考研考博-英语-安徽职业技术学院考试押题卷含答案详解3

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-安徽职业技术学院考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

Asordid,sentimentalplotunwinds,withaninevitable（）ending.

问题1选项

A.mawkish

B.fateful

C.beloved

D.perfunctory

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。mawkish“令人厌恶的，自作多情的”；fateful“重大的，决定命运的，致命的”；beloved“深爱的（人），钟爱的（人）”；perfunctory“敷衍的；马虎的”。句意：一个污秽而伤感的故事情节展开后，必然会有一个令人厌恶的结局。选项A符合题意。

2.翻译题

HongKongisheldinhighregardandthereisadeepreservoirofgoodwillforHongKongaroundtheworld.HongKong’sstrongestsupportersinternationallyarethosewhoknowitwell,andthosewhohavevisitedHongKongsincetheHandover.ThereiswiderecognitionthatHongKong’sproximitytotheMainlandofChinaandtheexperiencetheHongKongbusinesscommunityhasindoingbusinessthererepresenttremendousadvantagesforHongKong.HongKongbusinesscommunitymustmovefastifitistofullyleveragethoseadvantages.

AnotherchallengefacedbyHongKongistheperceptionthatitmustdoabetterjobofpublicizingthesignificantaddedvalueitoffersinfaceofwhatisseenasthehighcostofdoingbusinessandlivinginHongKong.HongKong’speople,andtheirreputationforhardworkandentrepreneurship,areseenasoneofitsgreatestassets.However,thereisconcernexpressedbysomeinthecommunitythatsufficientstepsarenotbeingtakentomaintainhighstandardsofEnglishlanguagecapability,particularlywiththeyoungpeopleenteringtheworkforce.

【答案】【参考译文】世界对香港的评价很高，有关香港的溢美之词不胜枚举。香港在国际上最坚定的支持者是那些很了解它的人，和那些自香港回归以来踏足香港的外地朋友。人们普遍认为，香港与中国大陆毗邻的地理位置以及香港商界的经商经验对香港来说都是巨大的优势。如果香港商界想要充分利用那些优势，那么必须快速地行动起来。

香港面临的另一个挑战是，在面对看似高昂的商业和生活成本时，需要认识到更好地宣传其所提供的重要附加值的必要性。香港人，以及他们努力工作和拥有创业精神的声誉被看成是香港最主要的资产之一。然而，香港商界的一些人担心，政府现在没有采取足够的措施去维持高水平的英语语言能力，尤其是进入职场的年轻人的英语能力。

3.单选题

Maryonce___withanothermusiciantocomposeapieceofpopmusic.

问题1选项

A.merged

B.collaborated

C.coincided

D.constituted

【答案】B

【解析】【选项释义】

A.merged（尤指商业结构）合并；（使）融合，逐渐消失B.collaborated合作

C.coincided一致；符合；同时发生D.constituted组成；构成

【考查点】动词辨析。

【解题思路】空格后有with表示和……一起，表伴随。根据逻辑关系，应该是二人合作一起创作音乐。B选项符合句意，正确。

【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项均无法与空格前后构成相应逻辑关系。

【句意】玛丽有一次与另一位音乐家合作谱写了一首流行乐曲。

4.单选题

AttemptstousesophisticatedIT-basedsystemstohelptosolvetheproblemoftenseemmerelyto________it.

问题1选项

A.aggravate

B.deviate

C.emphasize

D.simplify

【答案】A

【解析】【选项释义】

A.aggravate加重，使恶化B.deviate偏离，违背

C.emphasize强调，着重D.simplify简化，使简易

【考查点】动词辨析。

【解题思路】本句主语为“试图（Attempts）使用基于信息技术的复杂系统”，使用这种系统的目的为“来帮助解决问题（solvetheproblem）”。空格处与下文的it构成动宾逻辑，it指代的是“problem（问题）”，表示这种尝试会对问题的解决造成什么结果。“merely（只是，只不过）”说明使用复杂系统并不能帮助解决问题，可进一步推断出反而会导致问题加重。aggravate指使糟糕或不愉快的情况恶化，因此A选项aggravate“加重，使恶化”最符合题意。

【干扰项排除】

B选项deviate“偏离，违背”指以不同于通常或预期的方式做某事，题干说的是“使问题恶化”，而不是“偏离原来的做法”；

C选项emphasize“强调，着重”指表示某事特别重要或特别引人注目，不能和“解决问题（solvetheproblem）”相对应；

D选项simplify“简化，使简易”指使某事更容易做或简单易懂，与题干语义相矛盾，应该是“更严重”而不是“更简单”。

【句意】使用基于信息技术的复杂系统来帮助解决问题的尝试，往往似乎只会使问题恶化。

5.单选题

Foreverysocialsituation,thereisa______timethatyoucanholdaperson’sgazewithoutbeingintimate,rude,oraggressive.

问题1选项

A.pompous

B.permissible

C.adoptive

D.complacent

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项pompous“自大的，浮夸的，华而不实的”，B项permissible“可允许的，获得准许的”，C项adoptive“采用的，有收养关系的”，D项complacent“自满的，得意的，满足的”。由修饰time的定语从句thatyoucanholdaperson’sgazewithoutbeingintimate,rude,oraggressive“你可以凝视一个人，而不显得亲密、粗鲁或咄咄逼人”可知，“可允许的”符合句意。句意：对于任何一种社交场合，都有一个允许的时间，你可以在不显得亲密、粗鲁或咄咄逼人的情况下凝视对方。因此，该题选择B项正确。

6.单选题

Overthepastseveraldecades,theU.S.,Canada,andEuropehavereceivedagreatdealofmediaandevenresearchattentionoverunusualphenomenaandunsolvedmysteries.TheseincludeUFOsaswellassightingsandencounterswith“nonhumancreatures”suchasBigfootandtheLochNessmonster.OnlyrecentlyhasLatinAmericabeguntoreceivesomeattentionaswell.AlthoughthemysteriesoftheAztec,Mayan,andIncacivilizationshavebeenknownforcenturies,nowthepublicisalsobecomingawareofunusual,paranormalphenomenaincountriessuchasPeru.

TheNazca“lines”ofPeruwerediscoveredinthe1930s.Thesefinesaredeeplycarvedintoaflat,stonyplain,andformabout300intricatepicturesofanimalssuchasbirds,amonkey,andalizard.Seenatgroundlevel,thedesignsareajumbledsenselessmess.Theimagesaresolargethattheycanonlybeviewedataheightof1,000feet-meaningfromanaircraft.Yettherewerenoaircraftin300B.C.,whenitisjudgedthedesignsweremade.Norweretherethen,oraretherenow,anynearbymountainrangesfromwhichtoviewthem.SohowandwhydidthenativepeopleofNazcacreatethesemarvelousdesigns?Oneanswerappearedin1969,whentheGermanresearcherandwriterErichvonDanikenproposedthatthelinesweredrawnbyextraterrestrialsasrunwaysfortheiraircraft.ThescientificcommunitydidnottakelongtoscoffatandabandonvonDaniken’stheory.Overtheyearsseveralothertheorieshavebeenputforth,butnonehasbeenacceptedbythescientificcommunity.

TodaythereisanewandheightenedinterestintheNazcalines.ItisadirectresultofthecreationoftheInternet.Currentlythereareover60sitesdedicatedtothismysteryfromLatinAmerica’spast,andevenrespectedscientistshavejoinedthediscussionthroughe-mailandchatrooms.

WilltheInternethelpexplaintheseunsolvedmysteries?Perhapsitisastepintherightdirection.

1.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisINCORRECT?

2.Accordingtothepassage,theNazcalineswerefound（）.

3.Wecaninferfromthepassagethatthehigherthelinesareseen,the（）imagestheypresent.

3.TherehasbeenincreasinginterestintheNazcalinesmainlybecauseof（）.

5.Theauthoris（）abouttheroleoftheInternetinsolvingmysteries.

问题1选项

A.LatinAmericahaslongreceivedattentionforunusualphenomena

B.PublicattentionisnowdirectedtowardscountrieslikePeru

C.PublicinterestusuallyfocusesonNorthAmericaandEurope

D.Someancientcivilizationshaveunsolvedmysteries

问题2选项

A.inmountains

B.instones

C.onanimals

D.onaplain

问题3选项

A.smaller

B.larger

C.clearer

D.brighter

问题4选项

A.theparticipationofscientists

B.theemergenceoftheInternet

C.thebirthofnewtheories

D.theinterestintheInternet

问题5选项

A.cautious

B.pessimistic

C.uncertain

D.optimistic

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:D

第3题:C

第4题:B

第5题:A

【解析】1.推理判断题。题干：以下哪个选项的陈述不正确？文章第一段第三句指出OnlyrecentlyhasLatinAmericabeguntoreceivesomeattentionaswell.（直到最近，拉丁美洲也开始受到一些关注。），可知A选项“拉丁美洲长期以来一直因异常现象而受到关注”，与原文意思矛盾，表述不正确，答案选A；根据第一段最后一句话AlthoughthemysteriesoftheAztec,Mayan,andIncacivilizationshavebeenknownforcenturies,nowthepublicisalsobecomingawareofunusual,paranormalphenomenaincountriessuchasPeru.（尽管阿兹特克文明、玛雅文明和印加文明的奥秘已经为人所知好几个世纪了，但现在公众也开始意识到在秘鲁等国家出现了不寻常的超自然现象。），可知B选项“公众的注意力现在转向了像秘鲁这样的国家”和D选项“一些古代文明有未解之谜”，均符合文意；根据第一段第一句话Overthepastseveraldecades,theU.S.,Canada,andEuropehavereceivedagreatdealofmediaandevenresearchattentionoverunusualphenomenaandunsolvedmysteries.（在过去的几十年里，美国、加拿大和欧洲因异常现象和未解之谜而受到了大量媒体甚至研究的关注。），可知C选项“公众的兴趣通常集中在北美和欧洲”正确。综上所述，本题的正确答案是A选项。

2.事实细节题。题干：根据文章可知，纳斯卡线条在_____被发现。由题干关键词“Nazcalines”定位至第二段第二句话Thesefinesaredeeplycarvedintoaflat,stonyplain,andformabout300intricatepicturesofanimalssuchasbirds,amonkey,andalizard.（这些细雕被深深地雕刻成一个平坦的石质平原，并形成了大约300幅复杂的动物图片，如鸟、猴子和蜥蜴。），可知D选项“在平原”，正确。A选项“在山区”，B选项“石头上”和C选项“在动物身上”，均不是正确答案。综上所述，本题的正确答案是D选项。

3.事实细节题。题干：我们可以根据文章推断，在越高的地方看这些线条，图像展现得就会越_________。由题干可以定位到文章第二段第三，四句话Seenatgroundlevel,thedesignsareajumbledsenselessmess.Theimagesaresolargethattheycanonlybeviewedataheightof1,000feet-meaningfromanaircraft.（从地面上看，这些设计是乱七八糟，毫无意义的东西。这些图像是如此之大，以至于只能在1000英尺的高度—也就是说从飞机上看。），也就是说，从越高的地方看这些线条，图案也就越清晰。所以本题C选项“越清晰”，符合题意。A选项“越渺小”，B选项“越庞大”，和D选项“越明亮”，均不符合题意。综上所述，本题的正确答案是C选项。

4.事实细节题。题干：人们对纳斯卡线条越来越感兴趣主要是因为__________。由题干可以定位到文章第三段前两句TodaythereisanewandheightenedinterestintheNazcalines.ItisadirectresultofthecreationoftheInternet.（今天，人们对纳斯卡线条有了新的更大的兴趣。它是互联网诞生的直接结果。），可知B选项“互联网的出现”，符合题意；而第三段最后一句话andevenrespectedscientistshavejoinedthediscussionthroughe-mailandchatrooms.（甚至受人尊敬的科学家也通过电子邮件和聊天室加入了讨论），是对互联网对其贡献的具体说明，不是直接原因，故A选项“科学家的参与”，不正确；C选项“新理论的诞生”和D选项“互联网的兴趣”与题干无关，故排除。综上所述，本题的正确答案是B选项。

5.观点态度题。题干：关于互联网在解决神秘事件中的作用，作者是__________。全文末句表达了作者的态度Perhapsitisastepinthefightdirection.（也许这是朝着正确方向迈出的一步。）这里astepintherightdirection是对这种解开不解之谜的方式的肯定，但加上perhaps之后可以感受到作者这种谨慎的态度，故A选项“谨慎的”，符合题意。B选项“悲观的”，C选项“不确定的”和D选项“乐观的”，均不是作者的态度。综上所述，本题的正确答案是A选项。

7.单选题

Somejournalistsoftenoverstatethesituationsothattheirnewsmaycreateagreat

问题1选项

A.explosion

B.sensation

C.exaggeration

D.stimulation

【答案】B

【解析】名词辨析。createagreatsensation表示“引起轰动”

8.单选题

Iran’spossibleacquisitionofnuclearweaponsisaseriousmatter,butitdoesnot____militaryaction.

问题1选项

A.compromise

B.ease

C.accommodate

D.justify

【答案】C

【解析】句间逻辑中的转折关系。A选项compromise“妥协，折中”；B选项ease“减轻，缓解”；C选项accommodate“给……提供方便”；D选项justify“证明……是正当的；替……辩护”。句意：虽然伊朗可能拥有核武器是一个严重的问题，但这不____军事行动。根据but推断，前后两句意思发生了转折，前半句表达的是问题的严重性，那么后半句表达的是这件严重的事情还算好的一面，C选项accommodate“给……提供方便”符合语境，句意为“虽然伊朗可能拥有核武器是一个严重的问题，但它不用于军事行动”。因此，本题最佳选项为C。

9.单选题

Shouldeitherofthesesituationsoccur,wrongcontrolactionsmightbetakenandapotentialaccidentsequenceinitiated.

问题1选项

A.imported

B.installed

C.started

D.interviewed

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：如果发生这两种情况之一，可能会采取错误的控制措施，并且潜在的事故序列会被……。import“输入，引进”；install“安装，设置”；start“启动，开始”；interview“采访，接见；面试”。根据“apotentialaccidentsequence”可推测划线单词的意思是“启动，开始”，因此选项C符合题意。

10.单选题

Culturalnormssocompletelysurroundpeople,sopermeatethoughtandaction,thatweneverrecognizetheassumptionsonwhichtheirlivesandtheirsanityrest.Asoneobserverputit,ifbirdsweresuddenlyendowedwithscientificcuriositytheymightexaminemanythings,buttheskyitselfwouldbeoverlookedasasuitablesubject;iffishweretobecomecuriousabouttheworld,itwouldneveroccurtothemtobeginbyinvestigatingwater.Forbirdsandfishwouldtaketheskyandseaforgranted,unawareoftheirprofoundinfluencebecausetheycomprisethemediumforeveryfact.Humanbeings,inasimilarlyway,occupyasymbolicuniversegovernedbycodesthatareunconsciouslyacquiredandautomaticallyemployed.Somuchsothattheyrarelynoticethatthewaystheyinterpretandtalkabouteventsaredistinctivelydifferentfromthewayspeopleconducttheiraffairsinothercultures.

Aslongaspeopleremainblindtothesourcesoftheirmeanings,theyareimprisonedwithinthem.Theseculturalframesofreferencearenolessconfiningsimplybecausetheycannotbeseenortouched.Whetheritisanindividualneurosisthatkeepsanindividualoutofcontactwithhisneighbors,oracollectiveneurosisthatseparatesneighborsofdifferentcultures,bothareformsofblindnessthatlimitwhatcanbeexperiencedandwhatcanbelearnedfromothers.

Itwouldseemthateverywherepeoplewoulddesiretobreakoutoftheboundariesoftheirownexperientialworlds.Theirabilitytoreactsensitivelytoawiderspectrumofeventsandpeoplesrequiresanovercomingofsuchculturalparochialism.But,infact,fewattainthisbroadervision.Some,ofcourse,havelittleopportunityforwiderculturalexperience,thoughthisconditionshouldchangeasthemovementofpeopleaccelerates.Othersdonottrytowidentheirexperiencebecausetheyprefertheoldandfamiliar,seekfromtheiraffairsonlyfurtherconfirmationofthecorrectnessoftheirownvalues.Stillothersrecoilfromsuchexperiencesbecausetheyfeelitdangeroustoprobetoodeeplyintothepersonalorculturalunconscious.Exposuremayrevealhowtenuousandarbitrarymanyculturalnormsare;suchexposuremightforcepeopletoacquirenewbasesforinterpretingevents.Andevenforthemanywhodoseekactivelytoenlargethevarietyofhumanbeingswithwhomtheyarecapableofcommunicatingtherearestilldifficulties.

Culturalmyopiapersistsnotmerelybecauseofinertiaandhabit,butchieflybecauseitissodifficulttoovercome.Oneacquiresapersonalityandacultureinchildhood,longbeforeheiscapableofcomprehendingeitherofthem.Tosurvive,eachpersonmasterstheperceptualorientations,cognitivebiases,andcommunicativehabitsofhisownculture.Butoncemastered,objectiveassessmentofthesesameprocessesisawkwardsincethesamemechanismsthatarebeingevaluatedmustbeusedinmakingtheevaluations.

1.Theexamplesofbirdsandfishareusedto（）

2.Theterm"parochialism"(Line3,Para.3)mostpossiblymeans（）

3.Itcanbeinferredfromthelasttwoparagraphsthat（）

4.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEaccordingtothepassage?

5.Thepassagemightbeentitled“（）''

问题1选项

A.showthatthey,too,havetheirrespectivecultures

B.explainhumansoccupyasymbolicuniverseasbirdsandfishoccupytheskyandthesea

C.illustratethathumanbeingsareunawareoftheculturalcodesgoverningthem

D.demonstratethesimilaritybetweenman,birds,andfishintheirwaysofthinking

问题2选项

A.open-mindedness

B.provincialism

C.superiority

D.discrimination

问题3选项

A.everyonewouldliketowidentheirculturalscopeiftheycan

B.theobstaclestoovercomingculturalparochialismliemainlyinpeople'shabitofthinking

C.providedone'sbroughtupinaculture,hemaybewithbiasinmakingculturalevaluations

D.childhoodisanimportantstageincomprehendingculture

问题4选项

A.Individualandcollectiveneurosismightpreventcommunicationswithothers.

B.Peopleindifferentculturesmaybegovernedbythesameculturalnorms.

C.People'svisionswillbeenlargedifonlytheyknewthatculturaldifferencesexist.

D.Ifculturalnormsaresomethingtangible,theywon'tbesoconfining.

问题5选项

A.HowtoOvercomeCulturalMyopia

B.BehavioralPatternsandCulturalBackground

C.HarmsofCulturalMyopia

D.CulturalMyopia-ADeep-rootedCollectiveNeurosis

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:A

第5题:D

【解析】第1题:根据第一段的倒数第二句“Humanbeings,inasimilarlyway,occupyasymbolicuniversegovernedbycodesthatareunconsciouslyacquiredandautomaticallyemployed.”，选项C符合原文。

第2题:根据第三段的一、二句，似乎在任何地方，人们都渴望打破自己的经验世界的界限。他们对更广泛的事件和人民作出敏感反应的能力需要克服这种文化狭隘主义。“culturalparochialism”是指文化的狭隘主义，选项B更符合原文。

第3题:根据最后两段的内容以及关键词“culturalparochialism”、“culturalmyopia”可以推测，如果一个人长期生活在一种文化环境中，在做文化评论的时候会有偏见。选项C符合原文。

第4题:根据第二段的最后一句“Whetheritis...fromothers.”，它限制了我们所能体验到的，也限制了我们从他人身上学到的东西，也就是阻碍了与他人的沟通交流，选项A正确。

第5题:根据全文内容，主要是讲文化局限的定义和背景，所以选项D更贴切。

11.单选题

Themanagerthinksitadvisablethatsomeadjustment（）withoutdelay.

问题1选项

A.aremade

B.made

C.bemade

D.willbemade

【答案】C

【解析】考查虚拟语气。在以it为形式宾语的复合宾语从句中有advisable时用虚拟语气，其形式为：(shoulD.+动词原形,should可省略。故C项正确。句意：经理认为一些调整应该马上进行，刻不容缓。

12.单选题

Youneedtorewritethissentencebecauseitis

;thereaderswillhavedifficultyinunderstandingit.

问题1选项

A.comprehensive

B.alternative

C.confused

D.ambiguous

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。Comprehensive“综合的”；alternative“供选择的”；confused“困惑的”；ambiguous“模糊不清的”。句意：你需要重写这个句子，因为它模糊不清，读者理解起来会有困难。选项D符合题意。

13.单选题

Artistictechniquescan______thetheatricalperformancesandexpressions.

问题1选项

A.underwrite

B.underscore

C.underlie

D.underplay

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。A项underwrite“承担经济责任，提供财力支持”，B项underscore“强调；划线于……下”，C项underlie“成为……的基础；位于……之下”，D项underplay“表演不充分；对……轻描淡写”。根据句子意思“艺术技巧可以……戏剧表演和表达”，可推断，空格处填入underscore“加强，突出”符合语境。句意：艺术技巧可以突出戏剧表演和表现。因此，该题选择B项正确。

14.单选题

SectionA

Theroleofgovernmentsinenvironmentalmanagementisdifficultbutinescapable.Sometimes,thestatetriestomanagetheresourcesitowns,anddoessobadly.Often,however,governmentsactinanevenmoreharmfulway.Theyactuallysubsidizetheexploitationandconsumptionofnaturalresources.Awholerangeofpolicies,fromfarmpricesupporttoprotectionforcoal-mining,doenvironmentaldamageand(often)makenoeconomicsense.Scrappingthemoffersatwo-foldbonus:acleanerenvironmentandamoreefficienteconomy.Growthandenvironmentalismcanactuallygohandinhand,ifpoliticianshavethecouragetocontrolthevestedinterestthatsubsidiescreate.

SectionB

Noactivityaffectsmoreoftheearth’ssurfacethanfarming.Itshapesathirdoftheplanet’slandarea,notcountingAntarctica,andtheproportionisrising.Worldfoodoutputperheadhasrisenby4percentbetweenthe1970sand1980smainlyasaresultofincreasesinyieldsfromlandalreadyincultivation,butalsobecausemorelandhasbeenbroughtundertheplough.Higheryieldshavebeenachievedbyincreasedirrigation,bettercropbreeding,andadoublingintheuseofpesticidesandchemicalfertilizersinthe1970sand1980s.

SectionC

Alltheseactivitiesmayhavedamagingenvironmentimpacts.Forexample,landclearingforagricultureisthelargestsinglecauseofdeforestation;chemicalfertilizersandpesticidesmaycontaminatewatersupplies;moreintensivefarmingandtheabandonmentoffallowperiodstendtoexacerbatesoilerosion;andthespreadofmonocultureanduseofhigh-yieldingvarietiesofcropshavebeenaccompaniedbythedisappearanceofoldvarietiesoffoodplantswhichmighthaveprovidedsomeinsuranceagainstpestsofdiseasesinfuture.Soilerosionthreatenstheproductivityoflandinbothrichandpoorcountries.TheUnitedState,wherethemostcarefulmeasurementshavebeendone,discoveredin1982thataboutone-fifthofitsfarmlandwaslosingtopsoilataratelikelytodiminishthesoil’sproductivity.Thecountrysubsequentlyembarkeduponaprogramtoconvert11percentofitscroppedlandtomeadoworforest.TopsoilinIndiaandChinaisvanishingmuchfasterthanAmerica.

SectionD

Governmentpolicieshavefrequentlycompoundedtheenvironmentaldamagethatfarmingcancause.Intherichcountries,subsidiesforgrowingcropsandpricesupportsforfarmoutputdriveupthepriceofland.Theannualvalueofthesesubsidiesisimmense;about$250billion,ormorethanallWorldBanklendinginthe1980s.Toincreasetheoutputofcropsperacre,afarmer’seasiestoptionistousemoreofthemostreadilyavailableinputs:fertilizersandpesticides.FertilizerusedoubledinDenmarkintheperiod1960-1985andincreasedinTheNetherlandsby150percent.Thequantityofpesticidesappliedhasrisentoo:by69percentin1975-1984inDenmark,forexample,withariseof115percentinthefrequencyofapplicationinthethreeyearsfrom1981.

Inthelate1980sandearly1990ssomeeffortsweremadetoreducefarmsubsidies.ThemostdramaticexamplewasthatofNewZealand,whichscrappedmostfarmsupportin1984.Astudyoftheenvironmentaleffects,conductedin1993,foundthattheendoffertilizersubsidieshadbeenfollowedbyafallinfertilizeruse(afallcompoundedbythedeclineinworldcommodityprices,whichcutfarmincomes).Theremovalofsubsidiesalsostoppedland-cleaningandover-stocking,whichinthepasthadbeentheprincipalcausesoferosion.Farmsbegantodiversify.Theonekindofsubsidywhoseremovalappearedtohavebeenbadfortheenvironmentwassubsidytomanagesoilerosion.

Inlessenlightenedcountries,andintheEuropeanUnion,thetrendhasbeentoreduceratherthaneliminatesubsidies,andtointroducenewpaymentstoencouragefarmerstotreattheirlandinenvironmentallyfriendlierways,ortoleaveitfallow.Itmaysoundstrangebutsuchpaymentsneedtobehigherthantheexistingincentivesforfarmerstogrowfoodcrops.Farmers,however,dislikebeingpaidtodonothing.Inseveralcountries,theyhavebecomeinterestedinthepossibilityofusingfuelproducedfromcropresidueseitherasareplacementforpetrol(asethanol)orasfuelforpowerstations(asbiomass).Suchfuelsproducefarlesscarbondioxidethancoaloroil,andabsorbcarbondioxideastheygrow.Theyarethereforelesslikelytocontributetothegreenhouseeffect.Buttheyarerarelycompetitivewithfossilfuelsunlesssubsidizedandgrowingthemdoesnolessenvironmentalharmthanothercrops.

SectionE

Inpoorcountries,governmentsaggravateothersortsofdamage.Subsidiesforpesticidesandartificialfertilizersencouragefarmerstousegreaterquantitiesthanareneededtogetthehighesteconomiccropyield.AstudybytheinternationalRiceResearchinstituteofpesticideusebyfarmersinSouthEastAsiafoundthat,withpest-resistantvarietiesofrice,evenmoderateapplicationsofpesticidefrequentlycostfarmersmorethantheysaved.Suchwasteputsfarmersonachemicaltreadmill:bugsandweedsbecomeresistanttopoisons,sonextyear’spoisonsmustbemorelethal.Onecostistohumanhealth.Everyyearsome10,000peoplediefrompesticidepoisoning,almostalloftheminthedevelopingcountries,andanother400,000becomeseriouslyill.Asforartificialfertilizers,theiruseworld-wideincreasedby40percentperunitoffarmedlandbetweenthemid1970sandlate1980s,mostlyinthedevelopingcountries.Overuseoffertilizersmaycausefarmerstostoprotatingcropsorleavingtheirlandfallow.That,inturn,maymakesoilerosionworse.

SectionF

AresultoftheUruguayRoundofworldtradenegotiationsislikelytobeareductionof36percentintheaveragelevelsoffarmsubsidiespaidbytherichcountriesin1986-1990.Someoftheworld’sfoodproductionwillmovefromWesternEuropetoregionswheresubsidiesarelowerofnon-existent,suchastheformercommunistcountriesandpartsofthedevelopingworld.Someenvironmentalistsworryaboutthisoutcome.Itwillundoubtedlymeanmorepressuretoconvertnaturalhabitatintofarmland.Butitwillalsohavemanydesirableenvironmenteffects.Theintensityoffarmingintherichworldshoulddecline,andtheuseofchemicalinputswilldiminish.Cropsaremorelikelytobegrownintheenvironmentstowhichtheyarenaturallysuited.Andmoreframersinpoorcountrieswillhavethemoneyandincentivetomanagetheirlandinwaysthataresustainableinthelongrun.Thatisimportant.Tofeedanincreasinglyhungryworld,farmersneedeveryincentivetousetheirsoilandwatereffectivelyandefficiently.

Foreachofthefollowingquestionsorunfinishedstatements,therearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandwritethecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheet.

1.Researchcompletedin1982foundthatintheUnitedStatessoilerosion（）.

2.Bythemid-1980s,farmersinDenmark（）.

3.WhichoneofthefollowingincreasedinNewZealandafter1984?

4.Thewriterreferstosomerichcountriesasbeing“lessenlightenedthanNewZealand”because（）.

5.ThewriterbelievethattheUruguayRoundagreementsontradewill（）.

问题1选项

A.educedtheproductivityoffarmlandby20percent

B.wasalmostassevereasinIndiaandChina

C.wascausingsignificantdamageto20percentoffarmland

D.couldbereducedbyconvertingcultivatedlandtomeadoworforest

问题2选项

A.used50percentlessfertilizerthanDutchfarmers

B.usedtwiceasmuchfertilizerastheyhadin1960

C.appliedfertilizermuchmorefrequentlythanin1960

D.morethandoubledtheamountofpesticidetheyusedinjust3years

问题3选项

A.farmincomes

B.useoffertilizer

C.over-stocking

D.farmdiversification

问题4选项

A.theydisapproveofpayingfarmersfornotcultivatingtheland

B.theirnewfuelcropsareasharmfulastheonestheyhavereplaced

C.theirpoliciesdonotrecognizethelong-termbenefitofendingsubsidies

D.theyhavenotencouragedtheirfarmerstofollowenvironmentallyfriendlypractices

问题5选项

A.encouragemoresustainablefarmingpracticesinthelongrun

B.domoreharmthangoodtotheinternationalenvironment

C.increasepressuretocultivatelandintherichcountries

D.bemorebeneficialtorichthantopoorcountries

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:D

第4题:C

第5题:A

【解析】1.细节事实题。根据SectionC，“TheUnitedState,wherethemostcarefulmeasurementshavebeendone,discoveredin1982thataboutone-fifthofitsfarmlandwaslosingtopsoilataratelikelytodiminishthesoil’sproductivity.”，1982年的调查发现，美国大约五分之一的农田表层土壤正在流失，可能会降低土壤的生产力。可判断出1982的调查发现美国的土壤侵蚀对五分之一（20%）农田造成了破坏。选项C符合题意。

2.细节事实题。根据SectionD,“FertilizerusedoubledinDenmarkintheperiod1960-1985andincreasedinTheNetherlandsby150percent.Thequantityofpesticidesappliedhasrisentoo:by69percentin1975-1984inDenmark”，在1960年至1985年期间，丹麦化肥使用量翻了一番，荷兰化肥使用量增加了150%。杀虫剂的使用量也增加了：1975年至1984年，丹麦的杀虫剂使用量增加了69%。可判断出20世纪80年代中期，丹麦的农民对化肥的使用量增加了。选项B符合题意。

3.细节事实题。根据SectionD,“thatofNewZealand,whichscrappedmostfarmsupportin1984…Theremovalofsubsidiesalsostoppedland-cleaningandover-stocking,whichinthepasthadbeentheprincipalcausesoferosion.Farmsbegantodiversify.”，新西兰在1984年取消了大部分农业补贴，取消补贴控制了土地的过度开荒和过度放牧，这在过去是土壤侵蚀的主要原因。农场开始多样化。可判断出新西兰在1984年后，农业开始呈现多样化的特点。选项D符合题意。

4.判断推理题。根据SectionD部分第三段，“Inlessenlightenedcountries,andintheEuropeanUnion,thetrendhasbeentoreduceratherthaneliminatesubsidies,andtointroducenewpaymentstoencouragefarmerstotreattheirlandinenvironmentallyfriendlierways,ortoleaveitfallow.”，在不那么开明的国家和欧盟，趋势是减少而不是取消补贴，并引入新的补贴，以鼓励农民以更环保的方式对待他们的土地，或者让土地休耕。可推断出在一些不那么开明的国家并没有取消农业补贴，只是减少了补贴。根据下文，“Buttheyarerarelycompetitivewithfossilfuelsunlesssubsidizedandgrowingthemdoesnolessenvironmentalharmthanothercrops.”，农民种植的农作物残余生产出来的能源很少能与化石燃料竞争，除非得到补贴，而且种植这些农作物对环境的危害不亚于其他作物。可判断出减少补贴而不取消补贴并不能带来收益和好处，这些国家没有看到取消补贴的长期好处。选项C符合题意。

5.作者观点态度。根据SectionF,“Butitwillalsohavemanydesirableenvironmenteffects.”，它也会产生许多令人满意的环境影响。可判断出表述“domoreharmthangoodtotheinternationalenvironment”对国际环境弊大于利是错误的，选项B可排除。根据下文，“Theintensityoffarmingintherichworldshoulddecline,andtheuseofchemicalinputswilldiminish.”，发达国家的农业生产密度应该会下降，肥料的使用也会减少。可判断出表述“increasepressuretocultivatelandintherichcountries”增加富裕国家土地耕作的压力是错误的。选项C可排除。而文章并没有将乌拉圭回合协议对富裕国家和贫穷国家的影响进行对比，表述“bemorebeneficialtorichthantopoorcountries”对富国比对穷国更有利是错误的。选项D可排除。运用排除法，可判断出选项A符合题意。

15.单选题

Electricalresistanceisacommonpropertyofallmaterials,（）.

问题1选项

A.differsonlyindegree

B.onlyindegreeitdiffers

C.itonlydiffersindegree

D.differingonlyindegree

【答案】D

【解析】考查分词结构。分析句子结构可知，两个独自的句子用逗号隔开且没有连词，说明后半句应使用非谓语成分，即动词的分词形式或不定式，这里只有选项D是非谓语结构，所以选项D正确。

16.单选题

AftertheArabstateswonindependence,greatemphasiswaslaidonexpandingeducation,withgirlsaswellasboys___togotoschool.

问题1选项

A.tobeencouraged

B.beenencouraged

C.beingencouraged

D.beencourage

【答案】C

【解析】考查非谓语动词。介词with可引出分词独立结构，表示一种陪衬性动作或补充说明。A选项：动词不定式常作目的状语或表示将来的动作，不能引出陪衬性动作；B选项和D选项这两种形式不属于非谓语动词，排除；C选项现在分词表示陪衬性动作，符合题意。因此C选项正确。

17.单选题

Researchsuggeststhat,heavypenaltiesdonotacta