中学英语语法学习方略课件

2<<九年义务教育全日制初级中学英语教学大纲>>（试用修订版2000）NineYearCompulsoryEducationFull-TimeJuniorMiddleSchoolEnglishSyllabus

教学目的Aim 教学目标与要求Target

&

Requirement 教学内容Content 教学中应该注意的几个问题AFew

Issues 教学评价Assessment

ASyllabusTeachersShouldKnow一二三四五3 听:Listening 说:Speaking 读:Reading 写:Writing 语音:

Pronunciation 词汇:

Vocabulary 语法:

Grammar根据《九年义务教育全日制小学、初级中学课程计划》的规定，初中英语按不同情况分两级要求，从一年级起学习两年的，为一级要求；学三或四年的，为二级要求。每周课时为4课时。教学目标与要求、内容

.初中英语大纲(语法项目)二级要求从语言运用的角度强调了语法的功能作用，对口头和笔头表达中语法的正确性分别提出了要求，并且提出了对运用语篇知识获取和处理信息的能力的要求。能正确理解附表里所列语言形式的意义和功能。（附表4）能积极运用所学的语言形式进行口头和书面的表述与交流，在书面表达中力求表述形式的基本正确。能初步运用表示并列、因果、转折等逻辑关系和相关标志词等基本语篇知识获取和处理信息。123二级要求6GeneralPlanningofGrammarLearning

（语法学习之四个“五”）FiveRanksofGrammar(五个语法层次)FiveTypesofPhrase(五个词组类型)FiveBasicSentencePatterns

(五个基本句型)FiveSentenceElements

(五个句子成分)12347ThreeMajorComponentsofLanguages

（语言构成之三大要件）Language语言(词汇语法系统)(语义系统)(语音系统)Alllanguageshaveasystemof:①Sounds③Semantics②Lexicogrammar8LexicogrammarGrammarisafieldoflinguisticsthatcoverstheprinciplesandrulesgoverningtheuseofanygivennaturallanguage.

Generallyspeaking,grammaris:

thestructuralsystemor

theorganizedlawsofalanguage[1]Morphology→WordStudy()[2]Syntax→StructureStudy()Consistingoftwomainparts词法句法10[2]

Syntax→StructureStudy(句法)SYNTAXaboutprinciplesofformingandunderstandingcorrectEnglishsentences.Theformorstructureofasentenceisgovernedbytherulesofsyntax.FourMajorTypesofEnglishSentences

SimpleSentence

(简单句)

CompoundSentence

(并列句)

ComplexSentence

(复杂句)

Compound-ComplexSentence(并列复杂句)1234122.1Morphemes:(词素)Amorphemeisagrammaticalunit:thelowestrank,thesmallestgrammaticalunit,thesmallestmeaningfulelementofalanguage.Morphemesfallintocategories.1.FreeMorphemes: (自由词素)2.BoundMorphemes: (粘附词素)two142.1.2BoundMorphemesBoundMorphemesMostlyaffixes,whichshouldbeattachedtosomeotherforms.Havingincompletemeaningsandfallinginto_____categories:1InflectionalAffixes (曲折词缀)2DerivationalAffixes (派生词缀)3CombiningForms (组合形式)three15a.InflectionalAffixesInflectionalAffixesreferringtothoseusedtoformvariouschangestothewords.

6TypesofInflectionalAffixes:1.PluralNounAffixes2.GenitiveAffixes3.3rd-personSingularAffixes4.PastformAffixes5.

ParticipleAffixes6.

ComparativeAffixes-s,-es,-ies,-ves

(books,buses…)-’s(Jones’sorJones’…)-s,-es,-ies(works,studies…)-ed,-ied(worked,studied…)-ed,-ing(worked,studying…)-er,-est(nicer,nicest…)16b.DerivationalAffixesDerivationalAffixes

usedtoformvariousderivatives.(a)PrefixesNochanginginpartofspeechChanginginwordmeaningunfair,nonsmoker,overeat,postgraduate…(b)SuffixesNochanginginwordmeaningChanginginpartofspeechmovement,action,happiness,poisonous…e.g.e.g.172.2Words（词）Awordisagrammaticalunitthatishigherthanamorphemecomposedofoneormorethanonemorpheme.

Theword“unladylike”consistsof___morphemes.Intermsofword-formationIntermsofgrammaticalfunctionun-:lady:-like:Wordscanbeclassifiedin

ways:'not'

'()femaleadulthuman''havingthecharacteristicsof'3(lackingthebehaviorormannerorstyleconsideredproperforalady)well-behaved218InTermsofWord-formation1)

Simpleword:(MorphemeWord):

at,hand,smile,hot,call,watch,slow…①prefixes:

un-,mis-,anti-,over-,dis…

unfair,misunderstand,antiwar,overcurious,disloyal…2)

Derivative:“prefix+root+suffix”handbook,world-famous,sightsee,moreover,anybody,whenever,throughout②suffixes:

-ation,-ment,-ify,-ness,-ous…

exploration,arrangement,beautify,poisonous3)Compoundword:

simpleword+simplewordIntermsofword-formation,wordscanbeclassifiedintothefollowingthreetypes:20PracticalWords:（实词类）[1] Noun (名词)[2] MainVerb (主动词)[3] Adjective (形容词)[4] Adverb (副词)Awordclassthatacceptstheadditionofnewitems,throughsuchprocessesascompounding,derivation,coining,borrowing,etc.Theitemsareindefinitelyextendable,includingthefollowing4partsofspeech.Inaddition,numeralsandinterjectionsarethosebetweenthetwocategories.21FormWords:（虚词）Closed-classwordsrefertothosewordswhoseitemsare“closed”orrelativelyfew,whoseformsareuninflected,servinggrammaticalfunctionsbuthavinglittleidentifiablemeanings,includingthefollowing5partsofspeech. [1]Preposition (介词)[2]Pronoun (代词)[3]Determiner (限定词)[4]Conjunction (连词)[5]

AuxiliaryVerb (助动词）23【1】NounPhrase(NP)(determiner

+)(pre-modifier+)N(+post-modifier

)

a/an/the/zerothis/that/these…whose/whichwhat/whichall/some/many…two/first/20%...alotof…AdjNoun

stonebridgeFewAdv.

downstairshallhomejourneyV-ingV-ed2PhraseClauseFewadverbs-(allthe)(college)students-(his)(new)book(onmathematics)-(the)(tall)boy(sitting

in

the

corner)-(thisauthor’s)(new)novel(that

willsooncomeout)-()He

livedin(the

17th)century.Agroupofwordswithanounasitshead.

atypicalpattern:24NonfiniteVP:

(非限定动词词组)FiniteVP:

(限定动词词组)【2】VerbPhrase(VP)AVerbPhrase:agroupofwordswithamainverbasitshead.functioninginprovidinginformationaboutthesubjectofthesentence.Verbphrasesfallinto____maintypes:two12261.SimpleVerbPhrase(modifier<adverb>+)mainverbShe

looksfine.They(fully)appreciateourproblems.We(utterly)detestedhim.Tom(seldom)comeslateforclass.Forexamples:BasicPattern:Asimpleverbphraseconsistsofonlyonemainverbwithorwithoutamodifier:272.ComplexVerbPhraseauxiliary+(modifier<adverb>+)mainverb[1]PrimaryAuxiliaries→(3)be,do,have

[2]ModelAuxiliaries→(13)can,may,must…[3]Semi-auxiliaries→(26)beto,haveto...It

isgettingdark.She

oughttohavetoldhimaboutit.Heneverfailsto

writetohismothereveryweek.He

mayreallyhaveinjuredinnocentpeople.Acomplexverbphraseiscomposedofvariouscombinationsofthemainverbandanyauxiliaryverbs.BasicPattern:28Aphraseinitiatedbyanonfiniteverbasitshead.

3typesofsuchphrases:2.2NonfiniteVerbPhrase:a)InfinitivePhrase→tov (Functioningasanoun,anadjectiveandanadverb.)b)ParticiplePhrase→v-ing,v-ed(Functioningasanadjective,progressive,perfectiveandpassive.)30b)ParticiplePhraseAparticiplephrasecanfunctionasanadjective,asanoun,asprogressive,asperfectiveandpassive.Thetalkingchildrenangeredtheteacher.Gazingatthepainting,sherecalledthehousewhereshewasborn.Annoyed,Ritaatedinnerbyherselfinthebedroom.Havingfinishedthetask,hewentonholidaysabroad.Indicatethefunctionofthefollowingparticiples:313.AdjectivePhrase(Adj.P)Aphrasewithanadjectiveasitshead.Anadjectivephrasemayoccur:asapostmodifiertoanoun,orasacomplementtoaverb.BasicPattern:(modifier+)adj.(+postmodifier/complementation)Theweatherisfine.Youarenotcarefulenough.Ifindthecourse

prettydifficultforthatchild.Theweatheristoohottobeenjoyable.Youaretherightpersonsuitabletothejob.Findouttheadjectivephrase:finecarefulenoughprettydifficultforthatchildtoohottobeenjoyablesuitabletothejob32TheyspeakEnglishfairlyfrequently.Beaman.Don’tactsolowly.Hespokeveryclearlyindeed.Helivesfarthestfromthestation.Veryfrankly,I’mtiredofit.4.AdverbPhrase(Adv.P)Aphrasewithanadverbasitshead.Anadverbialphrasecanmodify:averbphrase,anadjectivalphrase,oranentireclause.Basicpattern:

(modifier+)adv.(+postmodifier/complementation)Findouttheadverbphrasesinthefollowingsentences:fairlyfrequentlysolowlyveryclearlyindeedfarthestfromthestationVeryfrankly33Aphrasewithaprepositionasitsheadfollowedbyacomplementationcalled“objectofthepreposition”withorwithoutamodifier.5.PrepositionalPhrase(Prep.P)BasicPattern:(modifier+)preposition+complementationdirectlyjustrightsincemainlyabovebehindinbeforeduetoinreturnforforthebenefitofmyheadhimtheeyethewargamblinghiskindnesssomeorphans34Task

：SentenceSegmentationSegmentthesentenceatthebottomintoitssmallestconstituents.These,under-graduate-s,are,rapid-ly,improv-ing,in,their,writ-ingDetNAuxAdvMainVPrepDetNNPVPPrepPClauseSentenceTheseundergraduatesarerapidlyimprovingintheirwriting.35ResultsoftheSegmentationSentence(1)Clause(1)Phrases(3)NPVPPrepPWords(8)Morphemes(13)Theseundergraduatesarerapidlyimprovingintheirwriting.(simplesentence)Theseundergraduatesarerapidlyimprovingintheirwriting.(Independentclause)theseundergraduatesare

rapidlyimprovingintheirwritingthese,undergraduates,are,rapidly,improving,in,their,writingthese,under-，graduate，-s,are,rapid，-ly,improv，-ing,in,their,writ，-ing36PhrasesasClauseElementsTheconstituentswhichfunctionaselementsofclausestructureareeitherphrasesorsubordinateclauses.Thefiveformalcategoriesofphrasewehavementionedare:(Subject)(Verb)(Object)(Complement)(Adverbial)NounPhraseVerbPhraseAdjectivePhraseAdverbPhrasePrepositionalPhrase(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(5BasicSentencePatterns)37()()()Agrammaticalunithigherthanaphrase.Composedofoneormorethanonephrase.Anindependentclauseisjustasentence. 2mainpropertiesofacompleteclause:2.4Clause(分句)NPVPNP(Predicate

Verb)Independent

Clause

(Sentence)(Predicate)(Subject)(Object)Structurally:Logically:asequenceofphrasesaconstructionof“subject+predicate”Theproducersareabletosupplyasmallpartofourneeds.38ClassificationofClausesAccordingtotheirdifferentfunctionsofsyntax,clausesfallinto5categories.

MainandSubordinate 主句与从句

SimpleandComplex 简单与复杂分句

Verb-less 无动词分句

FiniteandNonfinite 限定与非限定分句

IndependentandDependent 独立与从属分句1234539[1]IndependentandDependentClausesIntermsofgrammaticalfunction,aclausecanbeindependentordependent.(a)IndependentClauseAclausestandingbyitselfandexpressacompletesenseHeknowseverythingaboutit.Thathatdoesnotfit;youmaytryanother.(b)DependentClauseAclausethatformsonlypartofanotherorofaphrase.Idon’tthink

thatheknowseverythingaboutit.Ifthathatdoesnotfit,tryanother.Hisnewbookthatwillsooncomeoutisongrammar.40[2]SimpleandComplexClauseIntermsofthecomplexityofthestructure,aclausecanbesimpleorcomplex.(a)SimpleClauseAclausethatconsistsofonlyoneconstructionof“SV”.Heknowseverythingaboutit.Itisnottrue.(b)ComplexClauseAclausethatcomprisesanotherclauseorclausesasitselementorelements.Idon’tthinkthatheknowseverythingaboutit.Hesaidthatitwasnottrue.Hecomplainedthatwhatyousaidwasnottrue.41[3]MainandSubordinateClausesIntermsofthedifferentrelationship,aclausecanbeeithermainorsubordinate.(a)MainClauseAclausethattakesanotherclauseasitselement.(b)SubordinateClauseAsubordinateclauseformspartofthemainclause.Hecomplainedthatwhatyousaidwasnottrue.SubClauseMainClauseSubClauseMainClause42[4]FiniteandNonfiniteClausesWehaveknownthatverbsareeitherFINITEorNONFINITE.Soclausescanbeeitherfiniteornonfinite.(a)FiniteClauseAclausewithafiniteverbanditcarriestenses.Shewriteshomeeveryday.(presenttenseverb)Shewrotehomeyesterday.(pasttenseverb)(b)NonfiniteClauseNonfiniteverbphrasesdonotcarrytenses.Theirmainverbiseitherato-infinitive,abareinfinitive,an-edform,oran-ingform,e.g.;Davidlovestoplaythepiano.WemadeDavidplaythepiano.Deprivedofoxygen,plantswillquicklydie.Leavinghomecanbeverytraumatic.43[5]VerblessClausesAverblessclauseisanellipticalSVCclausestructurewithoutaverb.Ittendstofunctioneitherasanadverbialorasamodifierofanounphrase,e.g.;①WheninRome,doas

theRomans.cf.②Whatevertheirfaults,theyarenothypocrites.cf.③Hedroveon,

waryandshaken.cf.④Hungryandexhausted,theclimberreturned.cf.⑤Hishands,numbfromthecold,couldnotfindthekey.cf.WhenyouareinRome,doastheRomans.Whatevertheirfaultsmaybe,theyarenothypocrites.Hedroveonandhewaswaryandshaken.Sincetheywerehungryandexhausted,theclimberreturned.Hishand,whichwasnumbfromcold,couldnotfindthekey.44Asentenceis:agrammaticalunitthatishigherthanaclause,composedofoneormorethanoneclause,thehighestrankofgrammar.2.5Sentences（句子）Standingalonebyitself.Performingafunctioninsocialcommunication.Expressinganindependentstatement,question,request,command,etc.Characterizedbythepresenceofafiniteverb.Featuresofsentences45ClassificationofSentencesSentencescanbeclassifiedfromtwoangles:[1]BystructureBythenumbersandtypesoffiniteclausesinvolvedinasentence.[2]BypurposeBythecommunicativefunctionsthatthesentencescanperform.46[1]ByStructure:1.1 SimpleSentence 简单句1.2 CompoundSentence 并列句1.3 ComplexSentence 复杂句1.4 Compound-complexSentence 并列复杂句OnewayforclassifyingEnglishsentencesisbythenumbersandtypesoffiniteclauses.Inthiswaysentencescanbeclassifiedintofourtypes.471.1 SimpleSentenceAsentencethatconsistsofasingleindependentclausewithnodependentclauses.Thestudentshavemadebettergradesinthepastfewweeks.

NPVPPredicateVerbNPObjectPrepPAdverbialPredicateIndependentClause

(SimpleSentence)Subject481.2 CompoundSentenceTwoindependentclausesofequalimportancejoinedbyasemicolonoracomma+acoordinatorsuchasand,but,for,or,nor,so,yet,e.g.;Wemustredoubleourefforts,orwe’llbeleftfarbehind.MissLindstormcametotheparty,butMr.andMrs.Shermandidnot.Hehadworkedhard,yethefailed.Wehavenotyetwon;however,weshalltryagain.Golfdemandsthebestoftimeandspace;tennis,(demands)thebestofpersonalenergy.GeneralPattern:Independentclause(SV)+IndependentClause(SV)491.3 ComplexSentenceGeneralPattern:Independentclause(SV)+DependentClause(SV)Asentencewithanindependentclauseandatleastonedependentclauseintroducedbyasubordinator.Thestudentswouldhavemadebettergradesiftheyhadstudiedhard.WhenIsawwhatyouhaddone,Iwassad.Knowingthatyouhatememakesmesad.Itmakesmehappythatyouloveme.Theworksheetiswhereyouhaveputit.Somevoterswantspecialconsiderationthataccountsfortheirhandicaps.Examples:501.4 Compound-complexSentenceAsentencewithatleasttwoindependentclausesandoneormoredependentclauses(whichcanalsobecalledsubordinateclause).GeneralPattern:SV+coordinator+SV+dependentclause(SV)Theywatchedtelevisionandenjoyedthemselvesimmensely,butwecouldn’tseetheprogrambecauseourtelevisionwasbroken.Thecatlivedinthebackyard,butthedog,whoknewhewassuperior,livedinsidethehouse.Examples:51[2]ByPurpose:2.1DeclarativeSentence 陈述句2.2InterrogativeSentence 疑问句2.3ImperativeSentence 祈使句2.4ExclamatorySentence 感叹句AnotherwaytoclassifyEnglishsentencesisbythepurpose(function)ofthesentence.Andinthiswaysentencescanbeclassifiedintoanotherfourtypes.52【1】DeclarativeSentence(Statement)【2】InterrogativeSentence(Question)【3】ImperativeSentence(Command)【4】ExclamatorySentence(Exclamation)Themostcommontypeusedtomakesastatement:Daysaregettingshorterandshorter.Commonlyusedtorequestinformation.Whenareyougoingtowork?Expressingdirectcommandsorrequests:Cometothepartytomorrow!Amoreemphaticformofstatement.Whatawonderfuldayitis!e.g.

e.g.e.g.e.g.(Thisistheendoftheintroduction)53WehavelearnedthatEnglishgrammarisorganizedintofiveranks.Segmentthefollowingsentencefromthehighestranktothelowest：Assignment:Sentencesegmentation1.SentenceSpeakingasamarriedman,myfive-year-oldsonisfarmoreadvancedthanIwasathisage.2.Clause3.Phrase4.Word5.Morpheme541SentenceThisisacomplexsentence!totheexercise<<Speakingasamarriedman,myfive-year-oldsonisfarmoreadvancedthanIwasathisage.554Clauses1.Myfive-year-oldsonisfarmoreadvanced ()2.thanIwasathisage ()3.Speakingasamarriedman ()4.asamarriedman(does) ()FiniteClause/MainClauseFinite/Dependent/Sub.ClauseNonfiniteClauseFinite/Dependent/Sub.ClauseSpeakingasamarriedman,myfive-year-oldsonisfarmoreadvance