考研考博-英语-云南大学考试押题卷含答案详解2

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-云南大学考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

Alltheyearshehasbeen______betweenoptimismanddespair.

问题1选项

A.vibrating

B.swinging

C.fluctuating

D.waving

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项vibrate“(使)振动，颤动，摆动”；B选项swing“(使)摆动，摇摆”，指意见、态度或感情的摇摆；C选项fluctuate“（价格或数量）波动，涨落，起伏”；D选项wave“挥手，摆手”。根据betweenoptimismanddespair可知选B。句意：一年来她一直在乐观和绝望之间摇摆。

2.单选题

（）,1hardlythinkIwouldhaverecognizedhim.

问题1选项

A.Shouldhisnamenotbementioned

B.Hadsomeonenotmentionedhisname

C.Ifsomeonedidnotmentionhisname

D.Ifsomeonehadmentionedhisname

【答案】B

【解析】考查虚拟语气。由后半句的"wouldhaverecognized"可知是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，从句用had+动词过去分词。句意：如果那时没有提到他的名字，我想我几乎认不出他来了。只有B项符合句意。

3.单选题

Oneairlinechiefexecutiveofficer(CEO)wasthemasterofthepersonaltouch.Spendinghourswithhisemployeesandgettingtoknowtheirjobs,hepersuadedthemtoacceptpaycutsinreturnforanownershipstake.TheconcessionputthecompanysosolidlyintheblackthattheCEOwasabletosellitfor$860million.AnotherCEOscoldedmanagersinfrontofothers,cutonethirdoftheworkforceandsoembitteredthesurvivorsthathisairlinebegantolosemoney,andtheboardofdirectorsfiredhim.

InanytestofknowledgeorIQ,thetwoCEOscouldhavedueledtoadraw.Thedifferencewastheabilitytohandlerelationships,arguesDanielGolemaninhisnewbook,workingwithEmotionalIntelligence.Buildingonhis1995bestseller,EmotionedIntelligence,GolemannowprobeshowEIrelatestotheworldofwork.Ashedidinhisearlierbook,GolemanmasterfullyexplainshowalowEIhinderspeople’sfullintellectualpotentialbyfloodingthebrainwithstresshormonesthatimpairmemory,learningandthinking.Theheartofthebook,though,isananalysisofdatacollectedfrommorethan150firmsonwhatdistinguishesso-soperformersfromsuperstars.Goleman’sfindings:conventionalintelligencetakessecondpositiontoemotionalintelligenceindeterminingjobperformance.Injobsrangingfromrepairmantoscientist,IQaccountsfornomorethan25percentofthedifferencebetween,say,asuccessfulhigh-techentrepreneurandafailedone.Inanothersurprise,thecontributionofIQshrinksandthecontributionofEIriseswithdifficultyofajobandhowhighitranksinanorganization.Basedontraitsthatcompaniessaydistinguishwinnersfromlosers,GolemanconcludesthatEIcarriesmuchmoreweightthanIQindeterminingsuccessatthetop.

However,themanyexamplesofCEOsandotherpeopleintoppositionswhohavetheemotionalintelligenceofasnake-butstillwereCEOs-underminethecaseforEPSindispensabilityinbusiness.ButevenifyouacceptthatEIdetermineswhoexcels,youhavetowonderifitshould.Golemandescribeshow112entry-levelaccountantswerejudgedmoreorlesssuccessful(bytheirbosses)accordingtotheirlevelofEIratherthantheiractualskills.Nowondersomanyauditorsfailtonoticecookedbooks.

1.AccordingtoGoleman,thebiggestdifferencebetweenthetwoCEOsdescribedinthefirstparagraphliesin______.

2.Goleman’snewbookWorkingwithEmotionalIntelligenceischieflyabout

______.

3.AccordingtoGoleman,whichofthefollowingpersonsowesthemosttoEIforhis/hersuccess?

4.Thephrase“cookedbooks”inthelastsentencemostprobablymeans______.

问题1选项

A.theirattitudetowardtheiremployees

B.theiremotionalintelligence

C.theirconventionalintelligence

D.theirbusinessstrategy

问题2选项

A.thedifferencebetweenIQandEI

B.therelationshipbetweenEIandjobperformance

C.theroleofEIinaperson’ssuccess

D.theimportanceofhandlingpersonalrelationships

问题3选项

A.Presidentofacompany

B.Managerofthepersonneldepartment

C.Managerofthesalesdepartment

D.Plumber

问题4选项

A.falsifiedaccountbooks

B.bookscontaininginformationforpreparationoffood

C.damagedbooks

D.piratedbooks

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:A

【解析】1.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】细节事实题。根据题干，可以定位到文章第一段，文章提到两个CEO对待他们的员工有不同的方法。B选项“他们的情商”，关于两位CEO的比较结果在第二段段首体现，两位CEO最主要的区别是处理各种关系的能力，也就是下文讨论的情商，故本题答案应为B。A选项“他们对员工的态度”，在第一段提到，但它只是情商的具体表现形式。C选项“他们的传统智慧”，第二段首句指出两位CEO的知识或智商水平都几近持平，可排除。D选项“他们的业务策略”，原文没有提到此内容，可排除。因此B选项正确。

2.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】细节事实题。由题干可以定位到文章第二段第二句Thedifferencewastheabilitytohandlerelationships,arguesDanielGolemaninhisnewbook,workingwithEmotionalIntelligence.（丹尼尔•戈尔曼在他的新书《如何处理情商》中指出，差异在于处理人际关系的能力）。这里解释了本书的内容，本书主要探讨情商和工作的关系，因此B选项“EI与工作绩效的关系”正确。A选项“IQ和EI之间的区别”，虽在书中有提及，但不是主要内容。C选项“EI在一个人的成功中所起的作用”，虽在书中有提及，但不是主要内容，可排除。D选项“处理人际关系的重要性”，虽在书中有提及，但不是主要内容，可排除。因此B选项正确。

3.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】推理判断题。根据题干，可以定位到文章第三段倒数第二句Golemandescribeshow112entry-levelaccountantswerejudgedmoreorlesssuccessful(bytheirbosses)accordingtotheirlevelofEIratherthantheiractualskills.（戈尔曼描述了112名初级会计师（他们的老板）是如何根据他们的EI水平而不是他们的实际技能来判断他们是否成功的）。从该句可推测：工作性质越重要，EI的作用就越大。A选项“公司总裁”，根据文章内容，A选项正确。B选项“人事部经理”，文章没有提到这一点，因此可排除。C选项“销售部经理”，文章没有提到这个内容，可排除。D选项“水管工”，文章没有提到此内容，可排除。因此A选项正确。

4.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】语义理解题。由题干可以定位到文章最后一段最后一句Nowondersomanyauditorsfailtonoticecookedbooks.（难怪这么多审计师没有注意到造假的账目）。这里谈的是审计员的情况，因此可推测cookedbooks和cook的基本意思“做饭”无关，book的意思不是“书”，而是和审计会计有关的意思“账簿”。A选项“伪造会计账簿”符合句意，A选项正确。B选项“载有烹调食物资料的书籍”，可排除。C选项“破损图书”，文章没有提到这个内容，可排除。D选项“盗版书”，不符合文章内容，可排除。因此A选项正确。

4.单选题

Theygainedgreatinfluenceby（）themselvestoprominentcityinstitutions.

问题1选项

A.detaching

B.assigning

C.dispatching

D.attaching

【答案】D

【解析】固定搭配。detach通常与from搭配，意为从……分离，拆卸；assignto指定到，分配给；dispatchto调度，派遣；attachto依附，附属。句意：他们通过依附于著名的城市机构获得了巨大的影响力。选项D符合句意。

5.单选题

Universitiesarefrequentlyjudgedonthebasisoftheaccomplishmentsoftheirprofessorsandscientists.Scientistswhopublish,therefore,bringprestigetotheircollegeoruniversity.

问题1选项

A.achievement

B.funding

C.wisdom

D.fame

【答案】D

【解析】考查名词辨析。prestige表示“威望，声望，声誉”；A项achievement“成就，完成，达到”，B项funding“提供资金”，C项wisdom“智慧，才智，明智”，D项fame“名声，名望，传闻”。句意：人们常常根据教授和科学家的成就来评判大学；因此，发表论文的科学家会给他们的学院或大学带来声望。因此，根据句意可知D选项正确。

6.单选题

Theirqualification（

）themtoahighsalary.

问题1选项

A.rewards

B.grants

C.entitles

D.awards

【答案】C

【解析】句意:他们的资格使他们有权享有高薪。

考查动词辨析。四个选项分别是对应动词的三单形式。Reward奖励,奖赏;grant同意,准予,允许,一般用法为grantsb.sth.或grantsb.todosth.;entitle使享有权利,使符合资格,一般用法为entitlesb.tosth;award授予,判定,一般用法为awardsb.sth.或awardsth.tosb。由关键词themtoahighsalary可知C项无论从语义还是从搭配上都符合题干要求。

7.单选题

OntheafternoonofJuly2,1936,NaziSSleaderHeinrichHimmlerandacoterieofhisseniorofficersparadedonfootthroughthewindingcobblestonestreetsofQuedlinburg,oneofthemostperfectlypreservedmedievalcitiesinallEurope.Himmler’sstaffhadbeenplanningthetriptothesmallcityincentralGermanyforweeks.Theyorderedthestreetstobecleanedandtheoldhousesalongthemainthoroughfarestobepainted.TheydrapedNazibannersfromtherooftopsandgarlandsalongthewalls.TheyrehearsedtheSSband,drilledthelocalchapterofHitlerYouthandarrangedforanSSphotographertorecordtheproceedingsfrombeginningtoend.Nothingofimportancewasoverlooked.

Dressedinashinyblackhelmet,immaculateblackuniformandtallblackboots,Himmlermadehiswayupthecity’sCastleHill.Paleandanemic-looking,withaspindlyframeandaheadoneortwosizestoosmallforhisbody,helookedstrangelyoutofplaceamonghisentourageoftall,athletic-lookingSSmen.HestoppedtoadmireQuedlinburg’ssplendidstonecastle,thenproceededtoitslargemedievalcathedral—theultimateobjectofhispilgrimage.HimmlerdespisedChristianity,areligionthatpreachedcompassionfortheweakandthebrotherhoodofallmenandacceptedaJewasthesonofGod.ButtheQuedlinburgcathedralguardedsomethingofimmenseimportancetohim—thetombofanobscure10th-centuryGermanking,HeinrichI.

Himmlerwasenthralledbyancienthistory,andhewantedallSSmentosharehispassion.Indeed,heregardedthefeudalpastasablueprintforthefuturegloryoftheThirdReich.HeviewedHeinrichIasagreatleaderwhocouldserveasamodelforAdolfHitlerandplannedtotransformthecathedral’sdustytombintoanSSshrine.HimmlerstoodatthefootofthecryptandgaveaspeechexhortinghisofficerstopaycarefulheedtoGermany’sproudancientpast,“Justasatreewithersifitsrootsareremoved,soapeoplefalliftheydonothonortheirancestors,”helaterwarned.

Foryears,scholarsoftheThirdReichhaveridiculedHimmler’sintenseinterestintheGermanpast,dismissingoccasionssuchashisvisittoQuedlinburgasthefoolishnessofafanaticdrunkonpower.EvensomeseniorNazispokedfunathisardorforhistory.AsAlbertSpeer,Hitler’sformerchiefarchitect,jeeredafterthewar,Himmler“washalfschoolmaster,halfcrackpot”.ButHimmlerwasdeadlyseriousaboutreturningtheThirdReichtothelostgoldenageofhisimagination.In1935hefoundedalargeSSresearchinstitute,employingmorethan100GermanscholarstostudythepastandhelptutorSSmeninthewaysoftheirancestors.Withsuchresearch,heintendedtotransformvaststretchesoftheReichintomedievalfiefdomsruledbySSlords,aplanhebeganactingonbeforethewar.Farfrombeingadreamerlostinfantasy,Himmlerwasacareful,methodicalplannerwhoworkeddiligentlytowardthissinisterfutureinmuchthesametirelesswaythathelaboredoncreatingtheconcentrationcampsystemandimplementinga“finalsolution”.Indeed,thesewerethetwinpolesofhisexistence,theyinandyangofhisworld:thesqualid,crowdedcampsandthesunnySSfarmvillages.

Himmlersetaboutconstructingthisfutureinthreeways.Herecruitedtall,blond-hairedmentotheSSinordertoscientificallyrebreedwhathebelievedwasaprimevalmasterrace.Withthehelpofhisresearchers,heinstructedSSmenandtheirfamiliesinancientGermanreligion,loreandfarmingpractices.Andbeforethewarstarted,hebeganinstallingSSfamiliesin“feudal”villagesofnewlyfabricatedmedieval-stylehouses.HeplannedtocreatethousandsoftheseantiquecoloniesinconqueredlandsacrossEasternEurope.Inthisway,Himmlerhopedtogivebirthtoanewgoldenage,therebyreversingthedeclineofWesterncivilizationandrescuinghumanityfromitsmire.Thiswassocialengineeringinitsmostswaggering,arrogantform—utopianismgonehorriblywrong.ButHimmler,whorosetobecomethesecondmostpowerfulmanintheReichbyearly1945asHitler’shealthfailed,follyintendedtocarryoutthatplanifNaziGermanywonthewar.OnlycrushingdefeatbytheAlliesstoppedhim.

1.Whichofthefollowingexpressionsisclosestinmeaningto“coterie”？

2.WhichofthefollowingphrasesbestdescribeshowHimmlerintendedallSSmentoassimilateGermany’sfeudalpast?

3.Fromthispassage,itisclearthatHimmlerprimarilyintended（

）.

4.ForAlbertSpeerHimmlerwas“halfschoolmaster,halfcrackpot”.Inwhichofthefollowingisthemeaningofthisquoteclosest?

5.Fortheauthor,Himmlerwouldbestbedescribedas（

）.

问题1选项

A.Aselectedgroupofpersonswhoassociatewithoneanotherfrequently.

B.Alargenumberofpersonswithwhomonemightmeetonsocialoccasions.

C.Anindiscriminategroupofpersonswhoassociatewithoneanotheronrareoccasions.

D.Alargenumberofpersonswhoassociatewithoneanothertodiscusspoliticalmatters.

问题2选项

A.Esotericcultandpractices.

B.Eccentricapproach.

C.Catatonicstate.

D.Histrionicdisorder.

问题3选项

A.tobringancientagriculturalpracticesinto20thcenturyGermany

B.toreturntoaprosperouseraduringwhichtheGermanpeoplelivedinidealhappiness

C.toencouragethedevelopmentofmulticulturalisminameltingpotsociety

D.toeliminateallthosewhocouldhavethreatenedhisrisetopower

问题4选项

A.Himmler’spassionforGermany’smedievalpastwasregardedasabsurd.

B.Himmler’spassionforGermany’smedievalpastprovokedintenserivalryamongotherprominentNazileaders.

C.Himmler’spassionforGermany’smedievalpastprovokedwidespreademulationamongstotherprominentNazileaders.

D.OthershadtheprivilegeofstudyingtheaweinspiringbreadthanddepthofHimmler’spassionforGermany’smedievalpast.

问题5选项

A.autopianreformer

B.anincurableromanticlostintime

C.animprobablevisionary

D.alevel-headedpurpose-drivenman

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:A

第3题:B

第4题:A

第5题:D

【解析】第1题:1.判断推理题。题干中关键词coterie出现在文章首段首句，acoterieof用来修饰后面的hisseniorofficers，是量词。前面主人公是纳粹党卫军领袖，他与军官们自然是处于同一阵线的。A选项“经常互相交往的一组人”；B选项“一个人在社交场合可能会遇到的许多人”；C选项“无差别的一群人，只会在极少数情况下有往来”；D选项“许多人互相联系讨论政治问题”。军队领袖与他的军官之间自然是属于第一类“经常互相交往的一组人”。

第2题:2.判断推理题。本题关键在于“howHimmlerintendedallSSmentoassimilateGermany’sfeudalpast（希姆莱打算如何让所有党卫军成员同化德国的封建历史）”，相关信息出现在第三段第二句“heregardedthefeudalpastasablueprintforthefuturegloryoftheThirdReich”，他认为过去的封建制度是第三帝国辉煌的未来蓝图。紧跟着第三句说到“...plannedtotransformthecathedral’sdustytombintoanSSshrine”，计划将大教堂布满灰尘的坟墓变成党卫军的圣地。在最后一段第三句中提到“…heinstructedSSmenandtheirfamiliesinancientGermanreligion,loreandfarmingpractices”，他教导党卫军士兵和他们的家人学习古德国的宗教、知识和耕作方法。对比选项可知，A选项“宗教信仰和实践”符合题意。

第3题:3.判断推理题。本题关键在于“Himmlerprimarilyintended（希姆莱主要目的是）”，最后两段说了希姆莱的一些做法及计划，但是关键在于最后一段中第六句说到“Inthisway,Himmlerhopedtogivebirthtoanewgoldenage,therebyreversingthedeclineofWesterncivilizationandrescuinghumanityfromitsmire”，通过这种方式，希姆莱希望创造出一个新的黄金时代，从而扭转西方文明的衰落，将人类从泥潭中拯救出来。因此，希姆莱的主要意图是B选项“复兴德国人曾幸福生活的繁荣时代”。

第4题:4.语义题。AlbertSpeer对于希姆莱的这句评价出现在文章第四段第三句，他人的评价可以认为是“果”，而“因”则要往前面找。本段第一句说到“Foryears,scholarsoftheThirdReichhaveridiculedHimmler’sintenseinterestintheGermanpast,dismissingoccasionssuchashisvisittoQuedlinburgasthefoolishnessofafanaticdrunkonpower.”第三帝国的学者们一直嘲笑希姆莱对德国历史的浓厚兴趣，认为像他访问奎德林堡这样的场合是一个醉心于权力的狂热分子的愚蠢行为。换句话说希姆莱对德国中世纪历史的热爱被认为是荒谬的，A选项符合题意。

第5题:5.观点态度题。作者在第四段对于希姆莱做了这样的评价“Farfrombeingadreamerlostinfantasy,Himmlerwasacareful,methodicalplanner”，说他并不是迷失在幻想中的梦想家，而是细心、有条理的策划者。A选项autopianreformer“一个乌托邦式的改革者”；B选项anincurableromanticlostintime“迷失在时间里的无可救药的浪漫主义者”；C选项animprobablevisionary“一个几乎不可能的空想家”；D选项alevel-headedpurpose-drivenman“头脑冷静、目标明确的人”。综合选项与文意可知D选项正确。

8.单选题

Igotcaughtinthetraffic;______Iwouldhavebeenheresooner.

问题1选项

A.however

B.although

C.anyway

D.otherwise

【答案】D

【解析】【选项释义】

A.however然而B.although尽管

C.anyway不管怎样D.otherwise否则

【考查点】句间逻辑。

【解题思路】前半句说“遇上了交通堵塞”，后半句说“我早就来了”，从中可知，后半句是前半句的结果，要用连词otherwise。因此，D项正确。

【干扰项排除】

A选项表示转折；

B、C选项表示让步。

【句意】我遇上了交通堵塞；否则我早就来了。

9.单选题

Workersinthefinearts（

）thoughtsandfeelingsthroughtheircreativeworks.

问题1选项

A.transmit

B.elaborate

C.convey

D.contribute

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A项transmit表示“传输”；B项elaborate表示“精心制作，详细描述”；C项convey表示“传达”；D项contribute表示“贡献”。根据句意可知，精细工艺的工人通过有创造性的作品来思想和感情。因此，本题选择C项最符合句意。

10.单选题

Thegirlwas（

）ashopassistant;sheisnowamanagerinalargedepartment.

问题1选项

A.preliminarily

B.presumably

C.formally

D.formerly

【答案】D

【解析】考查副词词义辨析。Preliminarily“初步地”；presumably“大概，推测起来”；formally“正式地”；formerly“以前，原来”。句意：这个女孩之前是商店的助理，现在是一个大部门的经理。选项D符合题意。

11.单选题

Ⅳ.(CriminalLaw)

ThefirstchallengeforcriminalresponsibilityforcollectiveperpetrationsiswhetherthenotionofcollectiveactioncanbemadesenseforthepurposesofInternationalCriminalLaw.AsKutzsuggeststheissueofinclusionandexclusionofmembersfromacollectiveactionis“alwaysbothnormativeandfactual”,because“thechoiceofappropriatedescriptivelevel”remainsamatteroflegalpolicy.Iftherequirementsforcollectiveactionaresettoostrictthenmanyparticipantswillbeexcused.Ontheotherhandtoolaxrequirementsincreaseprosecutor’sdiscretionandallowchargingwiderrangeofindividuals,attheexpenseofimplicatingtoomanyindividualsandpossiblyrenderingpunishmentcontroversialandover-inclusiveonthelevelofthesystem.

Inanycaseacollectiveintentionstestisnecessaryinordertobeabletoholdanyparticularindividualresponsibleasopposedtochargingeveryoneontheoneextreme,orattributingharmtoindeterminatecausesontheother.Besidesidentifyingindividualsinvolvedincooperativeharmdoingcollectiveintentionwillbenecessaryforattributionofharmtosuchcausallyresponsibleindividuals.Furthermoreasarguedinthesectiononmoralblameaconsiderationofdecisionmethodinacollectiveaction,whichisnecessaryfordistributionofmoralblame,isalsoimpossiblewithoutaconceptionofcollectiveintention.

Theproblemofcollectiveintentionsisdownplayedbythe“romantic”argumentforcollectiveguilt,asitjumpstodrawthemembershipalongthestatelines,whichultimatelyleadstoproblemsof“guiltlesssincerity”and“excessoftransmissionbybirth”.Partofthe“romantic”appealstemsfromtheimplicationofstateagencyincrimesagainsthumanity(through“stateandorganizationalpolicy”)andwarcrimesaccordingtothepublicinternationallaw.Whereasthequestionsofretroactivesuspensionoflegalordersorimmunityofstateofficialsaresometimesstillrelevantlegalobstaclesforprosecutinghumanrightsviolations,thisworkdiscardssuchissuesasirrelevantforthepurposesofexcusesandjustificationsundertheRomeStatute(国际刑事法院罗马规约).Collectiveactionincasesofcrimesagainsthumanityorwarcrimescouldbemanifestedinspontaneouscoordinatedactions,mobviolence,governmentactionsordecentralizednetworksoutsidethecolorofthelaw.Variouspassiveorindeterminatefacts,suchasmilitaryculture,religiousortraditionalinstitutions,ideologyorlegalsystemcanandoftenaremanipulatedbyperpetratorstoblendcollectiveactionwithhistorical,naturalorevensupernaturalcauses.Thiswayevenleadersandinfluentialdecisionmakerswouldclaimthattheyfollowednecessityorthattheircrueltyweredeterminedbytheanarchic,anomicorelseapocalypticconditionsofwar.

63.Thebesttopicforthefirstparagraphis___.

64.Todeterminecollectiveintentionsisnecessary___.

65.WhichofthefollowingstatementisNOTmentionedintheparagraph3?

66.PerpetratorscanandoftenmanipulatethefollowingBUT___.

问题1选项

A.CriminalResponsibilityforCollectivePerpetrations

B.TheDefectofSettingTooStrictaLevel

C.TheDifficultiesinChoosinganAppropriateDescriptiveLevelofCollectiveAction

D.TheDefectofSettingTooLaxaLevel

问题2选项

A.toholdanyparticularindividualresponsible

B.tochargeeveryoneresponsible

C.foraconsiderationofdecisionmethod

D.toattributeharmtoindeterminatecauses

问题3选项

A.Theargumentofcollectiveguiltdilutestheproblemsofcollectiveintentions.

B.Theretroactivesuspensionoflegalorderissometimesrelevanttohumanrightsviolations.

C.Theargumentofcollectiveguiltstemsfrompublicinternationallaw.

D.Theargumentofcollectiveguiltdealswithmembershipthroughstateresponsibility.

问题4选项

A.militaryculture

B.religiousortraditionalinstitutions

C.ideologyorlegalsystem

D.collectiveaction.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:D

【解析】63.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】主旨大意题。根据题干定位到原文第一段AsKutzsuggeststheissueofinclusionandexclusionofmembersfromacollectiveactionis“alwaysbothnormativeandfactual”,because“thechoiceofappropriatedescriptivelevel”remainsamatteroflegalpolicy.（正如库茨所指出，将成员纳入和排除在集体行动之外的问题“总是规范性和事实性的”，因为“选择适当的描述水平”仍然是一个法律政策问题）可知选C选项“在选择适当的集体行动描述水平方面的困难”；A选项“集体犯罪的刑事责任”；B选项“等级设置过严的缺陷”以及D选项“水平设置过松的缺陷”都是为了证明选择适当的集体行动描述水平的困难，是这一观点的论据，不足以概括第一段的内容。因此C选项正确。

64.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干定位到原文第二段第一句Inanycaseacollectiveintentionstestisnecessaryinordertobeabletoholdanyparticularindividualresponsibleasopposedtochargingeveryoneontheoneextreme,orattributingharmtoindeterminatecausesontheother.（在任何情况下，集体意图检验都是必要的，以便能够追究任何特定个人的责任，而不是将所有人归为一个极端，或将伤害归因于另一种不确定的原因）可知选A选项“追究任何特定个人的责任”，同时可知B选项“追究每个人的责任”，D选项“将伤害归因于不确定的原因”不符合原文；第二段Furthermoreasarguedinthesectiononmoralblameaconsiderationofdecisionmethodinacollectiveaction,whichisnecessaryfordistributionofmoralblame,isalsoimpossiblewithoutaconceptionofcollectiveintention.（此外，正如道德责备一节所论证的那样，如果没有集体意图的概念，集体行动中决策方法的考虑也是不可能的，这对于道德责备的分配是必要的）可知集体行动中决策方法的考虑对道德责备的分配是必要的，而不是对集体意图必要，C选项“考虑决策方法”逻辑关系错误。因此A选项正确。

65.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干定位到原文第三段Theproblemofcollectiveintentionsisdownplayedbythe“romantic”argumentforcollectiveguilt（集体罪责的“浪漫”论点淡化了集体意图的问题）对应A选项“集体犯罪的论点淡化了集体意图的问题”；第三段Whereasthequestionsofretroactivesuspensionoflegalordersorimmunityofstateofficialsaresometimesstillrelevantlegalobstaclesforprosecutinghumanrightsviolations（然而，追溯中止法律命令或国家官员豁免的问题有时仍然是起诉侵犯人权行为的相关法律障碍）对应B选项“追溯中止法律秩序有时与侵犯人权有关”；第二段Partofthe“romantic”appealstemsfromtheimplicationofstateagencyincrimesagainsthumanity(through“stateandorganizationalpolicy”)andwarcrimesaccordingtothepublicinternationallaw.（这种“浪漫”的吸引力部分源于国家机构涉嫌违反国际公法的反人类罪（通过“国家和组织政策”）和战争罪）对应C选项“集体有罪的论点源于国际公法”；D选项“集体犯罪的论点通过国家责任来处理成员问题”未在第三段提及。因此D选项符合题意。

66.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干关键字“Perpetrators”定位到原文最后一段Variouspassiveorindeterminatefacts,suchasmilitaryculture,religiousortraditionalinstitutions,ideologyorlegalsystemcanandoftenaremanipulatedbyperpetratorstoblendcollectiveactionwithhistorical,naturalorevensupernaturalcauses.（各种消极或不确定的事实，如军事文化、宗教或传统机构、意识形态或法律制度，可以而且往往被肇事者操纵，将集体行动与历史、自然甚至超自然原因相结合）对应A选项“军事文化”，B选项“宗教或传统机构”以及C选项“意识形态或法律体系”；不涉及D选项“集体行动”。因此D选项符合题意。

12.单选题

Inscientificstudies,supportingevidenceismuchmoresatisfyingtoreportthanarediscreditedhypotheses,but,infact,the（）oferrorsismorelikelytobe（）thanistheestablishmentofprobabletruth.

问题1选项

A.formulation,permitted

B.correction,ignored

C.detection,useful

D.accumulation,agreeable

【答案】D

【解析】考查名词与形容词辨析。A选项formulation，permitted“制订，规划；系统阐述；表达方式；制剂，配方”，“被允许的，可能的”；B选项correction，ignored“改正，修正”，“被忽视的；被忽略的”；C选项detection，useful“侦查，探测；发觉，发现；察觉”，“有用的，有益的；有帮助的”；D选项accumulation，agreeable“积聚，累积；堆积物”，“令人愉快的；适合的；和蔼可亲的”。句意：在科学研究中，报告支持的证据比不可信的假设更令人满意，但事实上，错误的积累比可能真理的建立更容易令人满意。因此D选项正确。

13.单选题

Youcan（

）thevideocameraonatripod（三脚架），sothatyoudon'thavetoworryaboutholdingitsteadywhileyouaskquestions.

问题1选项

A.withstand

B.fix

C.plant

D.dwell

【答案】B

【解析】动词辨析题。withstand抵抗，反抗；fix固定；plant种植，培养；dwell居住，存在于。

句意：你可以将摄像机固定在三脚架上，这样当你提问的时候就不用担心需要稳稳的抓住它了。选项B符合句意。

14.单选题

Theyignoredhim,despitehisrepeated（）thathewasnotonthesceneofmurderthatevening.

问题1选项

A.assumptions

B.suppositions

C.affirmations

D.confirmations

【答案】C

【解析】名词辨析题。assumption"假定,设想";supposition"猜测,推测";affirmation"断言,认定";confirmation"证实,确认"。句意：尽管他一再申明那天晚上他不在谋杀现场，他们对他还是置之不理。选项C符合句意。

15.单选题

Sheworkedhardathertaskbeforeshefeltsurethattheresultswouldlegitimizeherlongeffort.

问题1选项

A.justify

B.testify

C.rectify

D.verify

【答案】A

【解析】考查形近词辨析。legitimize意为“使合法化，证明……为有理（或正当）”；justify意为“证明……有理”；testify意为“作证”；rectify意为“改正，校正”；verify意为“核实，查对”。

句意：她努力做自己的工作，直到确定所得到的结果可以证明自己长久以来的努力是有理由的。

16.单选题

Whenmywife,Meg,sufferedaseverestrokethatimmobilizedherleftside,Iknewwewouldbefacingagruelingodysseyinvolvingseveralhospitals,dozensofdoctorsandcountlesstherapysessions.WhatIwasn’tpreparedforwastheAmericanWayofManagedHealthCare,asystemthatisbureaucraticandoftendysfunctional.Yes,medicalpractitionersintheUnitedStatesaregenerallyconsideredamongthebestintheworld,andmywifeprimarilyhadfirst-ratecare,buttheirback-officepractice—abusinessdominatedbythird-partypayers—isbadlyrunatworstandwoefullyconfusingatbest.

Meg’sstrokeoccurredwhilewewerevacationinginthesouthofFrancelastsummer.Afterbeingstabilizedintheemergencyroomofasmallhospital,shewastransferredimmediatelytoalargeteachinghospital,whereshereceivedexcellenttreatmentinaworld-renownedstrokepavilion.WhenIreceivedthebillforher2—1/2-weekstayatthePasteurHospitalinNice,Iaskedthedeputyadministratorforanitemizedstatement.IknewI’dneedtoshowittoourhealth-insurancecompany—theoneinvoiceformorethan20,000eurowouldn’tdo.Theadministratorwaspuzzled.Therewereonlytwodailyrates,heexplained,oneforsoinsintensifs—orintensivecare—andanotherfornon-acutecare.Therewerenoextracharges;thenumerousambulancetransfers,MRIbrainscans,X-raysandassortedtestsassociatedwithanyseriousinjuryorillnesswereall-inclusive.Infact,theonlysupplementwas10.67Euros—about$13—adayforfoodwhich,althoughnotthree-starbistroquality,wascertainlyabargain,andbetterthananythingyoucaneatinaU.S.hospital.

I’mnotarguingthattheFrenchhealth-caresystemshouldbeaworldbenchmark,butcomparedwithwhatwefacedwhenwereturnedhome;itwasamodelofsimplicityandefficiency.Ofcourse,everythinginAmericanmedicalcareisalacarte,andtheinvoicesaresodensewithcodesandabbreviations,it’sawonderanyonecandecipherthem.Ioftenwonder,howmuchdoesthiscosttheAmericanpublicannually?

AtoneNewYorkhospital,wereceivedbillsfromdoctorswe’dneverheardof,includingonewhochargedforanofficevisitwhenMegcouldn’tevengetoutofbed.Themanagedcareprovider’scomputersenthimacheckwithoutquestion.Hadhenotbilledusfortheco-paymentIneverwouldhavenoticedtheerror.Overthepastfewmonths,Ispenthoursclearingupthesekindsofmistakes.Adoctorfriendwhoheadsadepartmentinalargehospitaladmittedthatthesekindsofcomplaintsarealltoocommon.

Meg’smedicaltabhasreachednearly$300,000,whichseemsmonumental,evengiventhenatureofhercatastrophicinjury.Thankfully,wewerecoveredformostofit.Yet$90,000ofthatfigurehadlittleornothingtodowithpatientcare.Roughly30centsofeachhealth-caredollargoestoadministration,ortheprocessingofpaperwork.Ifthatfigurecouldbereducedbyathird,even$30,000wouldgoalongwaytowardextendingherrehabtreatments.(Meg’s2004benefitshaverunout.)

WhenMegwasfinallydischargedafterspending56daysinhospitals,wereceivedco-paymentbillsforhermedicalequipment,includinganitemizedstatementforeveryextraonherwheelchair(no,thebrakeextensions,footpedals,armrest,anti-tipbars,seatandseatbeltarenotincluded).Buttheproviderbilledustwoways,oneforleasingthechairandanotherforpurchase.Evennow,afternumerousphonecalls,Istilldon’tknowwhetherweownorarerentingthewheelchair.

Theoutpatientrehabtherapysessionspresentedtheirownsetofchallenges.Thehospitalsentanumberofbills—printedinalphanumericcodes—foradditionalthousandsofdollarseventhoughwemadetheproperco-paymen