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TextAwisemanoncesaidthattheonlythingnecessaryforthetriumphofevilisforgoodmentodonothing.So,asaofficer,Ihavesomeurgentthingstosaytogoodpeople.DayafterdaymymenandIstruggletoholdbackatidalwaveofcrime.Somethinghasterriblywrongwithouronce-proudAmericanwayoflife.Ithashappenedintheareaofvalues.Akeyingredientisdisappearing,andIthinkIknowwhatitis:accountability.Accountabilityisn’thardtodefine.Itmeansthateveryisresponsibleforhisorheractionsandliablefortheirconsequences.Ofthemanyvaluesthatholdcivilizationtogether--honesty,kindness,andsoon--accountabilitymaybethemostimportantofall.Withoutit,therecanbenorespect,notrust,nolaw--and,ultimay,nosociety.Myjobasaofficeristoimposeaccountabilityonpeoplewhorefuse,orhavenevertoimposeitonthemselves.Butaseverymanknows,externalcontrolsonpeople’sbehaviorarefarlesseffectivethaninternalrestraintssuchasguilt,shameandembarrassment.Fortunaytherearestillcommunities--smallertowns,usually--whereschoolsmaintaindisciplineandwhereparentsholdupstandardsthatproclaim:“Inthisfamilycertainthingsarenottolerated--theysimplyarenotdone!”Yetmoreandmore,especiallyinourlargercitiesandsuburbs,theseinnerrestraintsareloosening.Yourtypicalrobberhasnone.Heconsidersyourpropertyhisproperty;hetakeswhathewants,includingyourlifeifyouenragehim.Themaincauseofthisbreak-downisaradicalshiftinattitudes.Thirtyyearsago,ifacrimewascommitted,societywasconsideredthevictim.Now,inashockingreversal,it’sthecriminalwhoisconsideredvictimized:byhisunderprivilegedupbringing,bytheschoolthatdidn’tteachhimtoread,bythechurchthatfailedtoreachhimwithmoralguidance,bytheparentswhodidn’tprovideastablehome.Idon’tbelieveit.Manyothersinequallydisadvantagedcircumstanceschoosenottoengageincriminalactivities.Ifwefreethecriminal,evenpartly,fromaccountability,we easocietyofendlessexcuseswherenooneacceptsresponsibilityforanything.WeinAmericadesperayneedmorepeoplewhobelievethatthewhocommitsacrimeistheoneresponsibleforit.Whatthewisemansaidsuggeststhat it’sunnecessaryforgoodpeopletodoanythinginfaceofit’scertainthatevilwillprevailifgoodmendonothingaboutit’sonlynaturalforvirtuetodefeatit’sdesirableforgoodmentokeepawayfromAccordingtotheauthor,ifaisfoundguiltyofacrime, societyistobeheldmoderncivilizationisresponsibleforthecriminalhimselfshouldbearthethestandardsoflivingshouldbeComparedwiththoseinsmalltowns,peopleinlargecitieshave lessself-bettersenseofmoremutuallesseffectiveThewriterissorrytohavenoticedthat peopleinlargecitiestendtoexcusepeopleinsmalltownsstillsticktoolddisciplineandtoday’ssocietylackssympathyforpeopleinpeopleindisadvantagedcircumstancesareengagedincriminalThekeypointofthepassageisthat stricterdisciplineshouldbemaintainedinschoolsandmoregoodexamplesshouldbesetforpeopletomorerestrictionsshouldbeimposedonpeople’smorepeopleshouldacceptthevalueofaccountabilityText2Theperiodofadolescence,i.e.,theperiodbetweenchildhoodandadulthood,maybelongorshort,dependingonsocialexpectationsandonsociety’sdefinitionastowhatconstitutesmaturityandadulthood.Inprimitivesocietiesadolescenceisfrequentlyarelativelyshortperiodoftime,whileinindustrialsocietieswithpatternsofprolongededucationcoupledwithlawsagainstchildlabor,theperiodofadolescenceismuchlongerandmayincludemostoftheseconddecadeofone’slife.Furthermore,thelengthoftheadolescentperiodandthedefinitionofadulthoodstatusmaychangeinagivensocietyassocialandeconomicconditionschange.ExamplesofthistypeofchangearethedisappearanceofthefrontierinthelatterpartofthenineteenthcenturyintheUnitedStates,andmoreuniversally,theindustrializationofanagriculturalsociety.Inmodernsociety,ceremoniesforadolescencehavelosttheirformalrecognitionandsymbolicsignificanceandtherenolongerisagreementastowhatconstitutesinitiationceremonies.Socialoneshavebeenreplacedbyasequenceofstepsthatleadtoincreasedrecognitionandsocialstatus.Forexample,gradeschoolgraduation,highschoolgraduationandcollegegraduationconstitutesuchasequence,andwhileeachstepimpliescertainbehavioralchangesandsocialrecognition,thesignificanceofeachdependsonthesocio-economicstatusandtheeducationalambitionoftheindividual.Ceremoniesforadolescencehavealsobeenreplacedbylegaldefinitionsofstatusroles,right,privilegesandresponsibilities.Itisduringthenineyearsfromthetwelfthbirthdaytothetwenty-thattheprotectiveandrestrictiveaspectsofchildhoodandminorstatusareremovedandadultprivilegesandresponsibilitiesaregranted.Thetwelve-year-oldisnolongerconsideredachildandhastopayfullfarefortrain,airplane,theaterandmovietickets.Basically,theindividualatthisageloseschildhoodprivilegeswithoutgainingsignificantadultrights.Atofsixteentheadolescentisgrantedcertainadultrightswhichincreaseshissocialstatusbyprovidinghimwithmorefreedomandchoices.Henowcanobtainadriver’slicense;hecanleavepublicschools;andhecanworkwithouttherestrictionsofchildlaborlaws.Attheageofeighteenthelawprovidesadultresponsibilitiesaswellasrights;theyoungmancannowbeasoldier,buthealsocanmarrywithoutparentalpermission.Atoftwenty-onetheindividualobtainshisfulllegalrightsasanadult.Henowcanvote,hecanbuyliquor,hecanenterintofinancialcontracts,andheisentitledtorunforpublicoffice.Noadditionalbasicrightsareacquiredasafunctionofageaftermajoritystatushasbeenattained.Noneoftheselegalprovisionsdetermineatwhatpointadulthoodhasbeenreachedbuttheydopointtotheprolongedperiodofadolescence.Theperiodofadolescenceismuchlongerinindustrialsocietiesbecause thedefinitionofmaturityhastheindustrializedsocietyismoremoreeducationisprovidedandlawsagainstchildlaborareceremoniesforadolescencehavelosttheirformalrecognitionandsymbolicFormersocialceremoniesthatusedtomarkadolescencehavegivenplaceto graduationsfromschoolsandsocialsocio-economiccertainbehavioralNoonecanexpecttofullyenjoytheadulthoodprivilegesuntilheis elevenyearssixteenyearstwenty-oneyearsbetweentwelveandtwenty-oneyearsStartingfrom22, onewillobtainmorebasictheolder es,themorebasicrightshewillonewon’tgetmorebasicrightsthanwhenheisonewillenjoymorerightsgrantedbyAccordingtothepassage,itistruethat inthelate19thcenturyintheUnitedStatesthedividinglinebetweenadolescenceandadulthoodnolongerexistednoonecanmarrywithoutthepermissionofhisparentsuntiloftwenty-oneisconsideredtohavereachedadulthoodwhenhehasadriver’soneisnotfreefromtherestrictionsofchildlaborlawsuntilhecanjointhearmyText3Mostgrowingplantscontainmuorewaterthlothermaterialscombined.C.R.Darneshassuggestedthatitisaspropertotermtheplantawaterstructureastocallahousecomposedmainlyofbrick--abrickbuilding.Certainitisthatallessentialprocessesofplantgrowthanddevelopmentoccurinwater.Themineralelementsfromthesoilthatareusablebytheplantmustbedissolvedinthesoilsolutionbeforetheycanbetakenintotheroot.Theyarecarriedtoallpartsofthegrowingplantandarebuiltintoessentialplantmaterialswhileinadissolvedstate.Thecarbondioxidefromtheairmayentertheleafasagasbutisdissolvedinwaterintheleafbeforeitiscombinedwithapartofthewatertoformsimplesugars--thebasematerialfromwhichtheplantbodyismainlybuilt.Activelygrowingplantpartsaregenerally75to90percentwater.Structuralpartsofplants,suchaswoodystemsnolongeractivelygrowing,mayhavemuchlesswaterthangrowingtissues.Theactualamountofwaterintheplantatanyonetimehoweverisonlyaverysmallpartofwhatpassesthroughitduringitsdevelopment.Theprocessesofphotosynthesis,bywhichcarbondioxideandwaterarecombined--inthepresenceofchlorophyll(叶绿素)andwithenergyderivedfromlight--toformsugars,requirethatcarbondioxidefromtheairentertheplant.Thisoccursmainlyintheleaves.Theleafsurfaceisnotsolidbutcontainsgreatnumbersofminuteopenings,throughwhichthecarbondioxideenters.Thesamestructurethatpermitstheonegastoentertheleaf,however,permitsanothergas--watervapor--tobelostfromit.Sincecarbondioxideispresentintheaironlyintraceties(3to4partsin10,000partsofair)andwatervaporisnearsaturationintheairspaceswithintheleaf(at80F,saturatedairwouldcontainabout186partsofwatervaporin10,000partsofair),thetotalamountofwatervaporlostismanytimesthecarbondioxideintake.Actually,becauseofwindandotherfactors,thelossofwateri