤(Teachingprocedures)六、背景参考资料(Backgroundknowledge)七、评价与反思(Assessmentandreflection)・、 教学目标和要求(Teachingaimsanddemands)根据《英语新课程标准》(实验稿)关于总目标的具体描述,结合高一学生实际和教材内容，我们将教学目标分为语言知识、语言技能、学习策略、情感态度、文化意识五个方面。1. 语言知识(Knowledge)词汇(Vocabulary)：能理解、内化、运用以下生词--atmosphere,violent-violence,solid,explode,oxygen,surface,planet,harmful—harm,development-develop,spread,method,presence,telescope,disappointed,force,gradually,float,mass,短语(Phrasesandexpressions)：thesolarsystem,intime,carbondioxide,prevent...from,dependon,cheerup,nowthat,breakout,功能(Functions)：学习掌握一些用于陈述问题及给予意见的结构，如：Myproblem/troubleis ? Thedifficulty/questionis...Myadvice/suggestionis... WhatIthinkaboutitis...Pleasepayattentionto... Makesureyou...Wa忙houtfor...语法(Grammar)：掌握和运用主语从句。如:.Whatisneededforthespacetripiscarefulpreparation..Whythereisgravityishardtounderstand..语言技能(Skills)听：能通过听前预测，抓关键词来捕捉特定信息从而听懂理解文章。说：能熟练掌握与话题相关的常用词汇与表达，如：如何通过英语来正确客观地表述问题及给予意见，同时使学生能就话题较好地完成一些开放性话题，以提高在真实语境中的英语交际能力。读：获取关于astronomy的相关信息,且进行skimming,scanning,carefulreading,generalization;inference等阅读微技能训练。写：能通过输入对本单元内容有一个较好的输出。3学习策略(Strategy)：学生能在一定程度上形成合作学习、自主学习、有效交际、信息处理和英语思维的能力。如：培养学生使用图书馆、网络查阅有关星球的资料。.情感态度(Affect)：(1)让学生了解生命的起源，增强其保护地球的意识。(2)培养学生正确的阅读观，和良好的阅读习惯，加强其自主阅读的能力。⑶培养学生科学探索的精神。(4)培养学生合作和共享的学习态度。文化意识(Culturalawareness)：通过学生自主探究来认识各国对太空，对星球的研究，以及他们对世界航天事业不同的影响。二、教材内容分析(Analysisoftheteachingmaterials)“热身”(Warmingup)部分共有三组问题，第一组问题引导学生讨论什么是边缘科学(frontierscience),即以两种或多种学科为基础而发展起来的科学。如，生物化学是以生物和化学发展起来的科学。第二组问题探讨科学研究的方法。第三组问题引导学生要成为真正科学家所必须掌握的技能。“读前”(Pre—reading)部分主要是让学生弄清楚什么是科学思想，什么是宗教信仰或文化传统。学生总喜欢听故事或者讲故事，在探讨生命起源之前，让学生探讨一下关于宇宙起源的种种传说，既有趣味性，又能调动学生的相关知识，激发他们的思维。“阅读"(Reading)部分讲述了地球生命的起源，水的形成使得地球有别于其他星球，它使得地球上生命的诞生成为可能。科学家认为，地球上的生命首先诞生于水中，然后通过上百万年后,陆地上才长出绿色植物，然后出现陆栖动物和水陆两栖动物。最初的动物靠孵化繁衍后代，后来出现了哺乳动物，人类也随之产生了。文章最后讲述的现象发人省醒：Theearthmaybecometoohotforthelivesonit.它关系到地球上生命的未来。“理解"(Comprehending)部分通过四个选择体检测学生对本文核心问题的理解：地球上生命的起源和延续需要哪些条件？随后通过排序的方式帮助学生理解本文的行文线索，也就是地球上生命起源和发展历程。最后提出两个问题，考察学生深层理解和推断能力。“语言学习"(Learningaboutlanguage)部分首先通过英文解释帮助理解课文中的生词，然后通过短文填空，词语分类的形式将这些词语运用到相关的语境当中。语法部分也是通过先发现后应用的学习方法。先通过课文中找句子，让学生认识主语从句，然后设置一个用手机发短信息的情景，让学生进行简单句与主语从句之间的转换练习。最后设置情景来复习第三单元出现过的表语从句。“语言运用"(Usinglanguage)部分训练听说读写的能力。听力部分介绍三位科学巨匠，不仅通过填表的形式训练学生捕捉细节的能力，还通过四选一的形式帮助学生找主题思想。在解释对与错的过程当中，老师可以适当地介绍一下概括主题的方法。阅读部分是一个科幻小故事，通过“我”和“我的朋友”乘坐宇宙飞船登月球的经历，介绍了重量，失重和地球引力等科学道理。说和写部分以“Vis让ingthemoon”为话题，要求学生讨论登月球要携带的物品，月球上可能会碰到的困难，以及找出解决这些困难的办法。教师可以根据课本上的提示，向学生介绍“先分述后总结”的写作方法。提出问题的解决方案时，要求学生使用适当的“指示”用语。“小结”(Summaryup)部分要求学生就内容，生词和习惯用语以及语法结构方面进行总结。“学习建议”(Learningtip)部分要求学生运用诸如百科全书，互联网络等资源，进一步探索宇宙的奥秘。并通过记日记，看新闻的方式了解最新研究与发现。晚上，遥望星空感受一下宇宙的魅力。本单元所涉及的要点有：.了解边缘科学，地球上生命的起源，了解万有引力，黑洞和太空旅行等天文学知识。培养学生对科学的兴趣，激发学生探究科学的热情。.了解作者的写作特点，培养学生的创作性思维，为学生开拓广阔的想象空间。.学会在日常交际中正确地使用指示语。.掌握名词性从句中主语从句的用法。三、单元预习任务(Pre-unittask).根据本单元教学目标和要求，了解本单元话题和任务，充分做好课前预习工作。.预习语言知识，包括词汇表里的词汇和扩展词汇，掌握词义、发音、词性以及其基本用法。鼓励学生勤查字典。.多渠道(如报刊、杂志、网络等等)查阅并了解与本单元话题有关的背景知识和材料。第一课时前：根据教学目标和要求，了解本课时的话题和任务，预习课文的语言知识，包括词汇表里的词汇和短语，以及课外提供的扩展词汇，掌握词义、发音、词性以及基本用法。鼓励学生勤查字典。预习阅读材料，掌握文章的中心思想和基本脉络。通过报刊、杂志、网络等途径，多渠道查阅并了解与阅读材料相关的信息资料和背景知识，做好充分的课前预习工作。（学生可以通过以下问题来自我检查预习情况）Questionnaire:.Whatdoesastronomydealwith?.Whatdowecallpeoplewhostudyastronomy?.Howdidtheuniversecomeintobeing?.Canyounametheeightplanets?.Doyouknowthesolarsystemintheuniverse?Whatisitmadeupof?.Howdidlifecomeintobeingontheearth?第二课时前：复习阅读课文，预习所给的词汇、相关星球知识等材料;预习Usinglanguage.第三课时前：预习所给的词汇，和相关知识。查找并阅读一篇关于黑洞的文章。第四课时前：预习语言点和语法点。第五课时前：复习上一课时所学的语言点和语法。通过本单元的输入，罗列写故事的写作方法。四、教学安排(Teachingarrangements)本教学安排根据“LARA教学原则”，对教材进行大胆的删除(L-leaveout)、修补(A—Amending)、替换(R-Replace)>增添(A-Add),灵活的将教材为我所用。新教材在选材和教学活动的设计上充分考虑到学生年龄特征和他们生理和心理发展的需要；在采用话题、功能、结构相结合的教学方法的基础上，设计了“任务型”的活动；对英语语言知识和技能训练作了系统的安排，循序渐进，循环反复，有利于学生构建知识系统；注意培养创新精神，提高实践能力。但新教材也应与学生的实际相结合,我们不能全盘照搬。同时在教学过程中，为了对教学有个即使的反馈和有效的改进，我们还进行了“形成性评价”。本单元的语言技能和语言知识几乎都围绕“Thescienceofthestars”这一中心话题设计的。我们根据本单元实际情况对教材的课时安排作了一些调整，尤其是学生用书(Student'sBook)和作业本(Workbook)有机结合。整个单元的备课思路是这样的：从天文学谈到地球(地球上生命的起源，如何去保护地球)--其他星球及太空物质(月球及黑洞)--去太空旅行的目的，可能会碰到哪些困难，需要做哪些准备---科学家进行探索需要准备什么以及需要怎样的素质。因此，具体安排是这样的：Periodone:WarmingupandreadingPeriodtwo:Usinglanguageandreading(wb)Periodthree:Listening,talking,listeningandwritingPeriodfour:GrammarPeriodfive:LanguagePoint这样要说明的是我们在第二三课时教学中，特别穿插了对写作的辅导，符合了先输入后输出的教学理念。五、教学步骤(Teachingprocedures)Period1Warmingup&ReadingStep1Warmingup&leadinTalkaboutsciencesubjectsT:Goodmorning/afternoon,everyone.Whatclassdoyouhavetoday?Maths,English,Chinese,physics,history,andgeology.T:Whatothersubjectsdoyouhaveinschool?Computer,chemistry,biology,music,PE,andpolitics.T:Whichisyourfavourite?Why?Myfavouriteoneis...becauseit'sveryinteresting/exciting/instructive/...Ilike...bestbecause...T:Whichonesaresciencesubjects?Physics,chemistry,biology,geologyandmathematics.T:Allthesesubjectsplayanimportantroleinthestudyofscience.Whatsubjectsareusedtostudymedicine?Howaboutbiochemistry?Whataboutgeophysics?Whatsubjectsarepartofastronomy?... S7:... S8:... S9:...T:Whatdoesastronomydealwith?Astronomyisthescientificstudyoftheuniverseandtheheavenbodies(suchasthesun,moon,andstars),gas,anddustwithinit.T:Whatdowecallpeoplewhostudyastronomy?Astronomer.TalkaboutuniverseandsolarsystemT:Let'sfollowthisastronomertolearnaboutuniverse.Howdidtheuniversecomeintobeing?Afterthe"BigBang**,theuniversecameintobeing.T:Doyouknowthesolarsystemintheuniverse?Whatisitmadeupof?Thesolarsystemcontainseightplanetsandmanycometsandotherobjects.(Note：Accordingtothepresentdayscientificstudy,thereareonlyeightplanets,withthePlutoexcluded.)T:Canyounametheeightplanets?TheSun,Mercury,Venus,Earth,Mars,Jupiter,Saturn,Uranus,andNeptune.T:Whichplanetdoweliveon?Canyoudescribewhatitlookslike?Earth.Itsupportsavarietyoflifeand70%oftheearthiscoveredwithseasoroceans.T:Istherelifeonotherplanets?Notyet.T:Whydoeslifeonlyexistontheearth?Becausethereisairandwaterontheearth.T:Right,thereisafamoussaying"Wateristheheadspringoflife'*.Buthowdidthewaterappearontheearth?Ifyouwanttogetthecorrectanswer,pleasereadthepassageonP25.Itw川tellyou.Step2ReadingGettheSstogothroughParagraph1onP25andfindtheanswerstothefollowingquestionsQs:①Whatdidtheearthlooklikeafterthe"BigBang"?(acloudofenergeticdust)Howdidtheearthchangeafterwards?(...combineintoasolidball)Whathappenedtotheball?(explode...maketheearth'satmosphere)④Howdidthewaterbegintoappear?(cooldown)⑤Didwaterstayontheotherplanetsorsatellites?(disappear)⑥Waterwasimportantforthebeginningoflife.Howdidwatermakelifedevelop?(dissolveharmfulgasesinto...)T:Withwater,lifebegananddevelopedontheearth.Howdidlifedevelopthroughhistory?MaketheSsreadparagraphs2-3andfinishthefollowingchart.Acloudofdust-*asolidballfpresenceofwater-*|smallplantsgrowonthewaterjf〔shellfishand0therfishappea]fplantsbegintogrowondrylaFjf[insectsandamphibiansappealKetilesappealfdinosaursappearjf|mammalsappearQ:Whywasitnecessaryforplantstogrowbeforeanimals?(Plantsprovidedoxygenforanimalstobreathe.)RetellSupposeyouareDr....whostudiesastronomy.Youareinvitedtogiveaspeechtotheschoolstudentsaboutthedevelopmentoflifeon“EarthDay"(April22nd).Goodmorning/afternoon.IamDr....Iamgreatlyhonoredtobeheretogiveyouaspeechaboutthedevelopmentoflife"....4.LettheSsreadparagraph4andthinkovertheproblemscausedbyhumanstotheearth.T:Earthishometousthelivingthings.Weoughttotakegoodcareofit.Dowehumanbeingslookaftertheearthwell?Whatproblemshavebeencausedbyhumanstotheearth?(air/water/earthpollution,globalwarming,desertification,endangeredwildlife...)Step3ActivitiesActMty1:Wemakeourhomeearthindanger.Ifwestillkeepdoingdamagetotheearth,wewillbehomelessoneday.Itistimewetookactionandprotectedit.Discussingroups"Howtoprotectourearthandmakeitabetterplacetoliveon?"Activqy2:SupposeyouaretodesignanactivityforyourschoolonEarthDay,whichisintendedtocallonteachersandstudentstoprotecttheearth.Workingroupsandchooseareporterofyourgrouptoreportyourwork.Thefollowingpointsshouldbeincludedinthereportofyouractivity.WhattheactivityisaboutWhytheactivityisdesignedWhenandwheretodotheactivityWhotakespartintheactivityWhattobedoneintheactivity...Step4Homework:SearchtheInternetfortheinformationofthedevelopmentoflife.Readandlearngoodwords,phrasesorstructuresfromReading.Period2Usinglanguage$ReadingtaskStepl.LeadinT:Wehavelearntalotaboutastronomy,haveyougotinterestedinit?Ifyouaregoingtostudyastronomy,whatproblemwillyoufacemost?Gravity.T:Whatisgravity?Everythingwillfallbacktotheearthifitisdroppedorthrownaway.Thepulloftheearthiscalledgravity.T:Quiteright.Whofirstgottheideaofgravity?IsaacNewton.T:Howdidhegettheidea?Onedayhewassittingunderthetree.Hesawanapplefall,whichmadehimgettheidea.BesidesNewton,arethereanyotherscientistswhomadeagreatcontributiontotheideaofgravity?AlbertEinstein,StephenHawking.T:Howdideachofthemthinkofgravity?Ordidtheysharethesameideaofgravity?Comeon,thetapewilltellyou.Step2ListeningListentothetapeandchoosethebestmainideaofthelisteningpassage(Ex.2P30).Mainidea:①Iheardabouthowthreemenmademistakeswhentheytriedtodescribegravity.Iheardabouthowthreemenwantedtofindoutaboutthebeginningoftheuniverse.Iheardabouthowtheideaofgravityhasdevelopedoveralongperiodoftime.Iheardaboutthreescientistsandtheirwork.Thebestanswer:③ListentothetapeagainandfillinthechartinEx.1onP30.

IsaacNewtonAlbertEinsteinStephenHawkingDates1642-17271879-19551942-IdeaEverythingisaffectedbyaforcecalledgravityGravityisconnectedtotimeandspace(lBlackholes""eat"objectsbutalso"spit"themoutOtherinformationItwasonlyabouttheearthItwasabouttheuniverseItwasaboutthingsfoundintheuniversecalled"blackholes"(Note:Astronomersandscientiststhinkthatablackholeisaregionofspace(notathing)intowhichmatterhasfallenandfromwhichnothingcanescape-notevenlight.Sowecan'tseeablackhole.Ablackholeexertsastronggravitationalpullandyetithasnomatter.Itisonlyspace-orsowethink.)Step3.Reading1.FastreadingT:AllthethreegreatscientistsNewton,EinsteinandHawkingplayedanimportantroleinthedevelopmentofideasofgravity.Wouldyouliketoknowmoreaboutgravity?Ss:Yes.T:Isthemoon'sgravitythesameasthatoftheearth?No.T:Readfasttoseehowmanytimeswouldtheforceofgravitychange?Three.2.CarefulreadingT:Whatarethethreetimes?Howwouldtheforceofgravitychange?Andhowdidourweightchange?LeavetheearthVerystrongVeryheavyInspaceDisappearedFloatedweightlesslyOnthemoonVerylightThemasswillbeless□.SummaryT:Good!Iamsureyoumustknowmoreaboutthegravity.Supposeyouareaskedtomakeasummaryaboutthetrip,willyoutry?Youonlyneedtofilltheblacksandthefirstwordhasbeengiven.LastmonthIvisitedthemoonwithmyfriend.Beforeweleft,Iwastoldtheforceofvravit。wouldchangethreetimesonourjourney.Thenwetookoff.Aswelefttheearth,Ibecameveryheavy.Graduallytheweightlessened.WhenIwasinspace,itdisappeared.WefloatedweightlesslyinthecabinandIcheeredup.WhenIwasonthemoon,Iwassurprisedtofindoutevenwalkingneedslotsofpracticenowthatgravitychanged.Thereturningoftheearthwasveryfriahteninq.Wewereamazedtowatchfirebreakoutontheoutsideoftheship.Step4.ReadingtaskT：Great!Butjustimaginethatthemoonhasgreatgravity,thenwhatwillhappen?Itwillpullus.T:Right,maybewhenweareapproachingit,wew川becaughtinit.Solet'scometotheblackhole.T:Whatareintheblackhole?Alargecircleoflightsgoingroundanemptyspace.Whatisthecircleoflights?Largestars.Whatistheemptyspacelike?Itlookslikeamouthneedingtobefed.Howdidtheyfeel?Theywatchedinshockandamazementasalargesunsuddenlydisappearedintothehole.Sowhatdidtheydecidetodo?Theydecidedtoturnthespaceshipawayfromthehole.Whatwashappening?notmove—jumpandmovearoundtheedgeoftheoutsideofthehole—pullingusslowlyintoits"mouthy-gofasterandfaster.Whatdidtheauthorfeel?S:feelsick,thewatchmovesslowerandslower,mymouthdry,closemyeyes.T:Itseemedthattheywouldbecaughtbythegravityofa"blackhole".Butwhathappenedlater?S:jumpagain—increaseitsspeed—asfastaslight--flewlikeabird.T:Thistime,howwastheauthoraffected?wasbumpedandbanged—abletolookaroundus—thecomputerstartedworkingagain.Whatdidtheauthorfeel?S:Exciting.T:Why?S:Theyrealizedthattheyhaddiscoveredsomethingnewabout"blackhole"--Theylleat'someobjectsbut"spit"otherobjectsout.Step5.HomeworkSearchformoreabouttheblackhole.Readthesetwopassagesagaintofindouthowtoorganizeastory.Period3listeningtask,talking,listeningandwritingStepl.LeadinT:WelearnsomuchaboutLiYanping,strip,doyouknowwhydidhegotospace?lbdoresearchinastronomy.Justtoenjoyhimself.S3:…Step2.listeningT:Solet'slistentoProfessorWalli'sinterviewwithLiYanpingabouthisspacewalk.Thentrytoanswerthequestion.WhydidLiYanpinghavehisfirstspacewalk?Tocollectdataforhisresearchongravity.Totestthefunctionofthenewspacesuit.TomaketheHubbletelescopeworkagain.Step3.DiscussionT:WasiteasyforhimtomaketheHubbletelescopeworkagain?Whatdifficultywouldhemeet?Discussingroups,andtrytoshareyourideas.Ss:Thechangeofgravity,temperature,nofood,nowater,nooxygen...T:Inordertosolvetheseproblems,whatshouldanastronomerbring?Ss:food,oxygencan,water,boots...Step4.SecondListeningT：Listentothetapeagain.Pickouttheinformationanddrawlinesfromthelisttowherethethingsareonthesuitoftheastronaut.2.Watersystem1.Oxygencan3.Gravityboots2.Watersystem4.Leftengine 5.Rightengine6.ToolkitStep5.TalkingT:Soasanastronomer,heshouldbewellpreparedbeforestarting,right?Ss:Yes.T:Whatshouldhepayattentiontowhengettingready?Whatarethedosanddon,ts?Trytousetheseexpressionstomakeupasetofinstructions.Pleaselookat/listento...Pleasecheckthat...Youneed...Pleasepayattentionto...Don'tforgetto...You'dbetter...Makesureyou... Watchoutfor...Youmust(n't)...Step6.Pre-listeningT:Actually,anastronautshouldbecarefulinhispreparationandrememberalltheseinstructions.Bytheway,OurcountryhasmanyfamousastronomersandChinahasmadegreateffortsandcontributioninastronomy.Qs:DoyourememberthemannedspacecraftsShenzhou5and6?Whenweretheylaunched?Whotookthem?(Astronauts/Taikonauts:YangLiwei(Shenzhou5);FeiJunlong&NeiHaisheng(Shenzhou6))Whenweretheylaunched?Howlongwasthemannedspaceflightmission?SpacecraftShenzhou5Shenzhou6WhenOctober15,2003October12,2005WhoYangLiweiFeiJunlongandNieHaishengHowlong21hoursand23minutes5days(Note:ShenZhou-5isthefirstmannedspaceflightmissionlaunchedbyChinaon15October2003,followingfourunmannedexperimentalmissionsbetween1999and2002.ShenZhou-5spaceshipcarriedastronautYANGLiweiintoearthorbitandmadeChinaoneofonlycountries(afterRussiaandtheU.S.)intheworldtoindependentlylaunchahumanintospace.Thespaceship'sre-entrycapsulelandedsafely21hoursafterthelaunchatthelandingsiteinInnerMongolia.)TgetstheSstowatchaTVprogrammeaboutthejourneytospace.T:ItmustbeanexcitingexperiencefortheastronautsYangLiwei,FeiJunlongandNeiHaishengtotakeatripintospace.Theyareluckyenoughtobechosen.Notallthepilotscanbechosentotakeaspacetrip.Whatkindofstandardsdoyouthinktheyshouldreach?...Step7.ListeningNowlet,sfollowthereporterMr.RenaulttohaveaninterviewwithYangLiwei.ListentothetapeandfinishEx.1onP62.YangLiweibecameanastronautbychance.FNobodyover170cmcanbeanastronaut.FYangLiweitrainedfor10yearstobecomeapilot.TIfYangLiweihadproblemsinspace,therewerewaystosavehim.TChinaisthethirdcountrytosendpeopleintospacejustlikeRussiaandtheUSA.TYangLiweithinkshewasluckytoChina'sfirstmaninspace.T2.ListentothetapeagainandfinishthechartinEx.2onP62InformationonYangLiwei,theastronautTheexamshepassedExcellentdegreeand10years,trainingExperiencePilotfortheairforceofthePLAPhysicalqualitiesSmallerthan170cm;lessthan70kgPersonalqualitiesCalm,mature,hard-workingStep8.Discussion.Whyisitimportanttobecalmasanastronaut?Whathaveyoulearntfromthegreatscientist?.Whatqualitiesshouldascientisthave?(creative,hard-working,confident,brave,determined,devoted,intelligent,knowledgeable,careful,patient,strong-willed...)3.DoyouwanttobeaChinesemanorwomanastronautorscientist?Ifyouwantto,whatshouldyoudonowinpreparation?Step9writingT：TogetSstosummaryhowtowriteanoutline.Sofromthisclass,doyouknowwhatwewillmeetonthemoon?BrainstormingforwritingWhen,where,who,why,whataretheproblemsandhowtosolve.Howtowriteanoutline?Step10.Homework:SearchmoreinformationaboutShenzhou5and6.Readandlearngoodwordsorphraseslearntinclass.Period4.Grammar:NounClauseusedasthesubjectT:Canyoufindthefollowingsentenceinthereadingpassage?Whatitwast。becomewasamysteryuntilthedustbegantoslowlycombineintoaballmovingaroundthesun.Inthissentenceanounclauseisusedasthesubject.Pleasepickoutthreemoresentenceswithsubjectclausesfromthereadingpassage.becauseitwasnotclearwhetherthesolidshapewastolastornot.Whatscientiststhinkisthattheearthwasdifferentbecauseof...Whetherlifewillcontinueontheearthformillionsofyearstocomewilldependon...P64USINGSTRUCTUREDoyouknowwherewecomefrom?Howdidtheuniversebegin?ReadthepassageandtrytounderstandhowStephenHawkingsolvedtheproblems?1.WhathasattractedStephenHawkingallhislife?Whattheuniverseislikehasattractedhim.Doeshethinkitsimpletoanswerthequestions?What'shisopinion?No.TheanswershavealwayswellbeyondourreachWhathavewediscoveredabouttheuniverse,pastandpresent?MilkyWaygalaxy;billionsofgalaxies,inauniversethatisinfiniteandexpanding;bigbang;blackhole;adarkmatter;apossibleBigCrunch.4.Howcanwehaveacompletepictureoftheuniverse?Learningtounderstandwhatwesee.做主语用的名词性从句，因其在复合句中做主语，又称主语从句，引导主语从句的有从属连词that,whether,连接代词who,what,which,连接副词when,where,how,why等。.连接词：1）从属连词：that,whether等.that引导主语从句只起引导作用，本身无实际意义，在主语从句中不充当任何成分，但不能省略。Thatshelefthimcuthimtotheheart.Thathewillcomeiscertain.由whether及其他连词引导的主语从句放在句首，句后都可。Whetheritwillpleasethemisnoteasytosay.Whethershe'scomingornotdoesn'tmattertoomuch.2）连接代词who,what,which,whatever,whichever,whoeverWhatseemseasytosomepeopleseemsdifficulttoothers.Whichsidewillwinisnotclear.3）连接副词when,where,how,why等。Whyhediditremainsamystery.Whentheyw川startisnotknownyet.Howhebecameagreatscientistisknowntousall..位置：主语从句可以前置，也可以后置。用it做形式主语，而把主语从句放在句末，常用下面几种句型。It+be+表语+主语从句表语：(名词，形容词，过去分词)Itisapitythatwecan'tgo.Itisnosurprisethatourteamshouldhavewonthegame.ItisanhonourthatIwasinvitedtoattendthemeeting.Itiscertainthatshewilldowellinherexam.ItistruethatItoldhereverything.ItissaidthatMr.GreenhasarrivedinBeijing.ItisreportedthatChinahassentanothermanmadeearthsatelliteintoorbit.lt+不及物动词或短语+主语从句Itseemed(happened,doesn,tmatter,hasturnedout)that...Ithappensthattheywereabsent.ItseemsthatAliceisnotcomingtothepartyatall.Itdoesn'tmatterwhethershewillcomeornot.Itmakesnodifferencewhereweshallhavethemeeting.It+及物动词(被动语态)+主语从句IthasbeendecidedthattheexhibitionwillnotopenonSundays.汪显：1)主语从句在句首时，必须由连接词引导，不能省略这些连接词；但是如果用it做形式主语，而把主语从句放在句末时，从属连词that可以省略。误：Theyshouldlikeeachotherisnatural.正：Thattheyshouldlikeeachotherisnatural.正：Itisnaturalthattheyshouldlikeeachother.2)如果主语从句放在句首，不能用if引导，但是如果用it做形式主语，而把主语从句放在句末时，也可以用if引导.误：IfMaryreallyheardhimisreallydoubtful.正：ItwasdoubtfulifMaryreallyheardhim.Period5LanguagepointsforReading(P25)Whatitwastobecomewasamysteryuntilthedustbegantoslowlycombineintoaballmovingaroundthesun.1)(使大家吃惊的是)isthathedidn'tcometothemeeting.(Whatsurprisedeverybody)2)(他所做的)addedtoourdifficulty.(Whathedid)3)wecan'tgetseemsbetterthanwehave.A.What;whatB.What;thatC.That;thatD.That;what4)madetheschoolproudwasmorethan90%ofthestudentshadbeenadmittedtokeyuniversities.A.What;becauseB.What;that;C.That;whatD.That;because2.Theproblemwasthattheearthbecameviolentbecauseitwasnotclearwhetherthesolidshapewastolastornot.问题是地球开始变得激烈动荡，不知道这个固体形状是否会继续下去。n.固体solid,liquid,gasadj.固体的；实心的，无空隙的；结实的，坚固的solidfuelssolidfoodasolidspheresolidfurnitureamanofsolidbuildMatterhasthreestates:solid,liquidandgas.Whenwaterfreezes,itbecomessolidandwecallitice.beto(do):(something)willdefinitelyhappen,oritmusthappen 不可避免要发生或必须发生e.g.Theysaidgoodbye,littleknowingthattheywerenevertomeetagain.Sheistobehonouredforthisgreatwork.Mr.Clarksaidtohisdaughter,*'Youaretobehomeby10o,clockatthelatest."Itexplodedloudlywithfireandrock,whichwereintimetoproducethewatervapour,....（使某物）炸开，爆炸.（指感情）激发.（指人口）突然或迅速增加Thefireworkexplodedinhishandandhewashurtseriously.Iwasfrightenedwhensheexplodedintoloudlaughter.Nowitisnoteasytofindjobswiththeexplodingpopulation,explosionn.爆炸（声）explosiveadj,爆炸性的，易爆炸的 n.炸药，爆炸物intime（forsth/todosth）:notlate及时；不迟Shewillbebackintimetopreparedinner.她来得及回来准备晚饭。intime:soonerorlater;eventually迟早；最后I'llseehimintime. 总有一天我会遇见他。in/outoftime:in/notinthecorrecttime合/不合节拍Theaudienceclappedintimetothemusic.观众合着音乐的节拍拍手。Astheearthcooleddown,waterbegantoappearonitssurface.随着地球的冷却，地球的表面就开始出现了水。cool adj.凉快；冷静；冷淡v.(使)变冷；冷静下来Let'ssitintheshadeandgetcool.IknewIhadtokeepcool.Hisplayreceivedacoolresponsefromthepublic.Therainhascooledtheair.Letyoursoupcoolalittlebeforeyoudrinkit.Aheatedargumentcanbesettledbetterifbothsidescooldownfirst.Itriedtocoolherdownbutshewasstillveryangrywhensheleft.Nobodyknewthatitwasgoingtobedifferentfromotherplanetsgoingroundthesun.bevery/much/quite/entirely/totallydifferentfrom与...不同1)城市生活和农村生活很不同。Citylifeisquitedifferentfromcountrylife.2)他们的品位和我不同。Theirtastesaredifferentfrommine.Therearedifferencesbetween...and 与...之间有不同之处tell...from...把...与...区分开来thesameas...与...一样besimilarto与…相似goingroundthesun为现在分词短语，做定语,表示一般的动作。例如：Menbreakingthelaww川bepunished.Menwhobreakthelawwillbepunished.现在分词短语作定语，也可表示进行的动作。例如：Canyouseethegirldancingwithyourboyfriend?Canyouseethegirlwhoisdancingwithherboyfriend?你能看到与男友跳舞的那个姑娘吗？Itallowstheearthtodissolveharmfulgases,which...allowvt.允许、许可、容许allow+n./pron./doingallowsb.todobeallowedtodoMyfatherdoesn'tallowsmokingathome.Infacthedoesn'tallowustosmokeanywhereatanytime.父亲不允许在家里吸烟。实际上，他不允许我们在任何地方任何时候吸烟。Areweallowedtousethecomputer?我们可以用电脑么？Beharmfulto对…有害doharmtosb.=dosb.Harm伤害某人，对某人有害处Pollutionisespeciallyharmfultoanimals.Smokingwilldoyoualotofharm.Thatmadeitpossibleforlifetobegintodevelop.1)TheforeignMinistersaid,"ourhopethatthetwosideswillworktowardspeace."(2004BJ)A.ThisisB.ThereisC.ThatisD.ItisIlikeintheautumnwhentheweatherisclearandbright.(NMET2004)A.thisB.thatC.itD.oneWhydon'tyoubringtohisattentionthatyouaretoobusytodoit?A.thisB.thatC.whatD.itit作形式宾语，其真正的宾语可以是不定式，动名词和从句。Why?Ihavenothingtoconfess.youwantmetosay?(2004SH)

A.WhatisitthatB.WhatitisthatA.WhatisitthatB.WhatitisthatC.Howisitthat D.HowitisthatWasitattheschoolwasnamedafteraherohespenthischildhood?A.which;that B.where;whereC.that;where D.which;whereTheymultipliedandfilledthefirstoceansandseaswithoxygen.multiply(数目上)增加，增多；乘；(使)繁殖Ourproblemshavemultipliedsincelastyear.2and5multiplytomake10.6multipliedby5is30.=Multiply6by5tomake30.Theplantsheremultiplyrapidly.Thisencouragedthedevelopmentofearlyshellfishandallsortsoffish.encourage鼓舞；促进；怂恿。后接名词、代词，也可接不定式作宾语补足语。如：Highpricesforcornandwheatw川encouragefarming.玉米和小麦的高价将促进农业的发展。Mysuccessencouragedmetocontinue.我的成功鼓励我继续干下去。Heencouragedmetolearndancing.他鼓励我去学跳舞。development成长,发育；发展(过程)；扩展Thedevelopmentofthisindustrywilltakeseveralyears.这项工业的发展要经过几年的时间。(2)[C]开发区，新社区anewhousingdevelopment新建住宅区[C]进化,进展；新情况，新闻Whatarethelatestdevelopments?Theuseofcomputersinteachingisarecentdevelopment.教学上使用计算机是新近才有的事.Manymillionsofyearslaterthefirstgreenplantsbegantoappearonland.lateadj.迟到的，晚的；前任的；以前的；已故的lateradv.后来，较晚时候，过后adj.late的比较级(更迟的，更后的)latestadj.最新的latelyadv.=recently近来Mr.ZhuRongjiisthelatePrimeMinisterofChina.Heisoftenlateforschool.Shesaidshewouldringyoulaterthismorning.Haveyouheardaboutthelatestnews?It,sonlylatelythatshehasbeenwellenoughtogoout.Whentheplantsgrewintoforests,reptilesappearedforthefirsttime.Sheisgrowingintoabeautifulyoungwoman.她渐渐出落成■•个美丽的姑娘。生长成为，渐渐成为或变得…(不用于被动语态)Theyproducedyounggenerallybylayingeggs.It'sgenerallybelievedthat…一般认为...generallyspeaking一般而言，概括来说It'sgenerallybelievedthatgirlsworkharderthanboysdo.Generallyspeaking,womencrymoreeasilythanmen.动词过去式过去分词现在分词意义