全新版大学英语快速阅读第一册到第四册课文

第一册Unit1JohnnytheExplorerJohnnywasthreewhenheranawayfromhomeforthefirsttime.Somebodyleftthegardengateopen.Johnnywanderedout,crossedsomefields,andtwohourslater,arrivedinthenextvillage.Hewasjustabletogivehisnameandaddress.Bythetimehewasseven,Johnnyusedtovanishfromhometwotothreetimesayear.Sometimeshecoveredquitelongdistancesonfoot.Onotheroccasionshegotonabusorevenatrain,andsimplysatthereuntilsomeoneaskedforhisticket.Generallythepolicebroughthimhome."Whydoyoudoit?ntheyusedtoask."Youaren'tunhappyathome,areyou?n"Ofcoursenot,"Johnnyreplied."Thenwhy?**UIjustlikeseeingplaces,nJohnnytoldthem.Johnnycontinuedto"seeplaces'*althougheveryonetriedtostophim.Hisparentsusedtowatchhimclosely,andsodidhisteachers;butsoonerorlaterJohnnymanagedtoslipaway.Ashegrewolder,hisfavoritetrickwastohideonalongdistancetruck.Sometimesheusedtotravelhundredsofmilesbeforeanyonediscoveredhim.ItishardlysurprisingthateventuallyJohnnymanagedtogetonboardaplane.Hewastwelveatthetime.Itwasacargoplaneand,afewhourslater,JohnnyfoundhimselfinCairo.Howdidhegetonboard?Nooneknows!AccordingtoJohnnyhimself,itwaseasy:hejustwentintotheairport,walkedalongsomecorridorsandgotonboardthenearestplane.Inspiteofallthis,Johnnydidwellatschool.Heenjoyedmathsandlanguagesand,perhapsnotsurprisingly,hewasespeciallygoodatgeography."Whatdoyouwanttobewhenyougrowup?”histeachersaskedhim.Johnnydidnottakelongtoanswerthatquestion.nAnexplorer!0heanswered.MButit'sdifficulttobecomeanexplorerinthismodemage."theytriedtotellhim,nunlessyougointospace!"Butitwasnouse:Johnnyknewwhathewanted!Justbeforeheleftschool,Johnnysawanoticeinoneofthedailypapers.AnexpeditionwasabouttogotoBraziltotraveluptheAmazonRiver.Therewerevacanciesforthreeyoungpeople"willingtoworkhardandwithasenseofadventure".Johnnyapplied,and,twomonthslater,hewasonhiswaytoBrazil.GrowingPainsIguessitwasnotScottie*sday.Wedidnotknowifsomethinghadhappened,orifScottiewasjustfeelinghisage.Afterall,howgrownupisafour-year-oldsupposedtoact?Buttoreallyunderstandwhathappened,letusstartatthebeginning.MaryandIhadinvitedournephew,Scottie,overforhisusualSundaysupper.Wealwayslookedforwardtohavinghimbecausehewasaneatlittleboy.Onthisparticularevening,hearrivedontimeasusual.However,insteadofhugsandkisses,Scottiejustpushedpastusandheadedforthesofa.Ihadtotakeasecondlooktomakesurethiswastherightlittleboy.Whilewewaitedfortheroastchicken—Scottie'sfavorite—tofinishcooking,wesatonthesofatalking.Rightinthemiddleofoneofmysentences,Scottiesaidsuddenly,nHey,UncleArnold,Iwanttoplaymyrecord.HTheconversationcametoahalt.Aminutelater,therecordplayerwasonasloudasitcouldgowith"DiscoDuck'1.Scottiewasdancingandsinginginthemiddleoftheroom.Marywastalkingtome,butIcouldnothearathingshewassaying.IwaspuzzledthatIletthematterpasswithonlyaslightcomment.Soondinnerwasserved.Wesatdown,litthecandles,andstartedtoeat.Scottieusuallywouldbethefirsttostarteating,buttonighthejustsatthereandstaredatme."Aren'tyouhungry?*1Iasked.^Yes,"repliedScottie."Thenaren*tyougoingtoeat?""No,I'mnot,"heanswered."It'syourfavoritedinner,nsaidmywife."Idon'twanttoeat,°answeredScottie.Payingnoattentiontohisstrangebehaviorforthemoment,Isaid,"Okay,ifyoudon'twanttoeat,youdon*thavetoeat.Youmaysitandkeepuscompanyuntilwefinishourdeliciousmeal."Aswecontinuedourdinner,Scottie*sfacelookedconfusedanduncertain.Afterwefinisheddinner,webeganclearingawaythedishes,leavingScottietosittherewiththatlookofdisappointmentonhislittleface.WhenIremovedthedishcontainingtheroastbeef,itwasmorethanhecouldbear.Hestoodupandthrewhisnapkinacrossthetable.Unfortunately,ithitoneofthecandlesandcaughtfire.Idonotknowwhocriedouttheloudest,myselforScottie.Webothstoodtherewithalookofhorroronourfaces.Itookthenapkinandputitout.Scottiestartedcrying."I*msorry,"hesaid.nIwasjusttryingtobeDennis.MyteacherreadusthebookaboutDennistheMenace,andwethoughtallthethingshedidweresofunny.ButtheyarenotfunnywhenIdothem.Idon'twanttobeDennisanymore."WeweregladthathewasnotDennisanymore,justourlittleScottie.WorkingwhileYouGrowKitchenManager-JoeIhadbeenworkingatacafecalledPacificDessertsfortwoyears.Onedaythekitchenmanagerlefthisjob.Ihadworkedtherethelongest.Iwasgiventhekitchenmanager*swork,butnotthetitleorthepay.Highschoolkidswaitedtablesatnightthere.Theyoftenvisitedinthemorningbeforetheplacewasopen.Theycameforfreecoffee.IhadbeenmakingmyselfbreakfastbeforethemanagergotthereandIdecidedtoexpand.Forthelastthreemonthsofschool,Imadefriedeggsandpotatosaladusingtherestaurant*seggs,cheese,milk,vegetables,potatoes,andspices.Westartedamorningcoffeeclub,andcharged$1perplate.Soonthehighschoolstudentsstartedtobringtheirfriends.Oneofthemevenmadeasignboardinhiscarpentryclassthatread"Joe*sUndergroundCafen.Iusuallymadeabout$8extraperday.Thiswasthesameasanincreaseinmypay.Iwasalsospendinganhourofthecompany'stimeformyownprofit.BicycleMessenger-KennyBeingabikemessengerinSeattleishard,butourjobwaseasy.Wehadtoworkextremelyhard,butatleastwegotpaidbythehour.Thecompanyalwaysletuswearshorts,butwehadtowearthecompanyT-shirts.Wecutoffthesleevestostaycool.Then,thecompanywantedtogiveabetterimpressionofitselfbecausewedeliveredtobigbusinesses.Theymadeuswearlongpantsandshirtsmadeofheavymaterial.Thiswascrazy!Tryridingyourbicyclefastfortenmilesuphills,reallybighills,withheavypackageswhileyouYewearinglongpants!Allofthemessengersagreedwecouldnotcontinuelikethat.Wedecidedthatwewouldn'twashourclothesatall.Weworethesameclotheseveryday.Youcanimaginewhatitwaslikewhenwewereinanelevator.Ourclothessmelledterribleandourbodiesalsosmelledbad.Withinamonth,thecompanyreceivedmanycomplaints.Theyletuswearshortsagain.E.T.—AfairyTaleoftheSpaceAgeFormanychildrenthesearchforextra-terrestriallifeorlifefromotherplanetsmayseemtobealreadyover.Anextra-terrestrialhasbeenwithusforsometime.Childrenaskforshirtsthatread"E.T.—Iloveyou°andforE.T.toysundertheChristmastree.StevenSpielberg*sfilm,"E.T.—theExtra-terrestrial”,hasbecomeoneofthebiggestfilmmoney-makersofalltime;evenaheadof"StarWars**.Whatisitaboutthisbig-eyedcreaturefromouterspacethathasmadeAmerica*schildrenandmanyadultssoexcited?PsychologistssaythatthefilmofE.T.,likeancientfairytales,containspowerfulstoriesthathelpchildrenthroughthedifficultprocessofgrowingup.Themessagethatfairytalesbringtothechildisthatastruggleagainstseveredifficultiesinlifecannotbeavoided,butthatifonedoesnotrunawaybutmeetsunexpectedandoftenunjusthardships,onemastersallobstaclesandattheendcomesoutvictorious.Today'schildren,whooftengrowupaloneinhomesthatareseparatedfromotherchildren,needfairytalesevenmorethanchildrendidatthetimewhenthosetaleswerefirsttold.InE.T.theyfindafairytalewithaspecialinterestbecauseitissetinthespaceage,whichisclosertotheirsituationthanastorysetinanoldcastle.E.T.maynotbegood-lookingphysically,butheistotallyharmless,kindandcharming.NochildneedfearanouterspacefilledwithcreatureslikeE.T.Thefilmhasatleasttwoheroeswhochildrencanunderstandandwithwhomtheycansharetheirfeelings—E.T.himselfandElliott,the1O-year-oldboywhofinds,looksafterandsavesthefriendlyandlikablecreatureafterheisleftbehindbyhisspaceship.BothElliottandE.T.havebeenlefttolookafterthemselves.Elliottfeelsalonebecausehisparentshaveseparated,buthefindsamagicalfriendwhomhecanprotectandwhoprovideshimwithfriendship.Childrenoftenhaveastrongneedforimaginaryplaymates.Forallchildren,thefilmraisesthequestionoftheneedtogrowupandthedesiretostayachild.ElliottdecidesnottogowithE.T.aboardthespaceship,wherehecouldcontinuelivinginanimaginaryworld.Asonechildsaid,"ElliottstayedonEarthbecausehehastogrowupandyoucan'tgrowuponthefarawayplanetofJupiter.YoustaysmallandakidlikeE.T.”Thefilmoffersmanyideasfromthetraditionalfairytale:first,goodchildrengetthebetterofbadadults.Secondly,theheroisputinadifficultpositionintheearlystagesofthestorybutthereisahappyendingwhenheisfinallyrescued.Thirdly,thefilmofferstheideaofrebirth,whichisfoundinmanyfairytales.Finally,thestoryalsoremindsoneof"TheThreeFeathers**bythewell-knownwritersoffairytales—theGrimmbrothers.Inthisstory,theyoungestsonwinshisfather*skingdombydefeatinghisbrotherswiththehelpofanuglyoldtoad.Puttoafinaltest,tobringbackthemostbeautifulwoman,hewinsagainbychoosingthetoadwhoturnsintoabeauty.Thus,itislovewhichturnsevenuglythingsintosomethingbeautiful.It'seasytoseehowthatistrueofE.T.Unit2MakingFriendsFriendsplayanimportantpartinourlives,andalthoughwemaytakethefactoffriendshipforgranted,weoftendon'tclearlyunderstandhowwemakefriends.Whilewegetonwellwithanumberofpeople,weareusuallyfriendswithonlyaveryfew—forexample;theaverageamongstudentsisabout6perperson.Moreover,agreatmanyrelationshipscomeunderthegeneralterm“friendship”.Inallcases,twopeoplelikeoneanotherandenjoybeingtogether,butbeyondthat,thedegreeofclosenessbetweenthemandthereasonsfortheirinterestineachothervarygreatly.Atthebeginning,muchdependsonhowpeoplemeet,andongoodfirstimpressions.Aswegettoknowpeople,weconsiderthingslikeage,race,looks,economicandsocialstatus,andintelligence.Althoughthesefactorsarenotofthegreatestimportance,itismoredifficulttohaveagoodrelationshipwithpeoplewhenthereisabigdifferenceinageandbackground.Wepayattentiontoactualbehavior,facialexpression,andthewayapersonspeaks.Friendswillstandclosertogetherandwillspendmoretimelookingateachotherthanordinaryacquaintances.Smilesandsoftvoicesalsoexpressfriendliness,anditisbecausetheymaygivethewrongsignalsthatshypeopleoftenhavedifficultyinmakingfriends.Afriendlylookwiththewrongfacialexpressioncanturnintoanunfriendlystare,andnervousnessmaybewronglyunderstoodasunfriendliness.Peoplewhodonotlookoneintheeyearenottrustedwhen,infact,theysimplydonothaveconfidence.Somerelationshipsarearesultofargumentanddiscussion,butitisusualforclosefriendstohavethesameideasandbeliefs,thesameopinionsandinterests-theyoftentalkabout"beingonthesamewavelength".Themorecloselyinvolvedpeoplebecome,themoretheydependononeanother.Peoplewanttodofriendsfavorsandhatetoletthemdown.Equally,friendshavetolearntomakeallowancesforeachother,toputupwithannoyinghabits,andtoacceptdifferencesinopinion.Imaginegoingonalongtripwithsomeoneyouoccasionallymeetforadrink!Incontrastwithmarriage,therearenofriendshipceremoniestostrengthentherelationshipbetweentwopeople.Butthemutualsupportandunderstandingthatresultsfromsharedexperiencesandemotionsdoesseemtocreateacloseandlastingrelationship,whichcanovercomedifferencesinbackground,andbreakdownbarriersofage,classorrace.BlackandWhiteFromthebeginning,weknewwecamefromdifferentworlds,yetitwassurprisinghowmuchthesamewewereinmanyways.WhenIfirstmetBud,Iknewweweregoingtobefriends,eventhoughhewaswhiteandIwasblack.Hewasconfident,forward,andveryfriendly.Hewouldjustwalkupandstartaconversationaboutanything.Hereallywasverymuchlikeme.Peoplesaidwebothhadthesamekindofpersonality.WefirstmetattheAll-CityChorus.IthoughtIcouldsingalittle,butBudcouldreallyhaveagoodvoice.Ireallybelievehecouldhavebrokenaglasssingingoneofhishighnotes-justasyouseeontheTVads.Westoodsidebysideinthechorus,andhealwaysmademelookgood,evenifImissedanote.Afterpractice,thetwoofuswouldalwaysgotoMcDonald'sforahamburgerandanice-cream.Wehadalotincommon,butourstorieswerereallyabouttwodifferentworlds.Budwenttoanall-whitehighschoolinaquiet,all-whiteneighborhood.Therewereveryfewbigbuildingsorstoresinhiscommunity.Asamatteroffact,youwouldhavetowalkfourorfiveblockstogettothenearestshoppingcenter.Budalwaystalkedabouthowgreenandbeautifultheneighborhoodlooked.Heevenlivedclosetoawide-openparkwherehefirstbecameinterestedinfootball.Hestartedoutasafullback,andlaterbecamethebestfullbackonhishighschoolfootballteam.Bud'shousewasanotherpointofinterest.Inhisbasement,hehadacompletemini-gym.Inhisbedroom,hehadanicedesk,completewithreferencebooksandhisownlittleTVonwhichhecouldplayhisvideogames.Myhomeandneighborhoodweretotallydifferent.Myfamilylivedinaniceapartmentinanall-blackhousingproject.Ourprojecthousedmanyfamilies,sowewereusedtolivinginsmallcrowdedquarters.Everyoneintheprojectknewwhateverybodyelsewasdoing.Itwaslikeacitywithinacity.Weneverhadtowalkfartotheneareststore.Therewereallkindsofstoresnearby.Forbeauty,wehadconcretebuildings,basketballcourts,andtherosegardeninfrontoftheprojectbuilding.IfIwantedtoexercise,Iwouldhavetostaylateatschool.Ascaptainofmyhighschoolfootballteam,Ireallyhadtokeepphysicallyfit,andIneverhadtheconvenienceofamini-gyminmybasement.Mystudywasthekitchentable.Afterdinner,Iwoulddomyhomeworkthereandhopenoneofmyfivebrothersandsisterswoulddisturbme.Comparingworldswasalwaysinteresting.Weneverwerejealousorlookeddownononeanother,either.Wealwaysacceptedoneanotherasequals.Asamatteroffact,webothfeltwehadlostsomethingbecausewelivedinworldssetapartfromothers.Bud*sonlycontactwithblackshisagewasintheAll-CityChorus.Becauseofthis,hefelthislifewasshelteredandnotasinterestingasitwouldhavebeenifhehadgrownupwithpeopleofdifferentgroupsandraceslivingtogether.Ifeltthesameway.Bothracescouldlearnagreatdealfromoneanother,andIknewthisbecauseBudandIsurelydidlearnfromeachother.Itwasonlybecausesocietysetusapartindifferentcommunitiesthatwehadneversharedanexperiencelikethisbefore.BudandIbecamegreatfriends.Weevenwenttothesamecollege,wereroommates,andplayedonthesamecollegefootballteam.Thefactthatwecamefromdifferentworldsdidnotmeanathingcomparedtothevalueswelearnedfromeachotherandthefriendshipwegavetooneanother.FriendsItwasSaturdaymorning.NickyandIwerejustfinishingourshopping.nLetmesee...”Nickysaid."We*vebeentothesupermarket,thebaker*sandthegreengrocer*s...Isthatthelot?”Ilookedatmylist."Ijustneedacoupleofthingsfromthechemist's,”Itoldher."Allright,HNickysaid."Whileyou*redoingthat,Hljustcallinatthebookshop.nWearrangedtomeetatacafeinaquarterofanhour.Iarrivedfirst.WhenNickycamein,shelookedquiteexcited."Didyoufindyourbook,then?*11askedasshesatdown.nYes,nNickysaid."Somethingspecial?**Iasked.IwascuriousbecauseNickywasnotagreatreader,exceptfornewspapersandmagazines.Shesometimesborrowedbooks,butsherarelyboughtthem."Well,yes,"Nickyadmitted."What'sallthemystery?"Iasked.HTellmeallaboutit!*'“Itisn'texactlyamystery,Kay,”Nickybegan.Iwaitedforhertogoon."Well,doyourememberthatwomanwhousedtoliveoppositethechurch一MissHunter?""Theonewhousedtowearfunnyclothesandhadalargedog?Wasn'tsheanartist?11"Well,yes,"Nickysaid.nShedidpaint—butonlyasahobby.Asamatteroffact,shewasawriter-andI*vejustboughtherlatestbook!ONickytookthebookoutofherbagandpasseditacrossthetable.Thetitlewas"DeathComestotheVillage0."Adetectivestory,"Isaid."Hey,doyouthinkweYeinit?""1'mprettysureIam,"Nickysaid,lookingratherpleasedwithherself."Yousee,MissHunterandIwerequitegoodfriendsandsheoftensaidshewasgoingtoputmeintohernextbook!""Shallwehavealook?'*Iasked.ButNickypickedthebookupandputitinherbag."I'dliketoreaditfirst/1shesaid.HButBllendittoyou,ofcourse...0Sometimepassedafterourmeetinginthecafe”andIheardnothingfromNicky.Idecidedtoringherupandaskaboutthebook."Oh,that!nshesaidinasmallvoice."Youdon'tsoundverypleased,"Isaid."Weren'tyouinthebookafterall?1'"YesJNickysaid.Tminthebookallright!ButwhodoyouthinkIam?I,mthevillagepostwoman!Ipassonallthegossipinthevillage!Ievenopenletterssometimes!I'mthemostunpleasantpersoninthewholebook!Thatwomanisnofriendofmine,Icantellyou!**FriendshipAhighschoolhistoryteacheroncetoldus,"Ifyoumakeoneclosefriendinschool,youwillbemostfortunate.Atruefriendissomeonewhostayswithyouforlife/1Experienceteachesthathewasright.Goodfriendshipsarejustnoteasilyformed.Why?Onereasonisthatitiseasytomovearoundinoursociety.Mr.DarrellSifford,anewsreporterfortheWashingtonDaily,hasbeenstudyingandtalkingaboutfriendshipforanumberofyears.Hereportswhatonewomanthoughtabouttheeffectofeaseofmovementonfriendship:"1wasnine,andwe'djustmovedfromSouthCarolinatoNewJersey,andIdidn'tknowanybody.Mymotherhadawayofgettingtotherootofthingsandshesaidtome,'Amelia,IknowyouYefeelingbadbecauseyoudon'thaveanyfriends.Butyoucanfixthat.Justwalkacrossthestreet—Iknowthere'sagirlaboutyourageoverthere-andknockonthedoorandaskhertobeyourfriend.“'"Asa9-year-old,Icoulddothat.Iknockedonthedoorandsaid,*Hi,mynameisAmelia,andI'dlikeforustobefriends.'Andtomysurprise,shesaidthatshewouldlikethattoo-andwebecamefriends."Sheaddedthatgoingaboutitdirectlyalwaysworkedwhenshewasachild.Butassheleftchildhood,shefoundthatthesimpledirectapproachwasmoreandmoredifficultforhertofollow.So,asanadult,Amelialongedtohavefriendsbutherhandsweretiedwhenitcametodoinganythingaboutit.Theproblem,accordingtoher,isthatsocietyteachesusinanumberofwaysthatdirectactionisnotanacceptablewayofdoingthings.Weneedtobelessdirectsothatourfeelingswillnotbehurtifourofferoffriendshipisrefused.Mr.Siffordgoesontodescribehisownideasonthesubject:"Tomostofus,friendshipisveryimportant,butweneedtohaveclearinourownmindsthekindsoffriendshipswewant.Aretheytobeverycloseorkeptatarm'slength?Dowewanttoshareourselvesordowewanttowalkonthesurface?""Forsomepeople,anordinaryfriendshipisenough—andthat'sallright.Butatsomepointweneedtomakesurethatwhatweexpectfromthefriendshipisthesameaswhatourfriendsexpectfromit.Ifonewantsmorefromthefriendshipthantheother,andifthisisnottalkedabout,oneislikelyeventuallytofeelthathe'snotbeinggivenenoughattention.n"Thesharingofclosesecrets,includingourfearsaswellasourdarkdreams,isthesurestwaytodeepenfriendships.Buttheprocessmustbegonethroughslowlyandcontinuedonlyiftherearesignsofinterestandoureffortsareanswered."Whataresomeoftheproblemsinformingfriendships?AccordingtoMr.Sifford,thebiggestproblemistoexpecttoomuchtoosoon.Deeprelationshipstaketime.Another"bigdifficulty'*istothinkone"possesses**theotherandthatheshouldspendallhistimeonlywithyou.Similarly,friendshipsrequireactionfrombothsides.Inshort,youmustgiveasmuchasyoutake.Finallythereisaquestionofdevelopingfriendship.Unlessyouspendenoughtimetogether,talkingonthephone,writingletters,doingthingstogether,friendshipswillgraduallyfadeaway.Whyisitsodifficulttoformfriendships?Perhapsitispossible,asMr.Siffordstates,thatwesimplydonotstayinoneplacelongenoughforatruefriendshiptodevelop.However,weallagreethateachofusshouldthinkcarefullyaboutthekindoffriendshipswewant.Asinallinter-personalrelationships,successdependsonthekindoffriendshipweexpecttohave,opennesstoothers,andawillingnesstoexperiment.Unit3LouisPasteur:AModern-DayScientistInthesummerof1885,nine-year-oldJosephMeisterwasaveryilllittleboy.Hehadbeenattackedbyasickdogthathadrabies,averydangerousdisease.Hisdoctortriedtohelphim,buttherewasnocureforrabiesatthattime.ThedoctortoldJoseph*sparentsthatperhapstherewasonemanwhocouldsaveJoseph*slife.HisnamewasLouisPasteur.WhenPasteurwasayoungboyinFrance,hewasverycurious.Louiswasespeciallyinterestedinmedicine,sohespentmanyhourseverydaywiththechemistwholivedinhissmalltown.Thechemistsoldpills,coughsyrups,andothertypesofmedicine,justasmodempharmacists,ordruggists,dotoday.Atthattime,thechemisthadtomakeallthemedicineshimself.YoungLouisenjoyedwatchingthechemistasheworkedandlisteningtohimhelpthecustomerswhocametohimeachday.Pasteurdecidedthatonedayhewantedtohelppeople,too.Asaschoolboy,Pasteurworkedslowlyandcarefully.Atfirst,histeachersthoughtthatyoungLouismightbeaslowlearner.Throughelementaryschool,highschool,andcollege,Pasteurworkedthesamethoughtfulway.Infact,hewasnotaslowlearner,butaveryintelligentyoungman.Hebecameacollegeprofessorandascientist,andhecontinuedtoworkverycarefully.BecauseofPasteur*spatientmethods,hewasabletomakemanyobservationsaboutgerms.Forexample,germscausemeatandmilktospoil.Theyalsocausemanyseriousdiseases.PasteurwasstudyingaboutthegermsthatcauserabieswhenJosephMeisterbecameill.Infact,Pasteurbelievedhehadacureforrabies,buthehadnevergivenittoapersonbefore.Atfirst,PasteurwasafraidtotreatJoseph,buthisdoctorsaidthechildwasdying.PasteurgaveJosephaninoculation,orshot,everydayfortendays.Slowly,thechildbecamebetter.Pasteur'svaccinationcuredhim.Duringhislifetime,Pasteurstudiedgermsandlearnedhowtheycausediseasesinanimalsandpeople.Hedevelopedvaccinationsthatpreventmanyoftheseillnesses.Healsoinventedtheprocessofpasteurization,whichstopsfoodssuchasmilkfromspoiling.LouisPasteurdiedonSeptember28,1895,attheageof72.Modemmedicinecontinuestobenefitfromtheworkofthisgreatscientist.CanComputersReplacePeople?Mostpeople'sjobsarelikelytobeaffectedbycomputersinonewayoranother.Teachers,forexample,canusecomputerterminalsorsetsofscreensandkeyboardsintheclassroom.Eachpupilmayonedayhaveaterminaltouse,whichcanposeproblemsandaskquestions,andthecomputercaninspectandcheckthepupil*sreplies.Butcouldacomputereverreplaceteachersordoanyjobamanorwomancando?Theshortansweristhatthisisveryunlikely.Atthemomenttherearevastnumbersofthingsacomputercannotdo.Computerscannotperformanoperationordockabigship.Buttheycanhelpthepeoplewhodothesetasks.Infact,computerscanhelpnearlyeveryone,fromanarchitecttoapostalclerk.However,thereisnoprogramthatmakesacomputerbehaveinanythinglikethewayahumanmindworks.Evenso,somepeoplearetryingtoprogramcomputerstothinklikepeople.Theyhavehadsomesurprisingsuccesses.Somecomputerprogramscanplaychessmuchbetterthantheaverageplayer,andthereisonegameinwhichacomputerhasbeatentheworldchampion:backgammon,whichisaboardgamelikechessbutmuchsimpler.Butplayingbackgammonisonlyoneskill.Howcanwedecideifacomputerisas“intelligent“asahumanbeing?Asimpletesthasbeensuggested.Thetestinvolvestwopeoplewhohavenevermetbefore—personAandpersonB一andacomputer,allthreeinseparaterooms.AhastotrytotellthedifferencebetweenBandthecomputer.BtriestomakeitcleartoAthatheisnotacomputer,butthecomputerisprogrammedtotrytodeceiveAintothinkingthatitisB.ObviouslyAcouldtelleasilyifhecouldseeintotheotherrooms,orifhecouldspeaktoB,sotheonlywaythathecancommunicatewithboththecomputerandBisthroughterminals.Ahastwoterminals,oneleadingtoeachoftheotherrooms,andhecanusethemtoaskanyquestionshelikes.Ifhecannottellfromthereplieswhichterminalleadstothecomputer,thenitisgenerallyacceptedthatthecomputermustberegardedasbeingasintelligentasahuman.Atthemomentnoprogramhasbeenwrittenwhichgetsacomputeranywherenearit.Computersareonlyeffectivewhenproblemsareclearlydescribedinadvance.Theyarenexttouselesswhenproblemsarenotclearlydescribed.Forexample,anairplanecanflyautomaticallymostofthetime,butthereisalwaysahumanpilotincasesomethinggoeswrong.Thehumancanreacttoanysituation,someofwhichhemayneverhaveimagined.Atthemomentmostcomputerprogramsneedtoknoweverythingthatmighthappeninadvance,andwhattodoifitdoeshappen.Suchprogramscanbewrittenifthecomputerisonlyplayingbackgammon,buttheycannotbewrittenforanurse,anathlete,oranynumberofotherprofessions.Somepeoplesaythatcomputerscanneverhave"mindsoftheirown'*becausetheyneedaprogram,whichiscreate