考研考博-英语-宁夏体育职业学院考试押题卷含答案详解

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-宁夏体育职业学院考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

RussianwomenhadtowearprotectivemasksastheywalkedinMoscow,whichwas（）byaheavysmogyesterday.

问题1选项

A.shrouded

B.unveiled

C.decayed

D.deprived

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。shrouded“遮蔽”；unveiled“除去面纱”；decayed“衰退；腐败”；deprived“剥夺；丧失”，根据句子结构可知which引导了一个定语从句，此处which指代的是“Moscow莫斯科”，根据主句的意思可知此处想表达的是莫斯科被大雾笼罩。句意：俄罗斯的女性昨天在……的莫斯科街头行走的时候不得不戴着厚厚的保护面罩。故正确答案为选项A。

2.单选题

Thirty-onemillionAmericanareover60yearsofage,andtwenty-ninemillionofthemarehealthy,busy,productivecitizens.Bytheyear2030,oneineveryfivepeopleintheUnitedStateswillbeover60.Elderlypeoplearemembersofthefastest-growingminorityinthiscountry.Manycallthisthe“grayingofAmerica”.

In1973,agroupcalledthe“GrayPanthers”wasorganized.Thisgroupismadeupofyoungandoldcitizens.TheyaretryingtodealwiththespecialproblemsofgrowingoldinAmerica.TheGrayPanthersknowthatmanyelderlypeoplehavehealthproblems:somecannotwalkwell,otherscannotseeorhearwell.Somehavefinancialproblems;pricesaregoingupsofastthattheelderlycan’taffordthefood,clothing,andhousingtheyneed.Someoldpeopleareafraidandhavesafetyproblems.Othershaveemotionalproblems.Manyelderlyarelonelybecauseofthedeathofahusbandorawife.TheGrayPanthersknowanotherfact,too.Elderlypeoplewanttobeasindependentaspossible.So,theGrayPanthersarelookingforwaystosolvethespecialproblemsoftheelderly.

ThepresidentoftheGrayPanthersisMaggieKuhn,anactivewomaninherlate70s.ShetravelsacrosstheUnitedStates,educatingbothyoungandoldabouttheconcernsofelders.Oneoftheproblemsshetalksaboutiswhereandhowelderslive.ShesaysthatAmericansdonotencourageelderstolivewithyoungerpeople.AsfarasMaggieKuhnisconcerned,onlyelderswhoneedconstantmedicalcareshouldbeinnursinghomes.

MaggieKuhnknowsthateldersneededucation,too.ShespendslotsoftimetalkingtogroupsofolderAmericans.Sheencouragesthemtocontinuetoliveintheirownhousesifitispossible.Shealsotellsthemthatitisimportanttolivewithyoungerpeopleandtohavechildrenaroundthem.Thishelpselderstostayyoungatheart.

1.Whathealthproblemsdomanyelderlyhave?

2.Nursinghomes（）.

3.MaggieKuhntravelsacrosstheUnitedStatesinorderto（）elders.

4.OneoftheproblemsMaggieKuhntalksaboutis（）.

5.MaggieKuhnencourageseldersto（）.

问题1选项

A.Theyfeellonely.

B.Theyaresufferingfromcancer.

C.Theycannotwalkorseeorhearwell.

D.Theyhavegotheartproblems.

问题2选项

A.aregoodforelderswhoneedconstantmedicalcare

B.helpkeepeldersyoung

C.aresetupfortrainingnurses

D.areplaceswheresmallchildrenaretakencareof

问题3选项

A.collectmoneyfor

B.showconcernsfor

C.findhousesfor

D.educatepeopletohelp

问题4选项

A.whyeldersshouldbetakencareof

B.whereandhowelderslive

C.whoneedsmedicalcare

D.howtoimproveeducationintheUSA

问题5选项

A.liveinnursinghomes

B.travelmore

C.livewithyoungerpeople

D.dosomehousework

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:C

【解析】1.细节事实题。根据第二段第四句“manyelderlypeoplehavehealthproblems:somecannotwalkwell,otherscannotseeorhearwell.”选项C与原文表述一致，正确。

2.细节事实题。根据关键词“Nursinghomes”定位到第三段最后一句“onlyelderswhoneedconstantmedicalcareshouldbeinnursinghomes.”只有需要不断的医疗护理的老年人才应该住进养老院。也就是说，养老院对需要持续医疗护理的老年人有益。选项A符合原文。

3.细节事实题。根据第三段第二句“ShetravelsacrosstheUnitedStates,educatingbothyoungandoldabouttheconcernsofelders.”她走遍美国，教育年轻人和老年人关注老年人的问题。选项D正确。

4.细节事实题。根据第三段第三句“Oneoftheproblemsshetalksaboutiswhereandhowelderslive.”选项B与原文表述一致，正确。

5.细节事实题。根据最后一段的三四句，MaggieKuhn鼓励老人继续住在自己的房子里，和年轻人生活在一起，有孩子在身边是很重要的。选项C符合原文。

3.单选题

Ifonlythecommittee（

）theregulationandputthemintoeffectassoonaspossible.

问题1选项

A.approve

B.willapprove

C.canapprove

D.wouldapprove

【答案】D

【解析】考查虚拟语气。ifonly表示“要是……就好了”，此处是对将来的虚拟，因此谓语动词用would/should/could/+动词原形，选D。句意：如果委员会能批准这项条例并尽快付诸实施就好了。

4.单选题

WhenJackwaseighteenhe（）goingaroundwithastrangesetofpeopleandstayingoutverylate.

问题1选项

A.tookto

B.tookup

C.tookfor

D.tookon

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词短语辨析。A选项taketo“喜欢；走向；开始从事”；B选项takeup“拿起；开始从事；占据”；C选项takefor“认为；以为”；D选项takeon“承担；呈现；接纳”。句意：杰克十八岁时，……和一群奇怪的人来往，而且很晚才回家。本句是说杰克在这个年龄段的行为，可理解为是一种喜好，A选项符合句意。

5.单选题

Abuildinghastwomainstructuralfunctions.Itmustshelterpeoplefromtheelementsanditmusttransmitallloadssafelytotheground.Loadsareoftwokinds,deadandlive.Deadloadsarethoseofthebuildingitself.Theyvaryindifferentpartsofthebuildingaccordingtotheheightsandmaterialsused.

Engineerscaneasilycalculatetheseloads,becausetheyknowtheweightsandpositionsofallthepartsofthebuilding.Liveloadsaretheweightsofthepeopleandthingsinthebuilding.Engineershavedoneresearchintoliveloadingsandhaveproducedstatisticsforallkindsofloads.Theyknow,forexample,thatthenormalfloorloadingofanofficebuildingisabout40poundsforeverysquarefoot.

Inmanycountries,thegreatestloadingsallowedarestatedinregulations.Whenauthoritiesapprovethedesignofanewbuilding,theymakesurethatthebuildingwillsafelytaketheloadsstated.Thecalculationsincludeasafetyfactorofthreeorfour—thatis,thestructureisthreeorfourtimesasitneededbetoavoidcollapse.Theextrastrengthallowsforoccasionaloverloadingandforsmallheavyloads,suchasanofficesafe.Theextrastrengthalsoallowsfordeteriorationofthestructure.

Thearchitectmustdesignthebuildingtostanduptowindpressures.AndinsomecountriessuchasJapan,thebuildingmustalsowithstandearthquakes.Earthquakescauseabnormalstressesinabuilding'sstructure,especiallyatthejointsbetweenbeamsandcolumns.

Themaintypesofstructureusedtosupportbuildingincludeload-bearingwalls,framesandtheshellstructures.Architectsmayusespace-framesandshellsforlargeone-flooredbuildings,suchasaircrafthangars,exhibitionhallsandswimming-pools.Thesestructurescanformwide-spanroofswithoutanycentralsupportpillars.Aspaceframeconsistsofarigidnetworkofmetalgirders.Ashellmaybeofconcreteorwood,formingahigharchedroof.Manyshellstructureshavebeautifulgeometricalshapes.

1.Anappropriatetitlefortheabovearticleshouldbe（

）.

2.Oneofthemainstructuralfunctionsofabuildingis

（

）.

3.Thesafetyfactorofabuildingmustbe

（

）.

4.arethemaintypesofstructuresusedtosupportbuildings

（

）.

5.Allthestressesarementionedinthepassageexcept（

）.

问题1选项

A.TheMethodsofConstruction

B.TheContractingSystem

C.ThePrinciplesofBuilding

D.ConstructingaLargeBuilding

问题2选项

A.toprovideshelterforpeopleatnight

B.totransmitallloadssafelytotheground

C.tostanduptowindpressure

D.toserveasakinddecorationinthecity

问题3选项

A.twiceasstrongasthewindpressuretoavoidcollapse

B.threeoffourtimesasstrongasitneededbetoavoidcollapse

C.explainedtotheresidentswholiveinthebuilding

D.reportedtothegovernmentuponcompletionofthebuilding

问题4选项

A.Wide-spanroofsandshellstructures

B.Pillarsandcolumns

C.Concretewallsandframes

D.Load-bearingwalls,framesandshellstructures

问题5选项

A.windpressures

B.stressescausedbyearthquakes

C.rainpressure

D.stressesofthebuildingitself

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:B

第4题:D

第5题:C

【解析】1.主旨大意题。原文第一段指出建筑有两个主要的结构功能以及两种负载能力。下文接着讲到了建筑承重的问题，由此可以推断，本文主要讲的是建筑原则，选项C正确。

2.细节事实题。根据第一段第二句“Itmustshelterpeoplefromtheelementsanditmusttransmitallloadssafelytotheground.它必须为人们提供躲避恶劣天气的场所，并且必须将所有的货物安全运送到地面。”只有选项B符合原文。

3.细节事实题。根据第三段倒数第三句“thestructureisthreeorfourtimesasitneededbetoavoidcollapse.（建筑）结构是避免倒塌所需的三到四倍。”由此可知，选项B与原文表述一致，所以正确。

4.细节事实题。根据最后一段第一句“Themaintypesofstructureusedtosupportbuildingincludeload-bearingwalls,framesandtheshellstructures.支撑建筑物的主要结构类型包括承重墙、框架和壳体结构。”选项D符合原文。

5.判断推理题。根据第四段的一二句“Thearchitectmustdesignthebuildingtostanduptowindpressures.AndinsomecountriessuchasJapan,thebuildingmustalsowithstandearthquakes.建筑师必须设计出经得起风压的建筑物。在日本等一些国家，建筑物还必须经受起地震。”由此可知，选项A和B均有提及；根据第一段倒数第二句“Deadloadsarethoseofthebuildingitself.静载荷是建筑物本身的负载。”由此可知，选项D在文中也有提及。只有选项C没有提及，所以本题选C。

6.翻译题

这个电压为原来的2/5。

【答案】Thisvoltageistwo-fifthoftheoriginalvoltage.

7.翻译题

TranslatethefollowingintoChinese

DuringthepastfourdecadesthefisheryscientistsoftheWesthavestudiedthedynamicsoffishpopulationswiththeobjectiveofdeterminingtherelationbetweentheamountoffishingandthesustainablecatch.

Clearly,sciencemayinvolvenotonlycarefulobservationbutalsoawillingnesstobecreative;thismayentaillookingbeyondexistingparadigmsgoverningresearchinagivenareaofstudy.

Practitionersexplicitlyinterpretwhattheyobserve,andoftencategorizetheirdataafterthedatacollectionprocessiscompleteandfromtheperspectivesofthepeopletheyobserving.

Thesubjectofsocialscienceinquiryispatternedsocialregularities.Asearchfortheseregularitiesshowsthatmosthumanbehavior,frombigandmomentousactstosmallandinsignificantones,ispatterned.

WallStreetislivingonborrowedtime.SincetheOctober1987crashsecuritiestradinghasbeendepressed,retailinvestorshavehurriedoutofstocksandtheissueofnewsharestockshasbeendecreasedsharply.

Infact,thecollationoftheselistshasbeenenoughtopulldownourvanity;forthemoreonelooksatwhatisavailableinanunfamiliarfield,themoreurgent,thedesireonefeelstoabandontheaffectationsoftheeditorandassumethemodestythestudent.

Ofalltheareasoflearning,themostimportantisthedevelopmentofattitudes.Emotionalreactionsaswellaslogicalthoughtprocessesaffectthebehaviorofmostpeople.

Cultureisthesumtotalofallthetraditions,customsbeliefs,andwaysoflifeofagivengroupofhumanbeings.Inthissense,everygrouphasaculture,howeversavage,undeveloped,oruncivilizeditmayseemtous.

Ifweaccepttheideathatwewon'teverfullyknowanotherperson,itenablesustodealmoreeasilywiththosethingsthatgetinthewayofaccurateknowledgesuchassecretsanddeceptions.

Whilepopulationswerelowandstablelittlepermanentdamagewasdone,butwithasteadyincreaseinthesizeandnumberofhumancommunitiestheforestandsoilhavelittletimetorecover.

【答案】在过去的四十年里，西方渔业科学家研究了鱼类种群的动态，目的是确定渔获量与鱼类数量之间的关系。

显然，科学不仅包括仔细观察，而且还要乐于创新；这可能需要超越现有的在某一特定领域管理研究的模式。

从业者明确解释他们所观察到的内容，并且通常在数据收集过程完成后，从他们观察到的人的角度对他们的数据进行分类。

社会科学探究的对象是模式化的社会常规。对这些常规的调查显示了大多数人类的行为都是模式化的，从重大的行为到微小的行为。

华尔街以借来的时间为生。自从1987年10月的证券市场崩溃以来，散户投资者纷纷撤出股票，新股发行大幅减少。

事实上，对这些清单的整理已经足够消除我们的虚荣心了。因为一个人越多地看一个陌生领域中的东西，他就越迫切地想要放弃的编辑的装模作样，并承担起学生的谦逊。

在所有学习领域中，最重要的是培养态度。情感反应和逻辑思维过程影响着大多数人的行为。

文化是一个特定群体的所有传统、习俗、信仰和生活方式的总和。从这个意义上说，每一个群体都有一种文化，无论在我们看来它是野蛮的、不发达的还是不文明的。

如果我们接受我们永远不会完全了解另一个人的想法，它使我们能够更容易地处理如秘密和欺骗那些阻碍我们获得准确信息的事物。

虽然过去人口少且稳定，可造成的永久性损害很少，但随着人类社区规模和数量的稳步增加森林和土壤几乎没有时间恢复。

8.单选题

Hespokeso（

）thatevenhisopponentswerewonoverbyhisarguments.

问题1选项

A.bluntly

B.convincingly

C.emphatically

D.determinedly

【答案】B

【解析】考查副词词义辨析题。A选项bluntly“坦率地，率直地”；B选项convincingly“使人信服地，有说服力地”；C选项emphatically“坚决地，断然地”；D选项determinedly“决然地，断然地”。句意：他讲得如此有说服力，以至于他的对手都被他的辩论所折服。结合此处句意，B选项正确。

9.单选题

Theevidenceshowedthatthehangedmancouldbe（）ofmurder.

问题1选项

A.ignorant

B.innocent

C.indecent

D.tolerant

【答案】B

【解析】句意:证据表明那个被处以绞刑的男人是无罪的。

考查形容词辨析。ignorant无知的，愚昧的;innocent无辜的，无罪的，无知的;indecent下流的，不礼貌的;tolerant宽容的，容忍的，有耐药力的。beinnocentof没有…的,无罪的。

10.翻译题

ReadthefollowingshortparagraphcarefullyandthentranslateitintoEnglish.

感激是对于每一件善举，无论其大小，表示优雅地接受并欣赏的艺术。我们中

的大多数人受到款待，接收礼物和获得明显的好处的时候都不会忘记表达自己的愉悦之情。但即使在此情景下我们都需注意并能够以完善的方式表达之，使其尽可能地显得个性化和体现自己的诚意。感激的艺术首先应该体现在对待小事情上充分体现出来：公共汽车售票员、医院的护士、饭店的女招待还有校园的保洁员—所有这些人都在以不同

的方式为我们服务。通过表示感谢我们可以使日常平淡的关系显得更有人情味，让一些单调的任务变得令人愉快。我们所给予的感激永远不会过多，因为我们身边的人都会以我们的微笑构成他们的人生追求和工作的动力。

【答案】Gratitudeistheartofgraciouslyacceptingandappreciatingeveryactofkindness,nomatterhowsmall.Mostofusdonotfailtoshowourpleasurewhenwereceivehospitality,giftsandobviousbenefits,buteveninthiscase,wehavetomindandbecompetenttoperfectourmannerofshowinggratitudebymakingitaspersonalandsincereaspossible.Itis,aboveall,inthelittlethingsthatthegraceofgratitudeshouldbemostemployed.Thebusconductor,thenurseinthehospital,thewaitressatarestaurant,thecleanerinthecampus—allobligeusinonewayoranother.Byshowingourgratitudewemakeroutinerelationshipshumanandrendermonotonoustasksmoreagreeable.Gratitudeissomethingofwhichnoneofuscangivetoomuch.Forpeoplearoundusbuilduptheirpursuitoflifeandmotivationofworkonthesmileswegive.

11.单选题

Themassive,black,hornedbuffalo,formerlyfoundthroughoutsub-SaharanAfrica,isagregariousanimalofopenorscrub-coveredplainsandopenforests.

问题1选项

A.rotten

B.sociable

C.wealthy

D.beautiful

【答案】B

【解析】句意：巨大的、黑色的、有角的水牛，原产于非洲撒哈拉以南，是一种群居动物，生活在开阔的或灌木覆盖的平原和开阔的森林中。gregarious意为“社交的，群居的”。rotten腐烂的，堕落的；sociable好交际的，友善的；wealthy富有的；beautiful美丽的。选项B与之意思相近。

12.单选题

.AnyDemocraticpresidentwilltryto_______theUnitedStatesfromthemessinIraq,yetallwouldfacerigidconstraints.

问题1选项

A.knockout

B.distinguish

C.overture

D.extricate

【答案】D

【解析】knockout击倒;distinguish区别,辨别;overture作动词意为建议;extricate使摆脱,解救。句意：任何一位民主党总统都将试图把美国从伊拉克的混乱中解救出来,但所有人都将面临严格的约束。选项D符合句意。

13.单选题

Thetragicimpactofmoderncityonthehumanbeinghaskilledhissenseofaesthetics.Thematerialbenefitsofanaffluentsocietyhavedivertedhisattentionfromhiscityanditsculturalpotentialtotheproductsofscienceandtechnology:washingmachines,centralheating,automaticcookers,televisionsets,computersandfittedcarpets.Heis,atthemoment,drunkwithdemocracy,well-to-do,andhasneverhaditsogood.

Heisreluctanttowalk.Statisticaldatarevealthatthedistanceheispreparedtowalkfromhisparkingplacetohisshoppingcenterisveryshort.Astherearenoadequateoffstreetparkingfacilities,thecitiesarelitteredwithkerb-parkedcars,andparkingmetersrearthemselveseverywhere.Congestionhasbecomethepredominantfactorinhisenvironment,andstatisticssuggestthattwocarsperhouseholdsystemmaysoonmakemattersworse.

Inthemeantime,insultisaddedtoinjuryby“landvalue”.Thevalueoflandresultsfromitsuse:itsincomeisderivedfromtheserviceitprovides.Whenitsuseisintensified,itsincomeanditsvalueincrease.“Puttinglandtoitshighestandbestuse”becomestheprincipaleconomicstandardinurbangrowth.Thisspeculativeapproachandthepressureofincreasingpopulationleadstothe“vertical”growthofcitieswiththeresultthatpeopleareforcedtoadjustthemselvestocongestioninordertomaintaintheserelativelyartificiallandvalues.Paradoxicallytheremedyforremovingcongestionistocreatemoreofit.

Partialdecentralization,orratherpseudo-decentralization,intheformoflargedevelopmentunitsawayfromthetraditionaltowncenters,onlyshiftsthediseaseroundtheanatomyofthetown:ifitisnotcombinedwiththeremodelingofthetown’stransportationsystem,itdoesnotcureit.Heretheengineeringsolutionsarestronglyaffectedbythenecessityforcomplicatedintersections,which,inturn,arefrustratedbytheextravagantcostofland.

Itiswithinourpowertobuildbettercitiesandrevivethecivicprideoftheircitizens,butweshallhavetostopoperatingonthefringeoftheproblem.Weshallhaveradicallytore-planthemtoachievearationaldensityofpopulation.Weshallhavetoprovideinthemwhatcanbecalledminimum“psychologicalelbowroom.”Oneoftheingredientsofthiswillbepropertransportationplans.Thesewillhavetobeanintegralpartoftheoverallplanningprocesswhichinitselfisascientificprocess.Ifwewanttoplaneffectively,wemustcollect,inanorganizedmanner,allandcompleteinformationaboutthecityorthetown.Inthisprocess,wemustnotforgetthatcitiesarebuiltbypeople,andthattheirformandshapeshouldbesubjecttothewillofthepeople.Scientificmethodsofdatacollectionandanalysiswillindicatetrends,buttheywillnotdirectaction.Scientificmethodsareonlyaninstrument.Manwillhavetosetthetarget,and,usingtheresultsobtainedbyscienceandhisownengineeringskill,takeuponhimselfthefinalshapingofhisenvironment.

26.Itcanbeinferredfromthefirstparagraphthatpeopleinoldtimes______.

27.Thehighly-developedtechnologyhasmademan______.

28.Thedrasticincreaseoflandvalueinthecity______.

29.Theexpansionofbigcitiestothedistantsuburbanareasmay______.

30.Theauthorsuggeststhattheremodelingofcitiesmust______.

问题1选项

A.paidmoreattentiontomaterialbenefits

B.hadastrongersenseofbeauty

C.weremoredesirousaboutthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology

D.enjoyedmorefreedomanddemocrat

问题2选项

A.increasinglyindustrious

B.freefrominconvenience

C.excessivelydependentonexternalaids

D.abletosavehisphysicalstrength

问题3选项

A.isthegoodresultofeconomicdevelopment

B.offersmoreopportunitiestolanddealers

C.isannoyinglyartificialandmeaningless

D.fortunatelyleadstothe“vertical”growthofcities

问题4选项

A.solvetheproblemofcitycongestion

B.resultintheremodelingofthetown’stransportationsystem

C.bringthesamecongestiontothesuburbanareas

D.needlessinvestmentonland

问题5选项

A.putprioritytothebenefitofthefuturegenerations

B.befocusedonpeopleratherthanoneconomy

C.beeconomicallyprofitabletolandowners

D.resorttoscientificmethods

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:C

第4题:C

第5题:B

【解析】26.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第一段第一句Thetragicimpactofmoderncityonthehumanbeinghaskilledhissenseofaesthetics.（现代城市对人类的悲剧性影响扼杀了人的审美意识。），说明过去的人是拥有审美意识的，但是被现代城市扼杀了。因此B选项“有较强的审美意识”正确。A选项“比较注重物质利益”，C选项“对科技的发展有更大的愿望”，D选项“享有更多的自由和民主”，由原文可知，这是现代人的特点，所以A，C，D错误。

27.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第一段第二句Thematerialbenefitsofanaffluentsocietyhavedivertedhisattentionfromhiscityanditsculturalpotentialtotheproductsofscienceandtechnology:washingmachines,centralheating,automaticcookers,televisionsets,computersandfittedcarpets.（富裕社会的物质利益将人的注意力从城市及其文化潜力转移到了科技产品上：洗衣机、中央供暖系统、自动炊具、电视机、电脑和地毯。）和第二段第一句Heisreluctanttowalk.（人不愿意走路。），说明高度发达的科技让人类越来越依赖各种科技产品，不愿意自己动手。因此C选项“过度依赖外部援助”正确。A选项“越来越勤劳”，B选项“从不便中解放出来”，D选项“能够保存自己的体力”均不符合题意，所以A，B，D错误。

28.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第三段第五、六句Thisspeculativeapproachandthepressureofincreasingpopulationleadstothe“vertical”growthofcitieswiththeresultthatpeopleareforcedtoadjustthemselvestocongestioninordertomaintaintheserelativelyartificiallandvalues.Paradoxicallytheremedyforremovingcongestionistocreatemoreofit.（这种投机的方式和人口增长的压力导致了城市的“垂直”增长，其结果是人们被迫调整自己，以适应拥堵，以维持这些相对人为的土地价值。矛盾的是，消除拥堵的补救办法是制造更多的拥堵。），说明土地价值的大幅提升是人为的、没有意义的。因此C选项“是人为的，没有意义的，令人讨厌”正确。A选项“是经济发展的好结果”，B选项“为土地商提供了更多的机会”，D选项“幸运地导致了城市的垂直发展”都是形容积极的结果，而原文表达的是消极的意思，所以A，B，D错误。

29.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第四段第一句Partialdecentralization,orratherpseudo-decentralization,intheformoflargedevelopmentunitsawayfromthetraditionaltowncenters,onlyshiftsthediseaseroundtheanatomyofthetown:ifitisnotcombinedwiththeremodelingofthetown’stransportationsystem,itdoesnotcureit.（部分分散化，或者说是伪分散化，以大型开发单位的形式远离传统的城镇中心，只是将疾病转移到城镇的解剖结构上：如果不与城镇交通系统的改造相结合，就无法治愈疾病。），说明大城市向远郊区扩展，并不会解决大城市的交通拥堵问题，反而会给郊区也带来交通拥堵问题。因此C选项“给郊区带来同样的拥堵问题”正确。A选项“解决城市拥堵问题”，B选项“导致城镇交通系统的改造”，D选项“需要减少对土地的投资”均不符合题意，所以A，B，D错误。

30.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】观点态度题。由题干可以定位到文章最后一段倒数第四句Inthisprocess,wemustnotforgetthatcitiesarebuiltbypeople,andthattheirformandshapeshouldbesubjecttothewillofthepeople.（在这个过程中，我们不能忘记城市是由人建造的，城市的形态应该服从于人的意志。），说明作者认为城市的改造必须以人类为中心。因此B选项“以人为本，而不是以经济为中心”正确。A选项“把造福子孙后代放在首位”，C选项“对土地所有者有经济效益”在文中没有提及，所以A，C错误。D选项“诉诸科学方法”，由原文可知，作者认为科学方法只是一种工具，人类必须自行承担环境的最终塑造工作，所以D错误。

14.单选题

Whenitcomestoteaching（

）,manyparentsbelievethatiftheyteachtheirchildrenandtreatthemkindly,thekidswillknowhowtobehave.

问题1选项

A.mentality

B.morality

C.complicated

D.majority

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词辨析。mentality心理，智力；morality道德，品行，美德；complicated复杂的；majority多数。句意：说到道德教育，许多家长相信如果他们温和地教育孩子，对待孩子，孩子们就知道如何守规矩了。下文提到的内容属于道德品行范畴，故B项符合题意。答案B

15.单选题

Johnsaidthathispresentjobdoesnotprovidehimwithenough______forhisorganizingability.

问题1选项

A.scope

B.space

C.capacity

D.range

【答案】A

【解析】【选项释义】

A.scope（做或实现某事的）机会，能力；（题目、组织、活动等的）范围B.space（可利用的）空地，空间

C.capacity容量；容积；容纳能力D.range（变动或浮动的）范围，界限

【答案】A

【考查点】名词辨析。

【解题思路】根据关键词organizingability（组织能力）可知，enough______指的是“（发挥组织能力的）足够空间”，而scope是指实现某事或者做某事的机会或能力，符合句意，故该题选择A项。

【干扰项排除】

B项牛津释义是anamountofanareaorofaplacethatisemptyorthatisavailableforuse（空的或可供使用的区域或地方），不符合句意；

C、D项不符合句意。

【句意】约翰说他目前的工作不能为他的组织能力提供足够的施展空间。

16.单选题

Envyhasbecomeadrivewheelofourmodernworld.Itisthepassionthatgovernsoureconomiclife.Moderncapitalismreliesonitsabilitytocreateandincreasescarcityanditthereforedependslargelyontheomnipresenceofenvy.Inaffluentsocietiestheavailabilityofmaterialgoodsincreasesthedemandforpositionalgoodsbasedonsocialscarcity.Mostoftenitis“envy，emulation,orpride”creatingthiskindofscarcity,inwhichsatisfactionisderivedfromrelativepositionalone,beinginfront,orfrombeingbehind.”Aslongaspeopledesirewhatothersdesirescarcitywillbethenever-endingconditionofourlivesthatkeepsoureconomyrunning.Throughenvynearlyanyobjectcanturnintoadesirablecommoditypromisingunendinghappiness.

Modernadvertisingisthebestexampletoillustratetheimportanceofenvytokeepoureconomygoing.Advertisingusesenvytomakecommoditiesdesirable.Posters,announcementsandTV-spotsshowusenviablepeoplewhohavethosethingsandgoodswelackbutnonethelessneedtogainhappiness.Advertisementsellsproductswiththehelpofenviouscontagion.Mostofthetimeenvyitselfremainshiddenandisnotdirectlymentionedincommercials.Buteventhismaynolongerbetrue.Envyseemstoloseitstraditionalbadreputation.Moreandmorecommercialsdirectlyrefertoenvytomaketheircommoditiesmoredesirable.Themostwell-knownexampleofanopenreferencetoenvyisaperfumeproducedbytheItaliancompanyGucciwiththebrandname“Envy”promisingthatyouwillnotonlybeenviedforsomeexternalobjectthatbelongstoyoubutforyourveryself-embodiedinaseductivefragrance.

Thoseofyoufamiliarwithtraditionaldefinitionsofenvyandemulationmay,however,questionmythesisthatourmoderneconomyisdrivenbyenvy.Isitreallyenvythatgovernsoureconomyorwouldnotemulationbeamoreappropriateandlessmoralizingterm?Thereisaneasyanswertothisquestion.Inparallelwiththeemergenceofourmodernworldandtheriseofcapitalismthetraditionaldistinctionbetweenbadenvyandgoodemulationhasslowlylostitsmeaning.WhereImmanuelKant,forinstance,referstothepassionsnatureusestoturnasheepish,idleandinactiveArcadiaintoaprosperousculturehereferstoan“enviouslycompetitivevanity”thatnolongerallowsaneatdistinctionbetweenenvyandemulationbutmentionsaformofhumandesirecomprisingboththesetraditionallydistinguishedemotions.

1.Envyisthedrivingforceofmoderneconomicdevelopmentbecause（）.

2.Whatistheessenceofenvythatkeepseconomygoing?

3.Whatistheillusionadvertisementbringstoitsconsumers?

4.TaketheItalianperfume“Envy”foranexample,theword“envy”（）.

5.Accordingtothepassage,whatisbadenvy?

6.AccordingtoKant,thecommonnessbetweenenvyandemulationis（）.

问题1选项

A.itgivesrisetomodernconsumerism

B.iturgespeopletopossessmoreandbettergoods

C.itistheprerequisiteofhighproductivity

D.thepassionofithelpsproducemoregoods

问题2选项

A.Thepursuitofvanity.

B.Thewishoftheprosperityofproducts.

C.Thecreativityofadvertisements.

D.Thefulfillmentofambition.

问题3选项

A.Onlythoseadvertisedgoodsaretrustworthy.

B.Togetwhathasbeenadvertisedistogainhappiness.

C.Tohaveafeelingthatonehasbecomethebestintheworld.

D.Themoreonepossesses,thehigherpositionhewillhave.

问题4选项

A.meansmorepositivelynow

B.hastotallydifferentmeaningnow

C.hasbeenfullytakenadvantageof

D.canembodyabetterself

问题5选项

A.Thefeelingthatforcesustopreventotherspossessingthegoods.

B.Thefeelingthatmakesustrytoobtainthegoodsoftheother.

C.Astrongdesireforwhatotherspossess.

D.Anyoftheabove-mentionedfeelings.

问题6选项

A.moralization

B.competitiveness

C.vanity

D.passion

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:B

第4题:C

第5题:D

第6题:D

【解析】1.细节事实题。文章第一段提到现在资本主义依赖于它创造和增加稀缺的能力，在很大程度上依赖于无处不在的嫉妒（Moderncapitalismreliesonitsabilitytocreateandincreasescarcityanditthereforedependslargelyontheomnipresenceofenvy），通过嫉妒几乎所有的商品都可能转化成令人向往的商品（Throughenvynearlyanyobjectcanturnintoadesirablecommoditypromisingunendinghappiness），由此可知嫉妒能够促使人们去拥有更多更好的商品，因此选项B符合题意。

2.判断推理题。文章第一段倒数第二句话提到只要人们渴望别人渴望的东西，我们生活中稀缺的商品就不会有止境，这样我们的经济就能得以运转（Aslongaspeopledesirewhatothersdesirescarcitywillbethenever-endingconditionofourlivesthatkeepsoureconomyrunning），因此选项A”追求虚荣”符合题意。

3.判断推理题。文章第二段第三句话提到海报、公告和电视广告像我们展示了令人嫉妒的人拥有我们没有的但需要有的东西，通过拥有这些东西可以获得幸福（Posters,announcementsandTV-spotsshowusenviablepeoplewhohavethosethingsandgoodswelackbutnonethelessneedtogainhappiness），因此选项B”得到广告中的东西就能得到幸福”就是广告给消费者带来的幻觉。

4.判断推理题。文章倒数第二段提到嫉妒似乎失去了它传统的坏名声，越来越多的广告直接提到嫉妒，使他们的商品更受欢迎，其中一个著名的例子就是意大利Gucci公司生产的一款名为”Envy”的香水。由此可知越来越多的广告直接将这个词当成了卖点，因此选项C符合题意。

5.判断推理题。文章中广告利用的嫉妒心与传统意义上的坏的嫉妒是不一样的，广告利用的嫉妒心是指你受人嫉妒的不仅是你所拥有的东西，还有这个东西所代表的自我（youwillnotonlybeenviedforsomeexternalobjectthatbelongstoyoubutforyourveryself-embodiedinaseductivefragrance），因此除此之外的嫉妒都可算作badenvy。因此选项D符合题意。

6.细节事实题。文章最后一段提到激情（嫉妒）把一个怯弱的、无所事事的世外桃源变成了一种繁荣的文化，他称其为”嫉妒的、攀比的虚荣”，使得嫉妒与模仿之间没有明确的界限（WhereImmanuelKant,forinstance,referstothepassionsnatureusestoturnasheepish,idleandinactiveArcadiaintoaprosperousculturehereferstoan“enviouslycompetitivevanity”thatnolongerallowsaneatdistinctionbetweenenvyandemulation），因此选项D符合题意。

17.单选题

Thecircushasalwaysbeenvery,popularbecauseit（

）boththeo